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total countries/territories: 234
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| Country/Territory |
Answers |
Comments |
Verified |
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Afghanistan
|
f. Single Non-Transferable Vote
|
Wolesi Jirga has 249 seats out of which 239 seats are allocated to the provinces in proportion to their population and the remaining 10 seats are allocated to Kuchis. The members of the Wolesi Jirga are elected through non-transferable votes.
Source:
Afghan Electoral Law, art. 22: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/asia/AF/Electoral%20Law%20Eng.pdf/view (2014);
Constitution of Afghanistan, art. 83: http://www.afghanembassy.com.pl/afg/images/pliki/TheConstitution.pdf (2015).
|
2019/09/24
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Albania
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g. List Proportional Representation
|
The electoral system is based on d'Hondt method.
Source:
Electoral Code: Electoral Code of the Republic of Albania, dated 2 April 2015, art. 162-163.
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2017/05/17
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Algeria
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g. List Proportional Representation
|
The People's National Assembly is elected through a list proportional system using the largest remainder formula.
Source:
Constitution, art. 103: https://www.joradp.dz/trv/fcons.pdf;
Electoral law (Loi organique n° 12-01 du 18 Safar 1433 correspondant au 12 janvier 2012 relative au régime électoral), art. 84 (1), 85, 86, 87: http://www.parliament.am/library/norelectoral%20law/aljir.pdf (2017)
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2019/09/25
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American Samoa
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
The number of persons to be elected receiving the highest number of votes in any representative district shall be declared to be elected or in the case of territory-wide election of the Governor and Lieutenant Governor, and the Delegate-at-Large, the person or team receiving the highest number of votes in the territory shall be declared to be elected.
Source:
American Samoa Code Annotated Title 6 Elections 6.0805.
http://www.asbar.org/Newcode/Title%2006.htm#a805
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2017/08/18
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|
Andorra
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e. Parallel (Segmented) (PR Lists and Majoritarian constituencies)
|
The General Council has a minimum of 28 and a maximum of 42 councillors generals. Half of the councillors are elected in an equal number by each of the Parishes, and the other half are elected on the basis of a national single constituency.
Source:
Constitution of the Principality of Andorra, Art.52 https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/europe/AD/andorra-constitution-1993-1/ ;
IFES Electoral guide Andorra: https://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/4032/
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2023/06/09
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Angola
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g. List Proportional Representation
|
Members shall be elected from closed party lists through a proportional representation system. 5 deputies are elected from each constituency, while 130 deputies are elected from a single countrywide constituency. Seats are distributed according to the d'Hondt Formula.
Source:
Constitution of 3 February 2010: art. 143 (2): http://www.tribunalconstitucional.ao/uploads/%7B9555c635-8d7c-4ea1-b7f9-0cd33d08ea40%7D.pdf (2017);
Electoral Law n.º 36/11 of 21 December 2011 regulating General Elections, art. 24, 25, 26, 27: http://www.tribunalconstitucional.ao/uploads/%7Bc46fa0b3-c947-4440-ae92-5f1a3a275d8a%7D.pdf (2017)
|
2017/03/28
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Anguilla
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a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
Source:
Elections Act, Articles 2 and 3
International IDEA: Table of Electoral Systems Worldwide (http://www.idea.int/esd/world.cfm)
|
2015/02/24
|
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Antigua and Barbuda
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j. Other
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The Senate shall consist of seventeen persons who, being qualified for appointment as Senators in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution, have been so appointed in accordance with the provisions of this section
Source:
Constitution, Section 28
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/AG/Antigua%20and%20Barbuda%20-%20Constitution/view
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2014/06/04
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Argentina
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
Chamber of Deputies: proportional. Party-list system, with proportional distribution of seats according to the d'Hont method. To get a seat, a party must obtain at least 3% of the votes cast in a constituency. The vacant seats arising from general elections are occupied by elected substitutes at the same time as the incumbent members.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución de la Nación Argentina — Ley 24430, texto oficial ordenado”, art. 45, 50: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/AR/argentina-constitucion-nacional-reformas-1994/ (2019);
Electoral Code: “Código Electoral Nacional — Ley 19945”, art. 158–161: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/AR/argentina-ley-19945-codigo-electoral-nacional-2019/ (2019)
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2021/12/26
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Armenia
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g. List Proportional Representation
|
Article 77. Electoral system
1. Elections of the National Assembly shall be held under the proportional electoral
system, from one multi-mandate constituency covering the whole territory of the Republic
from among candidates for Deputies nominated in the national and district electoral lists of
political parties.
Source:
Electoral Code of 25 May 2016, art. 77:
http://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/?pdf=CDL-REF(2016)042-e
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2017/04/05
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Aruba
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g. List Proportional Representation
|
Source:
International IDEA: Table of Electoral Systems Worldwide (http://www.idea.int/esd/world.cfm)
|
2017/07/07
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Australia
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b. Alternative Vote
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240.
(1) In a House of Representatives election a person shall mark his or her vote on the ballot paper by:
(a) writing the number 1 in the square opposite the name of the candidate for whom the person votes as his or her first preference; and
(b) writing the numbers 2, 3, 4 (and so on, as the case requires) in the squares opposite the names of all the remaining candidates so as to indicate the order of the person’s preference for them.
274.
(7)The Divisional Returning Officer:
(c) from the result of the scrutiny of the votes counted under the provisions of subsections (3) and (4), and the fresh scrutiny conducted under the provisions of this subsection, shall ascertain the total number of first preference votes given for each candidate and the number of informal ballot papers; and
(ca) must then proceed with the scrutiny and the counting of the votes as follows:
(i) if, after ascertaining the first preference votes given for each candidate, no candidate has an absolute majority of votes, the Divisional Returning Officer must apply subsection (7AA);
(ii) if, after ascertaining the first preference votes given for each candidate, a candidate has an absolute majority of votes, that candidate is elected; and
(d) if, after applying subsection (7AA), subparagraph (7AA)(b)(i) applies, shall proceed with the scrutiny and the counting of the votes as follows:
(i) the candidate who has received the fewest first preference votes shall be excluded, and each ballot paper counted to the candidate shall be counted to the candidate next in the order of the voter’s preference;
(ii) the process of excluding the candidate who has the fewest votes, and counting each of his or her ballot papers to the unexcluded candidate next in the order of the voter’s preference, shall be repeated until only 2 candidates remain in the count; and
(iii) if, following the exclusion of candidates under this paragraph, a candidate has an absolute majority of votes, that candidate shall be elected.
(7AA) If, after ascertaining the total number of first preference votes for each candidate under paragraph (7)(ca), no candidate has an absolute majority of votes, the Divisional Returning Officer must take the following steps:
(a) rank the candidates consecutively in order of their standing in the poll as set out in subsection (7AB);
(b) then:
(i) if the total number of first preference votes for all the candidates, other than the first and second ranked candidates, is equal to or more than the number of first preference votes for the second ranked candidate—proceed with the scrutiny as set out in paragraph (7)(d); or
(ii) if the total number of first preference votes for all the candidates, other than the first and second ranked candidates, is less than the number of first preference votes for the second ranked candidate—exclude all the candidates other than the first and second ranked candidates;
(c) if subparagraph (b)(ii) applies—count each ballot paper of an excluded candidate to whichever of the first or second ranked candidates is earlier in the order of preference expressed on the ballot paper.
(7AC) If, following the exclusion of candidates under subparagraph (7AA)(b)(ii) and the count of ballot papers under paragraph (7AA)(c), a candidate has an absolute majority of votes, that candidate is elected.
Source:
Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918, as amended on 8 March 2019, Art. 240, 274: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2019C00103
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2020/07/13
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Austria
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g. List Proportional Representation
|
The National Council is elected by the nation in accordance with the principles of proportional representation on the basis of equal, direct, secret and personal vote for men and women who at the latest with expiry of election day have completed their eighteenth year of life.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 26 (1)
Electoral Law, Art. 4
http://www.legislationline.org/documents/action/popup/id/6544
|
2017/07/07
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Azerbaijan
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a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
Art. 83 (Constitution): The Members of the Milli Majlis of the Republic of Azerbaijan are elected on the basis of majority voting in general, equal and direct elections by way of free, individual and secret voting.
Art. 143 (Election Code): 125 deputies shall be elected to the Milli Majlis from single mandate constituencies (one deputy from one constituency).
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1995) as amended in 2016, Art. 83: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Azerbaijan_2016.pdf?lang=en
Election Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan as amended in 2017, Art. 143, 169.3: https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/7885/file/Azerbaijan_Election_am2017_en.pdf (2018).
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2022/01/24
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Bahamas
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a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
The Bahamas shall be divided into thirty-eight constituencies or such greater number as may be provided for by an Order made by the Governor-General in accordance with the provisions of Article 70 of this Constitution and each such constituency shall return one member to the House or Assembly.
Source:
Constitution: Art. 68 & 70.
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Bahamas_2002?lang=en (2017)
|
2017/03/27
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Bahrain
|
d. Two-Round System
|
The candidate with the outright majority of votes will be elected as member of the parliament. If this majority is not achieved by any of the candidates in the constituency, there is a second round where the two candidates who have received the highest number of votes compete. The person taking the most votes in the re-run will be the winner.
Source:
The Shura and Representatives Councils Law 2002, art. 20: http://www.shura.bh/en/LegislativeResource/ShuraNuwabLaw/Pages/huraNuwabLaw3.aspx (2014);
Constitution, art. 56: http://www.shura.bh/en/LegislativeResource/Constitution/Pages/Constitution05.aspx (2014).
|
2014/11/21
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Bangladesh
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a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
The 300 members of Parliament are to be elected from single territorial constituencies by direct election.
Source:
Constitution of Bangladesh, Art. 65 (2)
http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/research/bangladesh-constitution.pdf
|
2012/05/30
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Barbados
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a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
Source:
Constitution, art. 41-42
|
2011/06/22
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Belarus
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a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
Elections of , deputies of House of Representatives are free and are held on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret voting.
Elections of the deputies of the House of Representatives are held at single electoral circuits.
Source:
Electoral Code: "Electoral Code of the Republic of Belarus”, art. 87: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/europe/BY/belarus-electoral-code-2023-english/
|
2023/09/13
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Belgium
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g. List Proportional Representation
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Seats are allocated on three different levels: candidates, lists and group lists.
Source:
The Belgian Constitution, Article 62
http://www.dekamer.be/kvvcr/pdf_sections/publications/constitution/GrondwetUK.pdf
The Belgian Constitution, Article 63
http://www.dekamer.be/kvvcr/pdf_sections/publications/constitution/GrondwetUK.pdf
Electoral Code, Art. 165 bis, 169, 170, 171
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/europe/BE/belgium-electoral-code-2014/view
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2019/04/25
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Belize
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a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
The House of Representatives is composed of 31 elected members elected in single-member constituencies.
Source:
Constitution: “Belize Constitution, Chapter 4”, Section 89 (2): aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/BZ/belize-constitution-2017/;
Electoral Law: “Representation of the People Act, Chapter 9”, Section 17: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/BZ/belize-representation-people-act-2011/
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2020/07/24
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Benin
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g. List Proportional Representation
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The deputies to the National Assembly are elected by direct universal suffrage on the basis of a party list proportional representation system for a term of four years.
Source:
Law No. 2010-35 of 21 December 2010 regulating the election of members of the National Assembly, art. 1, 4: http://ddata.over-blog.com/1/35/48/78/Benin-2/Loi-legislatives-2011.pdf (2012)
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2019/04/05
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Bermuda
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
Source:
Constitution, Art. 52
International IDEA: Table of Electoral Systems Worldwide http://www.idea.int/esd/world.cfm
|
2012/05/31
|
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Bhutan
|
d. Two-Round System
|
The National Assembly shall have a maximum of fifty-five members, elected from each district (Dzongkhag) in proportion to its population, provided that no Dzongkhag shall have less than two members or more than seven members, for which purpose Parliament shall, by law, provide for each Dzongkhag to be divided into constituencies through appropriate delimitation, and for the voters in each constituency directly electing one member to the National Assembly.
Source:
Constitution of Bhutan, Art. 12(1)
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/asia/BT/bhutan-constitution-2007/view
|
2018/03/12
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Bolivia
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h. Mixed Member Proportional
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There are 130 deputies elected by universal, direct and secret suffrage. In single-member constituencies and special constituencies for the election of indigenous deputies, 65 deputies are elected by FPTP principle. The other 65 deputies are elected in multi-member constituencies by proportional representation from the lists headed by the candidates for President, Vice-president and Senators.
Source:
Constitution: "Constitución Política del Estado", art. 146: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/BO/bolivia-constitucion-politica-del-estado-vigente/ (2019); Electoral Law: “Ley del Régimen Electoral — Ley 026-2010”, art. 57-61: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/BO/bolivia-ley-026-2010-regimen-electoral-vigente/ (2019)
|
2020/02/06
|
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Bosnia and Herzegovina
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g. List Proportional Representation
|
In addition to allocation of mandates in multi-member constituencies, there also are compensatory mandates elected from the territory of the Federation.
Source:
Electoral Law: Election Law of Bosnia and Herzegovina: art. 9.1 (2)
http://izbori.ba/Documents/documents/ZAKONI/BiH_Election_Law_last_consolidated_version_2018.pdf
|
2018/11/14
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Botswana
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a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
The National Assembly has 63 seats; 57 members are directly elected by universal adult suffrage, and 4 members are indirectly elected by the National Assembly from a list of candidates submitted by the President. The President and the Attorney General are ex officio members of the Assembly and the Speaker may be elected from outside the House.
Source:
Constitution of Botswana art. 58, 63: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/BW/botswana-constitution-of-1966-with-amendments-up/view (2014).
|
2014/10/24
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Brazil
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g. List Proportional Representation
|
The Chamber of Deputies is composed of representatives of the people, elected for a term of four years, by the proportional system, in each state, territory and Federal District.
Source:
Constitution: "Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil", art. 45: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/BR/brazil-constituicao-2018/ (2018); Electoral Code: “Código Eleitoral - Lei N° 4.737”, art. 84: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/BR/brazil-lei-4.737-2018/ (2018)
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2022/09/30
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Brunei Darussalam
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l. Not applicable
|
There have been no elections for the Legislative Council since 1962. The appointed legislative council passed constitutional amendments calling for a 45-seat council with 15 elected members. However, no elections have been held so far and no election date has been set.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 23: http://publicofficialsfinancialdisclosure.worldbank.org/fdl/sites/fdl/files/assets/law-library-files/Brunei_Constitution_1959_amended%202011_EN.pdf (2013);
CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bx.html
|
2013/03/18
|
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Bulgaria
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
The elections for deputies to produce a proportional electoral system with multi registered in electoral districts lists of candidates:
1. parties and coalitions;
2. nomination committees.
Source:
Electoral Law: Election Code, art. 246
http://dv.parliament.bg/DVWeb/showMaterialDV.jsp?idMat=82965
|
2014/10/01
|
|
Burkina Faso
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
Source:
Electoral Code as amended in 2015, art. 156: http://www.ceni.bf/sites/default/files/Code_électoral_BF-Version_21.05.2015.pdf (2015)
|
2015/12/04
|
|
Burma (Myanmar)
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
The House of Representatives shall be formed with a maximum of 440 members as follows :
(a) not more than 330 representatives elected prescribing electorate on the basis of township as well as population or combining with an appropriate township which is contagious to the newly-formed township if it is more than 330 townships, The candidate with the highest number of valid votes is declared elected.
(b) not more than 110 representatives who are the Defence Services personnel nominated by the Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Services (President).
Source:
Constitution of Myanmar, Art. 109: http://burmacampaign.org.uk/media/Constitution-1.pdf (2015).
The Pyithu Hluttaw Election Law, art. 3, 49 (a): http://www.altsean.org/Research/2010/Resources/Laws/Pyithu%20Hluttaw%20Election%20Law.pdf (2013).
|
2015/11/17
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Burundi
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
The National Assembly has at least 100 members of which 60% Hutu and 40% Tutsi, including a minimum of 30% women elected by direct universal suffrage on the basis of proportional representation with closed lists so that made for three following candidates on a list, only two belong to the same ethnic group and at least one in four is a woman.
Source:
Electoral Code, art. 108: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/BI/burundi-constitution-2005-english/view
|
2015/05/19
|
|
Cambodia
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
Members of the National Assembly shall be chosen by a general election, by means of a free, fair, universal, direct, equal and secret ballot. The electoral system shall be proportional, with provincial and municipal representation.
Source:
Law on the Election of the Members of the National Assembly, art. 5: http://www.ccc.gov.kh/detail_info_en.php?_txtID=791.
|
2023/10/11
|
|
Cameroon
|
e. Parallel (Segmented) (PR Lists and Majoritarian constituencies)
|
Plurality system in single-member constituencies and absolute majority system (containing elements of a bonus system and PR) in multi-member constituencies of different size (two to seven seats). If a list wins an absolute majority in a multi-member constituency it gets all the seats. If no list wins the absolute majority, the list with a relative majority gets at least half of the seats, the rest of the seats being distributed proportionally according to Hare quota between all the other lists that have passed the electoral threshold of 5%.
Source:
Constitution, Chapter II sec 20 (2): https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/CM/cameroon-constitution-of-cameroon-2008
|
2018/11/06
|
|
Canada
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
The House of Commons seats 338 members elected by direct popular vote from ridings (constituencies) across Canada.
Source:
Elections Canada: General Information: The Electoral System of Canada (http://www.elections.ca/res/ces/esoc_e.pdf)
Constitution Acts of Canada, 1867-1982, Art. 37
http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/CONST_E.pdf
Elections Canada News Releases and Media Advisories, December 19, 2011 http://elections.ca/content.aspx?section=med&document=dec1911&dir=pre&lang=e
|
2015/11/09
|
|
Cape Verde
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
The members of the National Assembly are elected by proportional representation from closed party lists.
Source:
Constitution of Cape Verde as amended in 2010, art. 115, 116, 141: http://www.parlamento.cv/Downloads/Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20da%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20de%20Cabo%20verde,%202010.pdf (2016);
Electoral Law as amended by Law No 56/VII/2010, art. 402, 408: http://www.parlamento.cv/userfiles/image/site/Leis/Altera%20o%20C%C3%B3digo%20Eleitoral%20-%20texto%20integrante.pdf (2016)
|
2016/05/04
|
|
Cayman Islands
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
Source:
Constitution: “Cayman Islands Constitution Order 2009”, Section 60: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/KY/cayman-islands-constitution-2009/ ;
Electoral Law: “Elections Act (2021 Revision)”, Section 5(2): https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/KY/cayman-islands-elections-act-2021-revision/ ;
International IDEA’s Electoral System Design Database: https://www.idea.int/data-tools/country-view/166/44
|
2021/12/13
|
|
Central African Republic
|
d. Two-Round System
|
Source:
Electoral Law N° 09.016, Art. 161: http://ddata.over-blog.com/1/35/48/78/Centrafrique/CODE_ELECTORAL-RCA-2-octobre-2010.pdf (2016)
Constitution, Art. 49-51: http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/fr/text.jsp?file_id=193706 (2016)
|
2021/04/19
|
|
Chad
|
e. Parallel (Segmented) (PR Lists and Majoritarian constituencies)
|
The electoral system combines the majority system and proportional representation. In districts where there is only one seat to be filled, the election shall be FPTP in one round. The candidate who obtained the highest number of votes is elected. In districts where there are several seats to be filled, the election takes place on the basis of proportional representation with closed party lists. If a list obtains an absolute majority of votes cast, all seats are allocated to this list. If no list obtains an absolute majority, the distribution of seats is done proportionally to the number of votes obtained by each list in each district. The remaining seats are distributed according to the largest remainder method.
Source:
Electoral Law N° 003/PR/2008 amended by law n° 008/PR/2009, law n° 007/PR/2010 and law n° 020/PR/2010, art. 147: http://publicofficialsfinancialdisclosure.worldbank.org/sites/fdl/files/assets/law-library-files/Chad_Electoral%20code_2009_fr.pdf (2016)
|
2019/04/23
|
|
Chile
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
The Electoral Court will determine the preferences issued in favor of each list, and each of the candidates that comprise it. For that purpose, the D'Hondt coefficient electoral system will be implemented:
a) The votes of each list will be divided by one, two, three, and so on until the number of seats to choose is reached;
b) The resulting numbers from such divisions shall then be put in descending order until the amount of seats for each electoral constituency or senatorial district;
c) Each list will be allocated as many seats as the numbers on the scale described above.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución Política de la República de Chile (2017)”, art. 47:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/CL/chile-constitucion-politica-de-la-republica-de-1/
Electoral Law: “Ley Orgánica Constitucional sobre Votaciones Populares y Escrutinios (2016)”, art. 109 bis:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/CL/chile-ley-sobre-votaciones-populares-y-escrutinios/
|
2017/06/29
|
|
China
|
j. Other
|
The National People's Congress is composed of deputies elected by the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government, and by the armed forces. The National People's Congress is elected for a term of five years.
Deputies to the National People's Congress and to the People's Congresses of provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government, cities divided into districts, and autonomous prefectures shall be elected by the people's congresses at the next lower level.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 59-60
Electoral Law, Art. 2
|
2012/06/04
|
|
Christmas Island
|
k. No information available
|
|
2009/11/30
|
|
Cocos (keeling) Islands
|
b. Alternative Vote
|
274.
(7)The Divisional Returning Officer:
(c) from the result of the scrutiny of the votes counted under the provisions of subsections (3) and (4), and the fresh scrutiny conducted under the provisions of this subsection, shall ascertain the total number of first preference votes given for each candidate and the number of informal ballot papers; and
(ca) must then proceed with the scrutiny and the counting of the votes as follows:
(i) if, after ascertaining the first preference votes given for each candidate, no candidate has an absolute majority of votes, the Divisional Returning Officer must apply subsection (7AA);
(ii) if, after ascertaining the first preference votes given for each candidate, a candidate has an absolute majority of votes, that candidate is elected; and
(d) if, after applying subsection (7AA), subparagraph (7AA)(b)(i) applies, shall proceed with the scrutiny and the counting of the votes as follows:
(i) the candidate who has received the fewest first preference votes shall be excluded, and each ballot paper counted to the candidate shall be counted to the candidate next in the order of the voter’s preference;
(ii) the process of excluding the candidate who has the fewest votes, and counting each of his or her ballot papers to the unexcluded candidate next in the order of the voter’s preference, shall be repeated until only 2 candidates remain in the count; and
(iii) if, following the exclusion of candidates under this paragraph, a candidate has an absolute majority of votes, that candidate shall be elected.
(7AA) If, after ascertaining the total number of first preference votes for each candidate under paragraph (7)(ca), no candidate has an absolute majority of votes, the Divisional Returning Officer must take the following steps:
(a) rank the candidates consecutively in order of their standing in the poll as set out in subsection (7AB);
(b) then:
(i) if the total number of first preference votes for all the candidates, other than the first and second ranked candidates, is equal to or more than the number of first preference votes for the second ranked candidate—proceed with the scrutiny as set out in paragraph (7)(d); or
(ii) if the total number of first preference votes for all the candidates, other than the first and second ranked candidates, is less than the number of first preference votes for the second ranked candidate—exclude all the candidates other than the first and second ranked candidates;
(c) if subparagraph (b)(ii) applies—count each ballot paper of an excluded candidate to whichever of the first or second ranked candidates is earlier in the order of preference expressed on the ballot paper.
(7AC) If, following the exclusion of candidates under subparagraph (7AA)(b)(ii) and the count of ballot papers under paragraph (7AA)(c), a candidate has an absolute majority of votes, that candidate is elected.
Source:
Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918, as amended on 8 March 2019, Art. 240, 274: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2019C00103
|
2019/07/08
|
|
Colombia
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución Política de Colombia”, art. 263:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/CO/colombia-constitucion-politica-de-colombia-2016 (2016)
Electoral Law: “Código Electoral”, art. 1(5), 7, 184:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/CO/colombia-codigo-electoral-2016/ (2016)
|
2019/09/26
|
|
Comoros
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
d. Two-Round System
|
The Assembly of the Union shall be composed of:
•twenty-four (24) representatives of the nation elected by universal suffrage in single-member constituencies on the basis of majority voting in two rounds; representatives of the autonomous islands appointed by the Island Councils from among their ranks, at the number of three (3) for each autonomous island.
Source:
Constitution, art. 20: http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/com128670.pdf (2016)
|
2016/04/12
|
|
Congo (Brazzaville)
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
d. Two-Round System
|
137 members of the National Assembly are directly elected in general election by FPTP in two rounds. The candidate who obtains an absolute majority of votes cast shall be declared elected in the first round.
The candidate receiving the highest number of votes cast is declared elected in the second round.
Deputies are elected to 5-year terms and are eligible for reelection.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 90, 92: http://www.presidence.cg/files/my_files/constit200102.pdf (2017);
Electoral Law of 24 November 2001, Art. 54 (1), 66: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/CG/congo-brazzaville-electoral-law-2001/view (2017)
|
2017/03/29
|
|
Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of the
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
g. List Proportional Representation
|
The electoral system combines both majoritarian constituencies and proportional representation, depending on the size of the constituency:
Majority vote applies to single-member constituencies. Proportional representation with open lists and one preferential vote, with the application of the rule of the highest average applies to multi-member constituencies.
Source:
Constitution (2015), article 101: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/CD/rdc-constitution-2011-english-version/view
|
2018/11/09
|
|
Cook Islands
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
Source:
Constitution, Art. 27
|
2014/06/05
|
|
Costa Rica
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
The 57 members that make up the Legislative Assembly are elected for a period of four years by means of partisan nomination and direct popular voting. Immediate reelection is not allowed.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución Política de la República de Costa Rica”, art. 106: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/CR/costa-rica-constitucion-politica-reformas-2015.pdf/; Electoral Law: “Ley 8765: Código Electoral”, art. 151 & 201: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/CR/costa-rica-ley-8765-codigo-electoral-2018.pdf/
|
2018/01/24
|
|
Croatia
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
Article 38: Representatives to the Parliament shall be elected based on proportional representation and
preferential voting.
Source:
Electoral Law: Act on Election of Representatives to the Croatian Parliament (116/99) (consolidated wording with amendments No. 109/00 and 53/03), art. 38
https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/7663/file/Croatia_Parliamentary_Elections_Act_2003_am2015_en.pdf
|
2020/07/02
|
|
Cuba
|
d. Two-Round System
|
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución de la República de Cuba (2019)”, art. 210: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/CU/cuba-constitucion-2019-ace/ ;
Electoral Law: “Ley No. 127, Ley Electoral”, art. 125, 129, 130, 204, 208: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/CU/cuba-ley-electoral-127-2019-ace/
|
2023/09/11
|
|
Cyprus
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
The below has been fact-checked but is different than what appears in the Constitution.. the law was changed in 1985.
OSCE: The 80 members of the House of Representatives are elected by proportional representation in multi-member constituencies through open lists to serve for a five-year term. 56 are elected by the Greek Cypriots and 24 by the Turkish Cypriots (which remain vacant).
Source:
The Election of the Members of the House of Representatives (Amendment) Law of 1985 (Law 124/85)
Parliamentary Elections, 22 May 2016 OSCE/ODIHR Needs Assessment Mission Report p. 3
https://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/cyprus/230496?download=true
Constitution, Αrt. 62:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/europe/CY/cyprus-constitution-1960/ (2016);
|
2018/03/21
|
|
Cyprus (North)
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
The 50 members of the Legislative Assembly are elected by proportional representation to serve 5 year terms.
Source:
IFES Election Guide: http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?ID=252
Constitution, Art. 79
|
2012/06/07
|
|
Czech Republic
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
Art. 18: (1) Elections to the Chamber of Deputies shall be held by secret ballot on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage and under the principles of proportional representation.
Art. 1: The Chamber of Delegates of the Czech Republic shall be elected on the principle of proportional representation.
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of the Czech Republic of December 16, 1992 (Amended by Act No. 515/2002 Coll.), art. 18.
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Czech_Republic_2013?lang=en (2017)
Electoral Law: Act of Law 247/1995 Coll., on elections to the Parliament of the Czech Republic (amended by 480/2006 Coll.), art. 1.
|
2023/09/14
|
|
Côte d'Ivoire
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
Source:
Code Electoral (2015), art. 68: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/CI/cote-divoire-code-electoral-2015/view
|
2016/11/30
|
|
Denmark
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
Article 76:
The votes cast for each party in all nomination districts in a multimember constituency shall be summed up. The votes cast for each individual candidate shall equally be summed up. Each number of votes appearing as a result of the summation, cf. subsection (1), shall be divided by 1 – 2 – 3 and so on until such number of divisions equivalent to the maximum number of seats expected to be allocated to the party or to the independent candidate has been performed. The party or the independent candidate having the highest resulting quotients shall be given the first seat in the multimember constituency. The second highest quotient entails the second seat and so on and so forth, until all constituency seats in the multimember constituency have been distributed among the parties and the independent candidates. If two or more quotients are of equal size, lots shall be drawn.
Source:
Electoral Law, Art. 76.
|
2019/05/23
|
|
Djibouti
|
h. Mixed Member Proportional
|
The Deputies to the National Assembly are elected for �ve years by direct and secret universal suffrage. They are re-eligible.All Djiboutian citizens, enjoying their civil and political rights, twenty-three years of age or more, are eligible.
The National Assembly is composed of 65 members elected for five years (5 years) to the proportional representation, to the vote of list to a turn, without mixing or preferential vote. It is completely renewed and its members are re-eligible.Parliamentary elections are held within thirty days before or after the expiry of the powers of the members of the National Assembly.The election is won for one of the lists in the running which has received an absolute or relative majority of the votes cast. The majority list is therefore allocated to 80% of the seats to be filled (80%), rounded off, if necessary, to the nearest whole number.Once this allocation has been made, the other seats are allocated to proportional representation according to the rule of the highest average among all the lists which obtained more than 10% of the votes cast, except, however, of the majority list.
If the list or the minority lists in competition do not obtain more than 10% of the votes cast, the totality of the seats returns to the majority list. If several lists have the same average for the allocation of the last seat, this one returns to list which obtained the greatest number of suffrage. In the case of a tie, the seat is allocated to the oldest candidate who may be declared elected. The seats are allocated to the candidates in the order of presentation on the list.
Source:
Organic Law No. 1/AN/92 regulating Elections as amended by Law n°16/AN/12, art. 33: http://www.presidence.dj/PresidenceOld/jo/2012/loiorg16an12.php (2018)
“Djibouti’s Constitution of 1992 with Amendments through 2010.” Constitute Project, 27 Apr. 2022, www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Djibouti_2010.pdf?lang=en.
|
2023/07/11
|
|
Dominica
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
The 21 elected members of the House of Assembly are elected by simple majority from 21 single-member constituencies.
Source:
Constitution, Section 33: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/DM/dominica-constitution-of-the-commonwealth-of/view (2014).
|
2014/12/16
|
|
Dominican Republic
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
In the Camber of Deputies, 178 deputies are elected by proportional representation, 5 deputies are elected from a nationwide constituency by accumulating the votes of parties and coalitions that have obtained at least 1% of the valid votes cast but did not manage to win any seat. In addition, there are 7 deputies elected by proportional representation and representing Dominicans living abroad.
Source:
Constitución: Constitución de la República Dominicana (2015) art. 77 y art. 81: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/DO/republica-dominicana-constitucion-politica-2015/ (2020)
Ley Electoral “Ley Orgánica de Régimen Electoral No. 15-19, art. 267-270: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/DO/republica-dominicana-ley-organica-de-regimen/ (2019);
Ley No. 136-11 que regula la votación desde el exterior, art. 9 - 12:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/DO/republica-dominicana-ley-no.-136-11-que-regula-el/ (2016)
|
2020/02/04
|
|
Ecuador
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
In 2017, 137 members will integrate the National Assembly: 15 elected from a nationwide constituency; 116 from the provinces; and 6 representatives elected at the special constituencies overseas.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución de la República del Ecuador”, art. 118: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/EC/ecuador-constitucion-2020/ ;
Electoral Law: “Ley Orgánica Electoral y de Organizaciones Políticas de la República del Ecuador, Código de la Democracia”, art. 120, 160: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/EC/ecuador-codigo-democracia-2023/
|
2023/03/28
|
|
Egypt
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
The House of Representatives is composed of no less than four hundred and fifty members elected by direct secret public ballot.
Source:
Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt 2014, art. 102:
http://www.sis.gov.eg/Newvr/Dustor-en001.pdf (2014).
|
2018/03/18
|
|
El Salvador
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución Política de la República de El Salvador”, art. 79: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/SV/el-salvador-constitucion-2014/ ;
Electoral Law: “Decreto No. 413 — Código Electoral”, art. 13: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/SV/el-salvador-recopilacion-legislacion-electoral-2021/
|
2021/01/29
|
|
Equatorial Guinea
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
Source:
Constitution as amended by referendum of 23 November 2011, art. 56
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Equatorial_Guinea_2012?lang=en (2016)
|
2016/05/03
|
|
Eritrea
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
Even though the Electoral Law establishes an electoral system, the elections scheduled for December 2001 have been postponed indefinitely. There has never been an election since the young nation got its independence in 1993
Source:
Electoral Act, art. 11
CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/er.html
|
2011/06/21
|
|
Estonia
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
§ 1: (4) Election results shall be verified on the basis of proportional representation.
Source:
Electoral Law: Riigikogu Election Act as amended on 13 April 2016, § 1(4) & 29.
|
2019/02/19
|
|
Ethiopia
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
Members of the House shall be elected from candidates in each electoral district by a plurality of the votes cast. A candidate who received more votes than other candidates within a constituency shall be declared the winner.
Source:
Constitution, art. 54 (2);
Electoral Law as amended by Proclamation No. 532/2007, art. 25
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/ET/ethiopia-proclamatio-no.-532-2007-amending-the/view
|
2015/05/18
|
|
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)
|
c. Block Vote
|
Source:
Electoral Law: “Electoral Ordinance 1988”, Section 113(2A): https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/FK/falkland-islands-electoral-ordinance-1988/ ;
|
2022/04/19
|
|
Faroe Islands
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
Parliamentary seats are distributed by the d'Hondt method. 33 seats are elected in a single nationwide constituency through a proportional list electoral system.
Source:
Election Resources. (http://www.electionresources.org/dk/fo/)
|
2012/07/06
|
|
Fiji
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
53. Proportional representation system
1. The election of members of Parliament is by a multi-member open list system of proportional representation, under which each voter has one vote, with each vote being of equal value, in a single national electoral roll comprising all the registered voters.
2. Subject to subsections (3) and (4), in each general election of members of Parliament, the seats in Parliament must be awarded to candidates in proportion to-
a.
the total number of votes cast for each political party contesting the general election, which shall be determined by totaling the number of votes cast for each candidate of that political party; and
b.
the total number of votes cast for each independent candidate, if any, provided however that an independent candidate shall only be eligible to be awarded one seat in Parliament.
3. A political party or an independent candidate shall not qualify for any seat in Parliament unless the political party or the independent candidate receives at least 5% of the total number of votes cast.
Source:
Constitution, art. 53: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/pacific/FJ/fiji-constitution-2013/at_download/file (2014).
Electoral Decree No. 11 of 2014, art. 104: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/pacific/FJ/fiji-electoral-decree-no.-11-of-2014/at_download/file (2014).
|
2018/04/18
|
|
Finland
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
Constitution, Section 25: "The Representatives shall be elected by a direct, proportional and secret vote."
Source:
Constitution, Section 25: http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/kaannokset/1999/en19990731.pdf (2012)
|
2019/04/02
|
|
France
|
d. Two-Round System
|
Art L123.
Deputies are elected by first-past-the-post system in two rounds.
Source:
Electoral code, Art. L123
https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do;jsessionid=9B64B63FCBA694B62F4DC7D7DCC0F066.tplgfr23s_1?idSectionTA=LEGISCTA000006148464&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070239&dateTexte=20200617
|
2020/06/20
|
|
French Polynesia
|
d. Two-Round System
|
Source:
Electoral Code, Article L.123.
|
2004/01/15
|
|
Gabon
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
The members of the Senate carry the title of Senator. They are elected for a duration of six years by indirect universal suffrage. They must be forty years of age, at least. The Senate assures the representation of the local collectivities.
Source:
http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2116_A.htm (2017)
Constitution, art 35
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Gabon_1997?lang=en
|
2017/03/24
|
|
Gambia
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
The Commission shall declare elected the candidate or the list of candidates who received the greatest number of votes.
Source:
Elections Decree 78 of 1996, part V, section 81 (2-b): http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/GM/gambia-elections-decree-78-of-1996/view (2017)
|
2017/03/21
|
|
Georgia
|
e. Parallel (Segmented) (PR Lists and Majoritarian constituencies)
|
Art. 37. 1. Following the full restoration of Georgia's jurisdiction throughout the entire territory of Georgia, two chambers shall be established within Parliament: the Council of the Republic and the Senate. The Council of the Republic shall be composed of members elected by a proportional system. The Senate shall be composed of members elected from the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia, the Autonomous Republic of Ajara and other territorial units of Georgia, and five members appointed by the President of Georgia. The composition, powers, and procedures for the election of chambers shall be determined by the organic law.
Source:
Constitution of Georgia, art.37 https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Georgia_2018?lang=en
Translation of the Election Code of Georgia adopted on December 27, 2011, art. 109: http://www.transparency.ge/sites/default/files/August%202012,%20Election_Code_of_Georgia_EN_-_codified.pdf
|
2020/07/30
|
|
Germany
|
h. Mixed Member Proportional
|
The German Bundestag shall, subject to variations resulting from this Law, consist of 598 members. They shall be elected in a general, direct, free, equal and secret ballot by the Germans eligible to vote, in accordance with the principles of proportional representation combined with uninominal voting.
Source:
Federal Elections Act, Section 1
https://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/en/dam/jcr/4ff317c1-041f-4ba7-bbbf-1e5dc45097b3/bundeswahlgesetz_engl.pdf
Constitution, Art 38
https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_gg/englisch_gg.pdf
|
2021/11/15
|
|
Ghana
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
The candidate who receives the highest valid votes cast shall be declared elected in case of parliamentary elections.
Source:
Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU)
http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2123_B.htm
|
2016/09/19
|
|
Gibraltar
|
j. Other
|
The limited vote system is used.
"Method of voting.
22. At a contested election for members of the Parliament each elector may vote for as many candidates as there are vacancies to be filled unless there are more vacancies than ten, in which case each elector may vote for not more than ten candidates.
Equality of votes.
22A.(1) Where the counting of votes (including any recount) has been completed and an equality of votes is found to exist between any candidates and the addition of a vote would entitle any of those candidates to be declared elected, a new poll shall be conducted as between those candidates on the day 21 days after the date of that election."
Source:
Parliament Act Number 1950-15, Part II, Article 22-22A(1).
https://www.gibraltarlaws.gov.gi/articles/1950-15o.pdf
Electoral Law, art. 30, 42 & 45
International IDEA: Table of Electoral Systems Worldwide (http://www.idea.int/esd/world.cfm)
|
2019/11/04
|
|
Greece
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
The Parliament is composed of 300 members. 288 deputies are elected by open list proportional representation from multi-member constituencies and 12 deputies are elected by closed party lists in a single country-wide constituency on the basis of the total number of votes that each party received. According to article 99 (3), if there are seats that haven’t been allocated to any party (which might happen due to the complicated allocation system and the 3% threshold required for a party to win any seats in the parliament), the party that received the highest number of valid votes in the whole country gets a bonus of 50 seats.
2015 Update
Under the terms of a 2008 constitutional amendment to the electoral law, the party which wins the highest proportion of the national vote, proceeds to automatically obtain fifty additional seats. This means that only 250 seats, out of a Chamber of 300 deputies, are allocated on the basis of Proportional Representation.
Source:
Law 3231/2004 as amended by Law 3636/2008 (Law for the election of MPs), published on the Official Journal of the Government, ΦΕΚ 45/Α/11.2.2004, art. 2, 3, 99 (3)
http://www.dsanet.gr/Epikairothta/Nomothesia/n3231_04.htm
|
2020/07/25
|
|
Greenland
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
In addition to the elections to the Greenlandic parliament (Landsting), two parliament members are elected to the Danish parliament (Folketing).
Source:
CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gl.html
Constitution of Denmark, Art. 28
|
2012/06/14
|
|
Grenada
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
Source:
Grenada Constitution 1973, art. 29-32
|
2011/06/28
|
|
Guam
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
Guam Legislators are elected through popular vote.
Source:
https://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/3113/ ;
48 U.S. Code Ch. 8A:
https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=/prelim@title48/chapter8A&edition=prelim
|
2020/10/28
|
|
Guatemala
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
The legislative power belongs to the Congress of the Republic, made up of deputies elected directly by the people by universal and secret suffrage, through the party lists, for a period of four years, being able to be re-elected.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución Política de la República de Guatemala”, art. 157: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/GT/constitucion/guatemala-constitucion-politica-2012/ —
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Guatemala_1993.pdf ;
Electoral Law: “Ley Electoral y de Partidos Políticos”, art. 203 & 205: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/GT/guatemala-lepp-y-reglamentos-2023/
|
2023/05/29
|
|
Guernsey
|
c. Block Vote
|
Source:
International IDEA: Table of Electoral Systems Worldwide: http://www.idea.int/esd/world.cfm
|
2010/03/30
|
|
Guinea
|
e. Parallel (Segmented) (PR Lists and Majoritarian constituencies)
|
2/3 of the members of the National Assembly are elected by a list proportional representation system from a single nationwide constituency and the remaining 1/3 is elected by plurality vote from single-member constituencies.
Source:
Constitution (2010), art. 63: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/GN/guinea-constitution-2010-english-version/view;
Electoral Code No. 91/012/CTRN, art. 129: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/GN/guinea-electoral-code-2010/
|
2017/01/26
|
|
Guinea-Bissau
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
Source:
Electoral Law of 11 November 2009 on the election of the President of the Republic and the National People's Assembly ("Lei Eleitoral Para Presidente da República e Assembleia Nacional Popular"), art. 115: http://www.cne-guinebissau.org/phocadownload/lei_eleitoral.pdf (2012);
Constitution, art. 77, 78 (2): http://www.anpguinebissau.org/leis/constituicao/constituicaoguine.pdf (2012)
|
2014/06/24
|
|
Guyana
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
Source:
Constitution, art 60.
|
2015/05/10
|
|
Haiti
|
d. Two-Round System
|
Source:
Constitution, art. 90 & 90-1
|
2015/04/08
|
|
Holy See (Vatican City State)
|
l. Not applicable
|
The members of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State are appointed by the Supreme Pontiff for a five-year period.
Source:
Fundamental Law promulgated by Pope JOHN PAUL II 26 November 2000, effective 22 February 2001, Art. 3: http://www.vatican.va/vatican_city_state/legislation/documents/scv_doc_20001126_legge-fondamentale-scv_it.html (2012);
Official Website of the Vatican City State: http://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/State_and_Government/StateDepartments/Legislative_and_executive_bodies.htm (2012)
|
2012/05/14
|
|
Honduras
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
The Congress is constituted by 128 deputies, elected by direct vote for a four-year term.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución de la República de Honduras (2009)”, art. 196 & 202:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/HN/honduras-constitucion-politica-de-1982-2012/
Electoral Law: “Ley electoral y de las organizaciones políticas (2004)”, art. 193:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/HN/honduras-ley-electoral-y-de-las-organizaciones/
|
2021/12/14
|
|
Hong Kong
|
j. Other
|
The Legislative Council has 70 Members, with 35 returned by geographical constituencies through direct elections under the list system of proportional representation, and the other 35 by functional constituencies (FCs).Different voting systems apply to elections of different FCs.
Source:
Legislative Council General Election Guidelines Ch1-5,6 & 7, Ch2-21-29:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/asia/HK/hong-kong-legislative-council-general-election-4/view
|
2021/06/03
|
|
Hungary
|
h. Mixed Member Proportional
|
One hundred and six Members of Parliament shall be elected in individual constituencies and ninety-three from national lists.
Source:
Electoral Law: Act CCIII of 2011 on the Elections of Members of Parliament of Hungary, Sec. 3(2): http://njt.hu/cgi_bin/njt_doc.cgi?docid=140968.322953.
|
2018/07/30
|
|
Iceland
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
Althingi shall be composed of 63 members elected by the people by secret ballot on the basis of proportional representation for a term of four years.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 31
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Iceland_2013?lang=en
|
2020/07/27
|
|
India
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
Source:
The Constitution of India, Article 81: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/asia/IN/india-constitution-as-amended-to-2007/view
|
2019/04/03
|
|
Indonesia
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
Article 5(1): The Election to elect members of DPR, Provincial DPRD, and Regency/Municipal DPRD shall be conducted in an open-list proportional system.
Source:
Law 8/2012 on General Election of the Members of House of Representatives, People’s Representatives Council and Regional House of Representatives, Article 5(1): http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/asia/ID/indonesia-law-8-2012-on-general-election-of-the/view
|
2024/01/31
|
|
Iran, Islamic Republic of
|
d. Two-Round System
|
The election of a member in the first stage is subject to obtaining the majority of at least one forth of total votes (one third in the previous Majles) and in the second stage as well as middle-period elections, the pro rata majority.
If in the first stage of the elections, one or more candidates do no succeed to obtain the majority of one fourth (Previously one third) of the cast votes, the elections will be held in two stages.
This means that from those candidates who did not obtain the quorum of one forth of the votes, but the highest votes of the first stage, only two times of the required number of the Parliament members can take part in the second stage of elections.
If the number of remained candidates are less than two times of required members, all of them will take part in the elections of second stage.
Source:
Iran: Elections Act of Islamic Consultative Assembly (1999), Art. 8-9
https://track.unodc.org/LegalLibrary/LegalResources/Iran/Laws/Elections%20Act%20of%20Islamic%20Consultative%20Assembley%20(ENG)%20(1999).pdf
Iran Constitution Article 62
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Iran_1989?lang=en
(2017)
|
2017/03/22
|
|
Iraq
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
Source:
Electoral Law of the Iraqi Parliament, Article 12: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/mideast/IQ/iraq-electoral-law-of-the-iraqi-parliament-2013/view
|
2018/04/15
|
|
Ireland
|
i. Single Transferable Vote
|
The members of the House of Representatives shall be elected on the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 16(2.5)
|
2015/05/18
|
|
Israel
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
The Knesset shall be elected by general, national, direct, equal, secret and proportional elections, in accordance with the Knesset Elections Law; this section shall not be varied save by a majority of the members of the Knesset.
Source:
BASIC LAW: THE KNESSET (5718 - 1958) Art.4: https://main.knesset.gov.il/EN/activity/Documents/BasicLawsPDF/BasicLawTheKnesset.pdf
|
2019/05/01
|
|
Italy
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
It is a list proportional representation system with corrections: a "majority premium" and a threshold. The threshold is 10% for coalition and 4% for individual parties. In the coalition, the individual party must obtain at least 2% of the votes. 12 seats are reserved for the "foreign constituencies".
Source:
Legislative Act: Law of 21 December 2005, n. 270
Electoral Law: "Testo unico delle leggi elettorali", art. 83
https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:decreto.del.presidente.della.repubblica:1957-03-30;361!vig=
|
2020/07/18
|
|
Jamaica
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
Source:
Constitution, art. 66 & 67
|
2011/05/23
|
|
Japan
|
e. Parallel (Segmented) (PR Lists and Majoritarian constituencies)
|
The electoral system is the combination of FPTP and PR. 289 out of 465 seats are elected through FPTP system while the other 176 are decided by PR with closed party lists. For PR system there are 11 districts and the magnitude of the districts varies from 6 to 28 according to the population size.
Source:
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications: http://www.soumu.go.jp/senkyo/senkyo_s/naruhodo/naruhodo03.html
Constitution, Art. 43:
https://japan.kantei.go.jp/constitution_and_government_of_japan/constitution_e.html;
Public Offices Election Act, Art.4:
https://elaws.e-gov.go.jp/search/elawsSearch/elaws_search/lsg0500/detail?lawId=325AC1000000100
|
2021/09/17
|
|
Jersey
|
c. Block Vote
|
Source:
International IDEA: Table of Electoral Systems Worldwide (http://www.idea.int/esd/world.cfm)
|
2009/12/07
|
|
Jordan
|
e. Parallel (Segmented) (PR Lists and Majoritarian constituencies)
g. List Proportional Representation
|
According to the Elections Law for 2016, Jordan's Lower House, or the House of Representatives, has 130 seats.
Source:
The 2016 Parliament Elections Law No. 6, art. 8, 9: http://www.entikhabat.jo/sites/default/files/ElectionNo6-2016.pdf
|
2016/07/28
|
|
Kazakhstan
|
g. List Proportional Representation
j. Other
|
1. Election of the ninety-eight deputies of the Mazhilis shall be carried out by the universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot. Nine deputies of the Mazhilis shall be elected by the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan. Regular elections of the deputies of the Mazhilis shall be held no later than two months before the expiry of the term of powers of the current Parliament convocation. (Art. 51, Constitution of the Republic) 3. At elections of the President of the Republic and the Mazhilis deputies to be elected on the basis of the party lists under the proportional representation system the whole territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan shall be considered as a single national constituency. (Art. 21, Constitutional Law on Elections) 9. The following system for vote count shall be applied at the elections of the President, deputies of the Senate as well as deputies of the Mazhilis of the Parliament to be elected by the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan: 1) the sub-clause is excluded by the Constitutional Act of RK of 06.11.1998 No. 285-I; 2) a candidate shall be considered as elected who has: - collected more than fifty percent of votes of voters (electors) taken part in the voting; - collected more votes of voters (electors) taken part in the re-run of a vote in comparison with the other candidate. 1-1. Deputies of the Mazhilis of Parliament from the political parties shall be elected by party lists in the single nationwide constituency. 2. Deputies of maslikhats are elected on party lists submitted by political parties, on the territorial constituency. (Constitutional Law on Elections, 2018, Art. 9)
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan as amended on March 10, 2017 art. 51: https://www.election.gov.kz/eng/election-legal-framework/the-constitution-of-the-rk.php Constitutional Act of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Elections in the Republic of Kazakhstan as emended on June 29, 2018, Article 21 and 9: https://www.election.gov.kz/eng/election-legal-framework/the-laws-of-the-rk.php
|
2023/09/22
|
|
Kenya
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
the winner is the person with the most votes
Source:
The Constitution of Kenya Article. 101
|
2017/07/07
|
|
Kiribati
|
d. Two-Round System
|
Parliamentary elections are conducted in a two round process. The first round requires an absolute majority, while the second merely requires a plurality of votes.
Source:
Article 25 and 26, Subsidiary Legislation: Elections Regulation under Elections Ordinance
|
2020/05/01
|
|
Korea, Democratic People's Republic of
|
b. Alternative Vote
|
The organs of State power at all levels, from the county People's Assembly to the SPA, are elected on the principle of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot.
Source:
Constitution of DPRK, Art. 138.
|
2014/06/23
|
|
Korea, Republic of
|
e. Parallel (Segmented) (PR Lists and Majoritarian constituencies)
|
When it comes to proportional representatives, voters may cast their votes for parties' national lists of candidates. The seats are allocated to each party in proportion to the number of votes the party has received. The total seats are 299: 245 seats of district representatives, and 54 seats of the proportional representatives.
Source:
Electoral Law, Art. 188 & 189
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/asia/KR/korea-republic-of-public-official-election-act/view
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/asia/KR/korea-republic-of-constitution-1987-english-full/view(2017)
International IDEA: Table of Electoral Systems Worldwide (http://www.idea.int/data-tools/country-view/163/44)
|
2020/03/27
|
|
Kuwait
|
c. Block Vote
|
Kuwaiti citizens elect fifty (50) Members of Parliament from five (5) electoral districts to the unicameral legislature. The top ten winners from each district are allocated a parliamentary seat.
Source:
Constitution, art. 80 (1): http://www.pm.gov.kw/en/state_Of_Kuwait/kuwaitConstitution.jsp (2013);
Official Website of the Kuwait Government: http://www.pm.gov.kw/en/national_Assembly/aboutNationalAssembly.jsp (2013)
|
2014/08/22
|
|
Kyrgyzstan
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
The Jogorku Kenesh shall consist of 120 deputies elected for a five year term on the basis of proportional representation.
As a result of elections a political party may not be granted more than 65 deputy mandates in the Parliament.
The procedure of electing the deputies to the Jogorku Kenesh including the establishment of an electoral threshold for passing to the Parliament, shall be defined in the constitutional law.
Source:
Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic (2010), art. 70 (2): http://www.codices.coe.int/NXT/gateway.dll?f=templates&fn=default.htm (2013)
|
2016/06/16
|
|
Lao People's Democratic Republic
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
The candidates who are elected as members of the National Assembly shall be those who receive the highest number of votes corresponding to the number of members required for that constituency. If there is an equal number of votes for two candidates for the position of the final member required by the constituency, the more experienced candidate shall be selected, but in the event that the two candidates have equal experience, the older candidate shall be selected as the member of the National Assembly.
Source:
Law No. 37/PO on the Election of Members of the National Assembly, art. 34: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/asia/LA/Lao-People2019s-Democratic-Republic-Law-on/view
|
2021/02/16
|
|
Latvia
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
Article 6. The Saeima shall be elected in general, equal and direct elections, and by secret ballot based on proportional representation.
Article 7. In the division of Latvia into separate electoral districts, provision for the number of members of the Saeima to be elected from each district shall be proportional to the number of electors in each district.
Source:
Constitution: The Constitution of the Republic of Latvia as amended on 8 April 2009, art. 6-7: http://legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/4777/file/Latvia_Constitution_am2009_en.pdf (2014)
|
2022/09/12
|
|
Lebanon
|
c. Block Vote
g. List Proportional Representation
|
The Lebanese Parliament consists of 128 members, whose term of office is four years,elected on the basis of the proportional system of which the voting shall take place in public, in secret and in a single session.
Source:
Constitution, art. 24 (1, 2): http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/lb/lb018en.pdf (2017)
Parliamentary Election Law No. 44 of 2017, art. 1: http://www.mfa.gov.lb/Library/Files/Uploaded%20Files/Lebanese%20electoral%20law%202017.pdf (2017)
|
2018/04/24
|
|
Lesotho
|
h. Mixed Member Proportional
|
The National Assembly has 120 seats. Its members are elected by direct popular vote using the mixed member proportional(MMP) system - 80 in single-member constituencies using the first-past-the-post system and 40 from one national constituency using party-list proportional representation. Proportion representation seats are allocated so as to compensate parties for the discrepancy between percentage votes obtained and percentage constituency seats won.
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of Lesotho, art. 56-57 & 67
|
2017/07/19
|
|
Liberia
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
Elections to the office of Representative of the Republic of
Liberia shall be based on a simple majoritarian system. The
candidate with the highest valid votes cast shall be declared the winner.
Source:
The New Elections Law (2016, with amendments up until and including 2014), Chapter 4, Art. 4.15 (c), http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/LR/liberia-amended-electoral-laws-2014/view
|
2017/09/20
|
|
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
|
e. Parallel (Segmented) (PR Lists and Majoritarian constituencies)
|
The General National Congress consists of 200 members, 80 of which are elected through a closed-list proportional representation system and 120 elected by plurality vote in single-member constituencies and Single Non Transferable Vote in multi-member constituencies.
Source:
Law No. 4 on the Election of the General National Congress, Art. 6 & 7. (Transitional National Council of Libya): (Eng) http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/LY/libya-law-no.-4-of-2012-on-the-election-of-the-e/view (Arabic) http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/LY/libya-law-no.-4-of-2012-on-the-election-of-the/view
|
2014/02/11
|
|
Liechtenstein
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
Parliament shall consist of 25 Members who shall be elected by the People by universal, equal, secret and direct suffrage according to the system of proportional representation.
Source:
Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Art. 46 (1);
https://www.llv.li/files/rdr/Verfassung-E-01-02-2014.pdf
|
2022/08/02
|
|
Lithuania
|
e. Parallel (Segmented) (PR Lists and Majoritarian constituencies)
|
Members of the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania (hereinafter - the Seimas) shall be elected for a term of four years in single-member constituencies and the multi-member constituency by universal and equal suffrage, in a secret ballot, during direct, mixed-system elections.
Source:
Republic of Lithuania, Law on the Elections to the Seimas (9 July 1992, as last amended on 22 March 2016 – No XII-2265), art. 1
https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/89e6d1a0f58111e5bf4ee4a6d3cdb874?jfwid=tu0odnkka
|
2020/06/05
|
|
Luxembourg
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
(5) Deputies are elected by straightforward universal suffrage on the party-list system, in accordance with the rules of proportional representation, the principle of the smallest electoral quota, and the rules to be determined by the law.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 51(5)
|
2015/06/05
|
|
Macau
|
k. No information available
|
The Legislative Council is composed of 29 seats, out of which 12 are directly elected.
Source:
Basic Law, Annex II
|
2009/12/08
|
|
Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
In the Parliament of Republic of Macedonia, 120-123 Members of Parliament(hereinafter: MPs) shall be elected, of which 120 according to the proportional model, whereby the territory of Republic of Macedonia shall be divided into six electoral districts, as determined in this Code, and each electoral district shall elect 20 MPs, and 3 MPs shall be elected according to the proportional model in one electoral district which covers Europe, Africa, North and South America, Australia and Asia. (Art. 4(2).
Source:
Electoral Code of The Republic of Macedonia (consolidated version as of August 2018), art. 4 (2).
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1GxwPjqFYV3t4zWLYvyjAgjodwiitjqJh/view (2019)
|
2020/04/15
|
|
Madagascar
|
e. Parallel (Segmented) (PR Lists and Majoritarian constituencies)
|
Deputies are elected by FPTP in single-member constituencies and list proportional representation in multi-member constituencies.
Source:
Organic Law No. 2012-016 regulating legislative elections, art. 2: http://www.ceni-madagascar.mg/dossier/loi%20_n-2012-016_%20elect_%20legis.pdf (2013)
|
2013/02/07
|
|
Malawi
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of the Republic of Malawi, art. 62
International IDEA: Table of Electoral Systems Worldwide (http://www.idea.int/esd/world.cfm)
|
2019/05/29
|
|
Malaysia
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
The total number of constituencies shall be equal to the number of members, so that one member shall be elected for each constituency, and of that total in the States of Malaya a number of representatives shall be allocated to each State.
The candidate for a constituency who obtains the greatest number of valid votes cast in that constituency shall be deemed to be the elected member of that constituency.
Source:
Constitution, art. 46, 116: http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/malaysia.pdf (2013);
Elections Act 1958 with the subsequent amendments, art. 13 (1): http://www.agc.gov.my/Akta/Vol.%201/Act%2019%20-%20Elections%20Act%201958.pdf (2013)
|
2013/03/21
|
|
Maldives
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
Each administrative division shall establish separate electoral constituencies and all members are elected from a separate electoral constituency. The person elected from amongst those standing for election in each separate electoral constituency shall be the person receiving the greatest number of votes by secret ballot.
Source:
Constitution 2008, art. 72 (b): http://www.majlis.gov.mv/en/wp-content/uploads/Constitution-english.pdf (2018)
|
2019/02/11
|
|
Mali
|
d. Two-Round System
|
Source:
Electoral Code, art. 157
|
2009/12/08
|
|
Malta
|
i. Single Transferable Vote
|
The members of the House of Representatives shall be elected upon the principle of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote from such number of electoral divisions, being an odd number and not less than nine and not more than fifteen, as Parliament shall from time to time determine.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 52, 56: http://www.parlament.mt/constituion-of-malta?l=1 (2012)
|
2012/05/22
|
|
Man, Isle of
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
Source:
Tynwald, the Parliament of the Isle of Man: Election to the House
http://www.tynwald.org.im/process/index.html
|
2009/12/14
|
|
Marshall Islands
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
Single-member and multi-member districts elect members based on plurality. Electors may vote for as many candidates are there are seats allotted to that district.
Source:
Constitution, art. 4 (2). https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Marshall_Islands_1995
|
2023/10/12
|
|
Mauritania
|
e. Parallel (Segmented) (PR Lists and Majoritarian constituencies)
|
One representative in districts with 31 000 inhabitants or less.
Two representatives in districts with more than 31 000 inhabitants.
Three representatives in districts with 90 000 inhabitants or more.
Four representatives in districts with more than 120 000 inhabitants.
Eighteen representatives from Nouakchott.
Twenty representatives from a nationwide list.
Twenty representatives from a nationwide list reserved for women.
Absolute majority in districts electing one or two representatives. Proportional representation (closed list PR) in districts electing more than two representatives.
(In constituencies with more than two seats, party-list proportional representation system in one round is used. In electoral constituencies with two seats, an absolute majority of the votes cast is required. If absolute majority is not achieved, there is a second round. The list which obtains the majority of votes obtains both seats. In electoral constituencies with one seat, the seat is allocated to the candidate who obtains an absolute majority of votes cast. If no candidate has received an absolute majority of the votes cast on the first round, there shall be a second round two weeks later. In the second round a simple majority is sufficient. In constituencies with more than two seats, a closed List PR is used.)
Code Electoral, Édition 2013 http://www.ceni.mr/IMG/pdf/code_electoral_2013_francais._version_def.pdf
Article 23 (nouveau) : Dans les circonscriptions électorales ayant un seul siège à pourvoir, les députes sont élus au scrutin uninominal majoritaire à deux tours.
Dans les circonscriptions électorales ayant deux sièges à pourvoir, les députés
sont élus au scrutin de liste majoritaire à deux tours.
Dans les circonscriptions électorales ayant plus de deux sièges, les députés
sont élus au scrutin de liste à la représentation proportionnelle à un tour. Dans tous les cas, il n’est pas admis de liste incomplète.
L’électeur doit choisir librement une liste sans vote préférentiel, ni panachage
Source:
Organic Law No. 2012 - 029 amending certain provisions of Ordinance No. 91-028 of 7 October 1991, as amended, concerning the organic law on the election of deputies to the National Assembly, art. 24, 25
|
2019/08/06
|
|
Mauritius
|
c. Block Vote
|
The National Assembly consist of up to 70 members, 62 of which are elected by universal adult suffrage in a secret ballot from multi-member constituencies by a plurality. Up to eight seats can be allocated by the Electoral Supervisory Commission according to a complex formula to "best losers" to ensure "a fair and adequate representation of each community, members serve five year term.
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of the Republic of Mauritius, art. 31, First Schedule, art. 1 & 5
|
2012/02/25
|
|
Mexico
|
e. Parallel (Segmented) (PR Lists and Majoritarian constituencies)
|
The Chamber of Deputies has 500 members, elected for a three-year term, 300 of whom are elected in single-member constituencies by plurality, with the remaining 200 members elected by proportional representation in five 40-seat constituencies.
Under no circumstance, a party or electoral coalition can hold more than 300 seats, regardless of the voting percentage cast in its favour.
As a general rule, no party or electoral coalition can obtain a total of seats that exceeds by more than 8 points the percentage of votes cast in its favour. For example, if a party gets 40% of the total voting, it may not have more than 48% of all the seats, that is to say, 240 out of the 500.
Source:
Constitution: "Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos", art. 52: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/MX/mexico-constitucion-2024/ ;
Electoral Law: "Ley General de Instituciones y Procedimientos Electorales", art. 14: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/MX/mexico-lgipe-2024/
|
2024/04/12
|
|
Micronesia, Federated States of
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
A plurality system in single member constituencies is used in parliamentary elections. A state may provide that one of its seats is set aside for a traditional leader who shall be chosen as provided by statute for a 2-year term, in lieu of one representative elected on the basis of population. The number of congressional districts shall be reduced and reapportioned accordingly.
Source:
Constitution of the Federated States of Micronesia Article. 9, Section 8, 10, and 11: http://www.fsmlaw.org/fsm/constitution/article9.htm (2021)
|
2021/03/24
|
|
Moldova, Republic of
|
d. Two-Round System
|
Article 79. Parliamentary Elections
(1) The Parliament shall be elected for a four-year term by a universal, equal, direct, secret and freely
expressed suffrage.
(2) Parliamentary elections shall be conducted based on a mixed voting system (proportional and
majoritarian) in one national constituency and within Single Member Constituencies.
(3) Thus, 50 members of Parliament shall be elected in the national constituency on the basis of
proportional representation, and 51 members of Parliament shall be elected within Single Member
Constituencies by majority vote, one member from each constituency
Source:
Electoral Code of the Republic of Moldova 2019, article 79
|
2021/03/30
|
|
Monaco
|
e. Parallel (Segmented) (PR Lists and Majoritarian constituencies)
|
e) 2/3 of the seats are allocated according to the majoritarian system and the remaining 1/3 is allocated under the proportional representation system.
Elections to the National Council are by list, multi-member, one-round ballot, with the possibility of mixing and without preferential voting. The lists present must include a number of candidates at least equal to that corresponding to the figure of the absolute majority within this assembly, i.e. thirteen, classified in alphabetical order.
Source:
Law 839 regulating communal and national elections, as amended in 2002, Art. 20-1; https://legimonaco.mc/tnc/loi/1968/02-23-839/
|
2023/09/11
|
|
Mongolia
|
f. Single Non-Transferable Vote
|
All of the Parliament's 76 members are chosen by voting for individual candidates from single-member constituencies who have been nominated by their parties.
Source:
Mongolian Law on Elections, updated 2016 Article 120.2
https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/7739/file/Mongolia_law_elections_2015_am2016_en.pdf
|
2020/02/17
|
|
Montenegro
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
Article 4: Councillors and members of parliament shall be elected in an electoral district based on a list submitted by a political party (party candidate list), coalition of political parties (coalition candidate list) or group of citizens (citizen group candidate list) (hereinafter referred to as the candidate list).
Councillor and member of parliament seats shall be allocated in proportion to the number of votes received.
Source:
Law on the Election of Councillors and Representatives as amended in 2016, art. 4.
https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-REF(2020)031-e
|
2023/09/25
|
|
Montserrat
|
d. Two-Round System
|
Source:
Electoral Law, art. 5 & 6
International IDEA: Table of Electoral Systems Worldwide http://www.idea.int/esd/world.cfm
|
2014/08/04
|
|
Morocco
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
Article premier (Translation): The ballot takes place by proportional representation according to the rule of the strongest remainder without splitting or preferential voting.
Source:
Organic Law No. 27.11 relating to the House of Representatives, Article 1 (2011): http://www.sgg.gov.ma/Portals/0/lois/Loi_27-11_Fr.pdf;
Morocco's Constitution of 2011, Article 62(d): https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Morocco_2011.pdf
|
2022/08/02
|
|
Mozambique
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
g. List Proportional Representation
|
The members of the Assembly of the Republic are elected by list proportional representation from closed pluri-nominal lists in each constituency. The conversion of votes into seats is done through the method of proportional representation following the Hondt variant.
The election of the two deputies corresponding to the communities of Mozambicans living abroad is done by simple majority vote.
Source:
Constitution of 21 January 2005, art. 170 (2): http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/MZ/mozambique-constitution-portuguese-version/view (2014)
Law No. 8/2013 of 27 February 2013 regulating presidential and legislative elections (as amended by Law No. 12/2014), art. 167, 170, 171: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/MZ/Mozambique-Law-No.-12-2014-of-13-April-2014/view (2014)
|
2014/10/02
|
|
Namibia
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
The election is based on party lists and in accordance with the principles of proportional representation...
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of Namibia, art. 49
|
2012/02/24
|
|
Nauru
|
b. Alternative Vote
|
Nauru employs a preferential voting system in which voters use numbers to mark their preferences on the ballot paper. Each preference marked is then assigned a voting value inversely proportional to the rank (e.g. the first choice is assigned 1 unit, the second choice 0.5 unit, the third choice 0.33 unit and so on). The total number of voting units each candidate receives is then totaled, and the candidates with the highest totals, equal to the number of seats to be filled in each constituency, are elected.
Source:
Electoral Act 2016, Art. 84-85. (http://ronlaw.gov.nr/nauru_lpms/files/acts/d83250a1ebdc56c1701fa7aa245af5b1.pdf)
|
2019/07/01
|
|
Nepal
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
e. Parallel (Segmented) (PR Lists and Majoritarian constituencies)
|
The House of Representatives shall consist of a total of two hundred and seventy-five members, as follows:
(a) One hundred and sixty-five members to be elected through the first
past the post electoral system, with one being elected from each
election constituency of one hundred and sixty-five election
constituencies delimited in the country on the basis of geography
and population,
(b) One hundred and ten members to be elected through the proportional
electoral system where voters vote for political parties, with the
whole country being considered as a single election constituency.
Source:
The Constitution of Nepal, 2015 Article 84 (1, A and B) www.lawcommission.gov.np/en/documents/2016/01/constitution-of-nepal-2.pdf
|
2018/04/03
|
|
Netherlands
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
Article 53(1): "The members of both Houses shall be elected by proportional representation within the limits to be laid down by Act of Parliament."
Source:
Constitution of the Kingdom of Netherlands, Art. 53(1): https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Netherlands_2008?lang=en
|
2022/08/02
|
|
Netherlands Antilles
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
Source:
International IDEA: Table of Electoral Systems Worldwide (http://www.idea.int/esd/world.cfm)
|
2009/11/12
|
|
New Caledonia
|
d. Two-Round System
|
Source:
Electoral Code, Article L.123
|
2003/11/28
|
|
New Zealand
|
h. Mixed Member Proportional
|
A referendum on the Voting System was held in 2011. The majority of voters chose to keep MMP as New Zealand's voting system.
Source:
Elections New Zealand Official Website: http://www.elections.org.nz/elections/2011-general-election-and-referendum/ (2017);
Official Website for the MMP review: http://www.mmpreview.org.nz/ (2017);
Constitution Act 1986, Art. 10.2: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1986/0114/latest/whole.html#DLM94210 (2017)
Election Act of 1993- Preamble
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/pacific/NZ/new-zealand-electoral-act-2010/view (2017)
|
2020/10/14
|
|
Nicaragua
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
Members of the National Assembly are elected by proportional representation for a five-year term.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución Política de Nicaragua (2014)”, art. 132:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/NI/constitucion/constitucion-politica-de-nicaragua-con-reformas-a/ (2016);
Electoral Law No. 331: “Ley Electoral No. 331 (enmendada por la ley No. 790 del 23/05/2012)”, art: 146-149:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/NI/leyes-electorales/nicaragua-ley-no.-331-ley-electoral-2012/ (2016).
|
2016/06/07
|
|
Niger
|
e. Parallel (Segmented) (PR Lists and Majoritarian constituencies)
|
In single-member constituencies deputies are elected by plurality vote, whereas in multi-member constituencies deputies are elected through an open-lest proportional representation system.
Source:
Ordinance No. 2010-96 of 28 December 2010 establishing the Electoral Code, art. 116: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/NE/niger-ordinance-no.-2010-96-of-28-december-2010/
|
2017/02/01
|
|
Nigeria
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
Source:
Constitution 1999 (as amended), art. 71, 77 (1): http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=179202 (2013)
|
2015/02/14
|
|
Niue
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
Each of the 14 village constituencies elects one member to the Niue Assembly. 6 members are elected by all voters in Niue on a common roll. Voters vote for as many seats as there are to be elected in each contest (1 for village constituencies, 6 for the common roll).
Source:
Constitution, Art. 16 & 69 (2).
|
2014/06/23
|
|
Norfolk Islands
|
k. No information available
|
The Legislative Assembly consists of 9 seats elected by electors who have 9 votes each, but only 4 can be given to any candidate.
Source:
CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/nf.html
|
2010/01/07
|
|
Northern Mariana Islands
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
Source:
Constitution, art. II, sec. 3
|
2010/01/07
|
|
Norway
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
Constitution Art 59: The election of representatives of constituencies is based on proportional representation and the seats are distributed among the political parties in accordance with the following rules.
Source:
Constitution (last amended May 2014), Art. 59
|
2017/05/19
|
|
Oman
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
Those who acquire the highest number of votes shall be representatives of their respective wilayats (districts).
Source:
ROYAL DECREE NO. 86/97 On the Formation of The Council of Oman, art. 21 (c): http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/83508/92277/F2092950230/OMN83508.pdf (1997)
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Oman_2011.pdf?lang=en
|
2019/09/26
|
|
Pakistan
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
Article 5(1): The Election to elect members of DPR, Provincial DPRD, and Regency/Municipal DPRD shall be conducted in an open-list proportional system.
Source:
Law 8/2012 on General Election of the Members of House of Representatives, People’s Representatives Council and Regional House of Representatives, Article 5(1): http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/asia/ID/indonesia-law-8-2012-on-general-election-of-the/view
|
2024/01/31
|
|
Palau
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
"The House of Delegates shall be composed of one delegate to be popularly elected from each of the states of Palau."
Members elected to the Senate or the House of Delegates must win a plurality of the votes.
Source:
Constitution, Art. IX (3); Voting Rights Act of 1981 as amended, Sec. 1551 (23 PNCA §1551).
|
2016/11/04
|
|
Palestine
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
The Council members shall be elected via secret balloting in general, free and direct elections according to closed list proportional representation system. Each electoral list that receives 1.5% or more of the valid votes shall be allocated a number of seats proportional to the total number of votes that it receives.
Source:
Palestinian Basic Law, art. 48: http://www.osservatorioiraq.it/sites/default/files/Palestinian%20Basic%20Law%20with%20Amendements%20-%20english.pdf (2013);
Elections Law 2 September 2007 regulating general elections, art. 4 (1), 6: http://www.elections.ps/Portals/0/pdf/Election_Law_%282007-Sept_02%29-EN.pdf (2013)
|
2013/04/08
|
|
Panama
|
e. Parallel (Segmented) (PR Lists and Majoritarian constituencies)
|
In single-member constituencies deputies are elected by plurality vote, whereas in multi-member constituencies deputies are elected by proportional representation.
Source:
Constitution, art. 147 (1): http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/PA/panama-constitucion-politica-de-la-republica-2004 (2012);
Electoral Code as amended, art. 325, 326, 327: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/PA/panama-codigo-electoral-2013/ (2013)
|
2019/05/31
|
|
Papua New Guinea
|
b. Alternative Vote
|
Limited Preferential Voting system: This system requires the voter to make three (3) choices of candidates. The candidates' numbers and names will appear on a Candidate Poster and a voter will then write either the names or candidate numbers of his/her three preferred candidates on the ballot paper.
Source:
Organic Law on National and Local-level Government Elections, Section 138, 139: http://www.pngec.gov.pg:7780/i/pngec/organic_law.pdf (2012);
Official Website of the Electoral Commission of Papua New Guinea: http://www.pngec.gov.pg/ (2012)
|
2017/03/16
|
|
Paraguay
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
The deputies are elected in direct elections by the system of list proportional representation.
Source:
Electoral Law: Código Electoral Paraguayo (Ley 834/96), art. 247:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/PY/paraguay-codigo-electoral-2014/ (2014)
|
2023/03/16
|
|
Peru
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
Peru uses the method of the Multiple Electoral District, applying the proportional representation with optional double-preferential voting. For seats to be allocated to the political parties in the Congress, they must obtain at least 5% of the national vote or win a minimum of six seats.
Source:
Electoral Law: “Ley 26859, orgánica de elecciones”, art. 21: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/PE/peru-ley-26859-organica-elecciones-2019/
|
2020/01/28
|
|
Philippines
|
e. Parallel (Segmented) (PR Lists and Majoritarian constituencies)
|
The House of Representatives shall be composed of not more than two hundred and fifty members, unless otherwise fixed by law, who shall be elected from legislative districts apportioned among the provinces, cities, and the Metropolitan Manila area in accordance with the number of their respective inhabitants, and on the basis of a uniform and progressive ratio, and those who, as provided by law, shall be elected through a party-list system of registered national, regional, and sectoral parties or organizations.
The party-list representatives shall constitute twenty per centum of the total number of representatives including those under the party list. For three consecutive terms after the ratification of this Constitution, one-half of the seats allocated to party-list representatives shall be filled, as provided by law, by selection or election from the labor, peasant, urban poor, indigenous cultural communities, women, youth, and such other sectors as may be provided by law, except the religious sector.
Source:
Constitution, Art. VI, Sec. 5 (1, 2):
http://www.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/#article-vi (2016)
http://www.asianlii.org/ph/legis/const/1987/7.html (2019)
|
2019/04/24
|
|
Pitcairn Islands
|
c. Block Vote
|
Source:
International IDEA: Table of Electoral Systems Worldwide http://www.idea.int/esd/world.cfm
|
2010/01/08
|
|
Poland
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
Article 192: "Elections to the Sejm shall be universal, equal, direct and proportional and shall be conducted through a secret vote".
Article 193(1): "460 deputies are elected to the Sejm from the lists of candidates for deputies in the multi-member electoral constituencies".
Source:
Electoral Law: Act of 5 January 2011 on Elections to the Sejm of the Republic of Poland and to the Senate of the Republic of Poland, art. 192 & 193(1): https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/3648/file/Poland%20Elections%20Code%20Section%201,2,3,4,9_2011.pdf
|
2020/08/16
|
|
Portugal
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
Article 149 (1): "Members of the Assembly of the Republic are elected for constituencies that shall be geographically defined by law. The law may order the creation of plurinominal and uninominal constituencies and lay down the nature and complementarity thereof, in such a way as to ensure that votes are converted into numbers of seats in accordance with the proportional representation system and using D’Hondt’s highest-average rule." Article 151 (1): "Nominations are submitted by political parties as laid down by law. Parties may submit nominations individually or in coalition, and the lists may include citizens who are not registered members of the respective parties."
Source:
Consitution of the Portuguese Republic, Seventh Revision [2005], Articles 149, 151. https://www.parlamento.pt/sites/EN/Parliament/Documents/Constitution7th.pdf
|
2022/08/02
|
|
Puerto Rico
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
f. Single Non-Transferable Vote
|
The House of Representatives is composed by 51 members, 40 of which are chosen according to the principle of simple majority in single-member districts and the other 11 through the system of accumulation, where the electors only vote for individual candidates and seats are assigned to those who received the greatest number of votes.
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico”, art. III (s. 3, 7): http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/PR/puerto-rico-constitucion-1970/ ;
Electoral Law: “Código Electoral de Puerto Rico de 2020”, art. 9.10: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/PR/puerto-rico-ley-58-2020-codigo-electoral-2020/
|
2020/11/03
|
|
Qatar
|
l. Not applicable
|
The Constitution states that 30 out of the 45 members of the Al Shoura Council are to be elected by direct, general, secret ballot and the Emir shall appoint the remaining 15 from amongst the ministers or other persons. The system of election shall be determined by law in which the conditions and procedure of nomination and election are specified.
In reality, Qatar holds only nation-wide elections for the Central Municipal Council, which has limited consultative powers aimed at the improvement of municipal services. The last (partial) legislative elections took place in 1970. The next elections to the Shura Council will be held in 2013.
Source:
Constitution, art. 78: http://english.mofa.gov.qa/details.cfm?id=80 (2012)
|
2012/08/23
|
|
Romania
|
h. Mixed Member Proportional
|
Article 5: (1) Deputies and Senators shall be elected by uninominal vote, according to the principle of proportional representation, in uninominal colleges set up under the provisions of article 11.
Source:
Electoral Law: Law No. 35 of 13 March 2008 for the election to the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, art. 5(1). https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/4224/file/ROM%20Election%20Laws_en.pdf
|
2020/08/22
|
|
Russian Federation
|
e. Parallel (Segmented) (PR Lists and Majoritarian constituencies)
|
1. In accordance with the Constitution, 450 deputies shall be elected to the State Duma.
2. 225 deputies of the State Duma shall be elected in single-mandate electoral district (one district – one member). Electoral districts are to be formed according to Article 12 of this Law.
3. 225 deputies of the State Duma shall be elected in the federal electoral district in proportion to the number of votes cast for the federal lists of candidates to the deputies (hereinafter – federal lists of candidates).
4. Number of votes cast for the federal list of candidates shall be defined as a sum of votes cast for the federal list of candidates in each subject of the Russian Federation and outside of its territory.
Source:
Electoral Law: Federal Law On Elections of Deputies to the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, amended as of April 5, 2016, article 3: https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiz-9bZwf6EAxVX4skDHb15AeIQFnoECBEQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.te.gob.mx%2Fvota_elections%2Fpage%2Fdownload%2F16240&usg=AOvVaw3NYZOKj696lT-b9Q5THAwf&opi=89978449
|
2024/03/22
|
|
Rwanda
|
g. List Proportional Representation
j. Other
|
Members of the Chamber of Deputies shall be elected by direct universal suffrage
through a secret ballot from a final list of names using the system of proportional representation.
Source:
Source : Loi organique n°03/2010/OL et loi n°27/2010 relative aux élections (2010), art. 75: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/RW/rwanda-organic-law-nb0-17-2003-of-07-07-2003/
|
2017/03/01
|
|
Saint Helena
|
c. Block Vote
|
The Elected Members of the Legislative Council shall be elected by secret ballot, under a system of universal suffrage, by the persons registered on a single roll of voters for a single constituency for the whole of the island of St Helena; but the Legislature may make provision by Ordinance for the island to be divided into two or more constituencies for the purpose of elections, and for separate rolls of voters for such constituencies
Source:
Constitution, art. 50 & 78
International IDEA: Table of Electoral Systems Worldwide http://www.idea.int/esd/world.cfm
|
2010/01/12
|
|
Saint Kitts and Nevis
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
11 members are directly elected by people in single seat constituencies, 3 other -called Senators- are appointed by Governor General, one by advice of Leader of Opposition and two by advie of Prime Minister. In addition there is a Speaker of the Assembly, that could be elected from among members who are not part of the Cabinet or Paralmentary Secretaries or from among persons who are not members of the Assembly but could qualify as one of them.
Source:
Article 29, 30 and 32, Constitution
|
2020/04/14
|
|
Saint Lucia
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
Source:
Constitution, art. 30 & 33
International IDEA: Table of Electoral Systems Worldwide http://www.idea.int/esd/world.cfm
|
2011/06/28
|
|
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
Source:
Constitution of St. Vincent and the Grenadines 1979, art. 24 & 27
|
2021/12/26
|
|
Samoa
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
Source:
Samoa Constitution: https://www.palemene.ws/wp-content/uploads/Constitution-Eng.pdf (2021)
|
2021/04/09
|
|
San Marino
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
Source:
Constitution, Art. 3 (Available on the Official Website of the Parliament: http://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm);
Electoral Law N.6 of 31 January 1996, Art. 10 (2): http://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/contents/instance18/files/document/21801leggi_5336.pdf (2012)
|
2012/05/25
|
|
Sao Tome and Principe
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
Source:
Electoral Law of the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe n.º 11/90 of 26 November 1990, as amended (latest amendment - 2006), art. 24: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/ST/sao-tome-e-principe-electoral-law
|
2021/06/17
|
|
Saudi Arabia
|
l. Not applicable
|
There are no provisions for direct elections, since it is the King who appoints the members of the Shura Council.
Source:
Shura Council Law, art. 3: http://www.shura.gov.sa/wps/wcm/connect/ShuraEn/internet/Laws+and+Regulations/The+Shura+Council+and+the+rules+and+regulations+job/Shura+Council+Law/ (2012);
The Basic Law of Governance, art. 68: http://www.boe.gov.sa/ViewSystemDetails.aspx?lang=en&SystemID=4 (2012)
|
2012/08/20
|
|
Senegal
|
c. Block Vote
g. List Proportional Representation
h. Mixed Member Proportional
|
The National Assembly comprises 165 members of whom 105 (90 members elected in Senegal from 45 single/multi-member constituencies and 15 members representing Senegalese abroad) are elected by party block vote from single/ multi-member constituencies and the remaining 60 members are elected by list proportional representation from a single nationwide constituency. All National Assembly Members serve five year terms
Source:
Inter-Parliamentary Union-National Assembly Senegal
http://archive.ipu.org/parline/reports/2277.htm
|
2019/02/21
|
|
Serbia
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
Voters shall vote for the electoral list of candidates for MPs (hereinafter: electoral list).
Parliamentary seats shall be distributed among electoral lists proportionately to the
number of the votes won, and the number of seats due to electoral lists shall be determined by
applying the system of the highest quotient.
Parliamentary seats won by an electoral list shall be allocated to candidates for MPs in keeping with the order in which they are listed on that electoral list.
Source:
Electoral Law: Law on the Elections of Representatives, art. 5.
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/europe/RS/serbia-law-on-elections-of-representatives-updated/view
|
2022/07/05
|
|
Seychelles
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
j. Other
|
Seychelles has a hybrid system of electing its members whereby both, the 'first-past the post system' and the 'proportional system' is used. Twenty-five (25) MPs are directly elected by simple majority vote.
Remaining members are nominated by political parties that obtain at least 10% of the total votes cast under the majority system. These parties are entitled to nominate one member for every 10% of the votes polled.There may be up to ten (10) proportionately elected Members.
Source:
- Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles (2011), art. 78
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/SC/seychelles-constitution-2011/view
- A guide to the National Assembly, National Assembly of Seychelles (2013)
http://www.enabletheworld.com/lib2/AguideToTheSeychellesNationalAssembly.pdf
|
2016/09/05
|
|
Sierra Leone
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
112 members of the Parliament are directly elected by plurality vote in single-member constituencies and the remaining 12 members are elected from among the persons who, under any law, are for the time being Paramount Chiefs.
Source:
Constitution (2008), art. 38 & 74: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/SL/sierra-leone-constitution-2008/Constitution;
The Public Elections Act (2012), art. 58: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/SL/sierra-leone-the-public-elections-act-2012-1/;
Inter-Parliamentary Union: http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2281.htm
|
2017/01/12
|
|
Singapore
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
j. Other
|
The Parliament is formed by elected and nominated members. Some members are elected by first-past-the-post system in single-member constituencies, whereas other members are elected by party block vote from closed party lists, representing multi-member constituencies.
9 members shall be appointed by the President and the remaining 9 members shall be chosen from candidates of a political party or parties not forming the Government.
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Singapore, Art. 39: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Singapore_2010?lang=en (2017)
Parliamentary Elections Act, art. 22, 27: (2013)
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/asia/SG/singapore-parliamentary-elections-act-2011/view (2017)
|
2017/03/24
|
|
Slovakia
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
Article 1
Elections to the National Council of the Slovak Republic shall be conducted on the basis of a universal, equal and direct electoral franchise, by means of secret ballot, and in accordance with the principle of proportional representation. In addition to voting for a party, each elector can cast four preferential votes for candidates with respect to the same list.
Article 18
List of candidates
(1) A list of candidates may be submitted by any political party which is registered pursuant to a separate law;[10]it shall be delivered by the political party's plenipotentiary to the electoral officer of the Central Electoral Commission in two counterpart copies and in electronic form not later than ninety days before polling day.
(2) Political parties may form a coalition and submit a joint list of candidates pursuant to subsection (1). A political party which is a member of a coalition may not submit a separate list of candidates.
Article 43
Allocation of seats
(1) The sum of valid votes cast for the proceeding political parties or coalitions shall be divided by the number 151 (the number of seats plus one). The result of this division rounded off to a whole number is the republic electoral number.
(2) The sum of valid votes obtained by a political party or coalition shall be divided by the republic electoral number; a political party or coalition shall be allocated a number of seats equal to the number of times the republic electoral number divides into the sum of valid votes which it obtained.
(3) In the event that there is allocated one seat more than should have been, the surplus seat shall be deducted from the political party or coalition which has the smallest remainder from the division. If remainders are equal, the seat shall be deducted from the political party or coalition which obtained the fewer number of votes. If the numbers of votes are equal, the deduction shall be decided by drawing lots.
(4) In the event that not all seats are allocated or that a political party or coalition should be allocated more seats than it has candidates, then the Central Electoral Commission shall allocate such seats among other political parties or coalitions in order of their remainder from the division beginning with the highest. If remainders are equal, the seat shall be allocated to the political party or coalition which obtained the larger number of votes. If the numbers of votes are the equal, the allocation shall be decided by drawing lots.
(5) The seats allocated to a political party or coalition shall be allocated among its candidates in the order that they are stated on the ballot paper. If any of the electors who cast a valid vote for the political party or coalition exercised the right to a preferential vote, then a seat shall be allocated firstly to a candidate who obtained preferential votes totalling not less than three per cent of the sum of valid votes cast for the political party or coalition. If the political party or coalition is allocated more seats and has more candidates that fulfill the condition mentioned in the previous sentence, then these candidates shall receive seats in the order of the number of preferential votes they received beginning with the highest. If the number of preferential votes is the same, the allocation shall be decided by order on the ballot paper.
(6) Candidates who were not allocated a seat shall become substitutes.
Source:
Slovakia: On Elections to the National Council of the Slovak Republic (2004), Section 1, 18, & 43: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/europe/SK/slovakia-municipalities-election-law-1990/view
|
2020/01/31
|
|
Slovenia
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
Deputies, except for the deputies of the national communities, are elected according to the principle of proportional representation with a four-percent threshold required for election to the National Assembly, with due consideration that voters have a decisive influence on the allocation of seats to the candidates.
Source:
Constitution, art. 80
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Slovenia_2013?lang=en
|
2017/03/30
|
|
Solomon Islands
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
The 50 Members of the Parliament are elected from single-member constituencies by First-Past-The-Post system.
Constitution Art 47 (2): Each of the constituencies prescribed under Section 54(1) of this Constitution shall return one member of Parliament.
National Parliament Electoral Provisions Act, Art 55 (1): When the result of the election has been ascertained, the Returning Officer shall forthwith declare to be elected the candidate for whom the majority of votes has been cast, and
such declaration shall be made in the following terms— "I hereby declare that is elected".
Source:
Constitution of 1978, Amended 2014: Art. 46.
Constitution (2014): https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Solomon_Islands_2014.pdf?lang=en
Amendment 2018: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/pacific/SB/solomon-islands-constitution-amendment-2018
National Parliament Electoral Provisions Act (2010 Consolidated Version), sec. 55: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/pacific/SB/solomon-islands-national-parliament-electoral-3/view
|
2019/02/28
|
|
Somalia
|
l. Not applicable
|
Currently the Somalian lower house is composed of 275 members appointed by traditional leaders in consultation with their clans.
The regulations concerning political parties, their registration, elections at the Federal Government level and the National Independent Electoral Commission shall be defined in special laws enacted by the House of the People of the Federal Parliament.
Source:
Transitional Constitution of 2012, Art. 47: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/SO/somalia-provisional-constitution-of-2012/view;
"Somalia Elections 2016":https://aceproject.org/ero-en/misc/somalia-somalila-elections-2016-the-way-forward;
"National Leader Forum Communique":https://aceproject.org/ero-en/misc/somalia-national-leader-forum-communique-2016
|
2016/11/25
|
|
South Africa
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
The National Assembly consists of between 350 and 400 members directly elected in a proportional representation system (with no minimum entry threshold).
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Article 46: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/ZA/south-africa-electoral-act-2010/view
Electoral Act of 1998 (as amended to 2013), Schedule 1A: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/ZA/south-africa-electoral-act-73-of-1998-as-amended/view
|
2014/05/01
|
|
South Sudan
|
e. Parallel (Segmented) (PR Lists and Majoritarian constituencies)
|
60% of members of the National Legislative Assembly shall be elected to represent geographical constituencies. The candidate with the highest number of valid votes in the geographical constituency shall be declared winner. In addition, 25% of women members shall be elected on the basis of proportional representation at the national level from closed party lists and 15% of members shall be elected on the basis of proportional representation at the national level from closed party lists.
Source:
National Elections Act 2012, art. 60, 62, 63: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/SS/south-sudan-the-national-elections-act-no.-39-of/view
|
2021/06/02
|
|
Spain
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
Source:
Constitution: "Constitución Española", Art. 68:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/europe/ES/espana-constitucion-espanola-2011-2016/;
Electoral Law: “Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de junio, del Régimen Electoral General”, arts. 162:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/europe/ES/espana-ley-organica-5-1985-de-19-de-junio-del-1/
|
2019/06/14
|
|
Sri Lanka
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
Every elector at an election of Members of Parilament shall, in addition to his vote, be entitled to indicate his preferences for not more than three candidates nominated by the same recognized political party or independent group
Every recognized political party and independent group polling **[less than one twentieth of the total votes] polled at any election in any electoral district shall be disqualified from having any candidates of such party or group being elected for that electoral district.
The votes polled by the disqualified parties and independent groups, if any, shall be deducted from the total votes polled at the election in that electoral district and the number of votes resulting from such deduction is hereinafter referred to as the “relevant numbers of votes.”
(7) The relevant number of votes shall be divided by the number of members to be elected for that electoral district reduced by one, if the number resulting from such division is an integer, that integer, or if that number is an integer and fraction, the integer immediately higher to that integer and fraction is hereinafter referred to as the “resulting number.”
The number of votes polled by each recognized political party and independent group (other than those parties or groups disqualified under paragraph (6) of this Article) beginning with the party or group which polled the highest number of votes shall then be divided by the resulting number and the returning officer shall declare elected from each such party or group, in accordance with the preferences secured by each of the candidates nominated by such party or group (the candidate securing the highest number of preferences being declared elected first, the candidate securing the next highest number of preferences being declared elected next and so on) such number of candidates (excluding the candidate declared elected under paragraph (5) of this Article) as is equivalent to the whole number resulting from the division by the resulting number of the votes polled by such party or group
Source:
Constitution, Art. 99(2, 6-8): http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/asia/LK/sri-lanka-constitution-as-amended-up-to-9/at_download/file
|
2016/01/28
|
|
Sudan
|
e. Parallel (Segmented) (PR Lists and Majoritarian constituencies)
|
25% of the women members shall be elected on the basis of proportional representation at the State level from separate and closed party lists. 15% of members shall be elected on the basis of proportional representation at the State level from separate and closed party lists. 60% of the members shall be elected to represent geographical constituencies at the level of the State concerned. In this case, the candidate with the highest number of valid votes in each geographical constituency shall be declared the winner.
Source:
The National Elections Act 2008, art. 31, 32: http://www.gurtong.org/ResourceCenter/documents/Reports/Elections-09/nationalelectionsact2008.pdf (2012)
|
2012/08/31
|
|
Suriname
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
The system of proportionate representation on the basis of largest average formula with preferential votes.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 61, 131 (1): http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Suriname/english.html (2012)
|
2011/06/30
|
|
Swaziland
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
The election of persons to any chamber of Parliament or Bucopho shall be by secret
ballot at both primary and secondary levels or any other level in accordance
with the first-past-the-post system in which the person receiving the highest number of votes is elected.
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of the Kingdom of Swaziland, art. 87 & 95
|
2012/02/24
|
|
Sweden
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
The Riksdag is appointed by means of free, secret and direct elections. Voting in such elections is by party, with an option for the voter to express a preference for a particular candidate.
The fixed constituency seats in each constituency are distributed proportionately among the parties on the basis of the election result in that constituency.
Source:
The Instrument of Government, Ch. 3, Art. 1, 7, 8: Official Website of the Parliament: http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Start/Bestall/Sprakversioner/English---engelska1/Sveriges-grundlagar-och-riksdagsordningen1/ (2012);
Electoral Law of 2005, Ch. 14, Section 3, 4, 5: http://www.val.se/pdf/2005_elections_act.pdf (2012)
|
2014/08/04
|
|
Switzerland
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
The National Council is composed of 200 representatives of the People, elected directly by the People according to a system of proportional representation. A general election is held every four years. Each canton constitutes an electoral constituency and seats are allocated to the Cantons according to their relative populations. Each Canton has at least one seat.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 149 (2): https://www.admin.ch/opc/en/classified-compilation/19995395/201506140000/101.pdf (2015)
|
2015/10/09
|
|
Syrian Arab Republic
|
c. Block Vote
|
Source:
International IDEA: Table of Electoral Systems Worldwide http://www.idea.int/esd/world.cfm
|
2014/06/02
|
|
Tajikistan
|
e. Parallel (Segmented) (PR Lists and Majoritarian constituencies)
|
Deputy of Majlisi Namoyandagon is elected for the term of five years.
A person, who has attained the age of 25 years and has been the citizen of the Republic of Tajikistan minimum for the last five years, with higher education and a command of state language, can be elected a deputy of the Majlisi Namoyandagon.
17
Majlisi Namoyandagon consists of 63 deputies:
- 65% of the deputies (41 persons) of Majlisi Namoyandagon is elected from single-mandate constituencies.
35% of the deputies (22 persons) of Majlisi Namoyandagon is elected from the nationwide electoral constituency in proportion with the number of votes, which were given to candidates, nominated by political parties.
Source:
Constitutional Law On Elections to the Majlisi Oli of the Republic of Tajikistan, amended as of July 26, 2014, article 21.
|
2016/06/16
|
|
Tanzania, United Republic of
|
e. Parallel (Segmented) (PR Lists and Majoritarian constituencies)
j. Other
|
239 members are elected by plurality vote in single-member constituencies and 102 special reserved seats are allocated to women in proportion to the number of votes obtained by each party. In addition, 5 members are elected among the Zanzibar House of Representatives and 10 members are appointed by the President. The attorney-general and the speaker of the National Assembly are ex-oficio members.
Source:
The National Elections Act 2010, art. 81: http://www.tz.undp.org/ESP/docs/Legal_Documents/National_Elections_Act-Cap_343.PDF (2013);
Constitution, art. 66 (1), 77, 78: http://www.tz.undp.org/ESP/docs/Legal_Documents/Tanzania_Constitution.pdf (2013)
|
2014/06/04
|
|
Thailand
|
e. Parallel (Segmented) (PR Lists and Majoritarian constituencies)
|
The House of Representatives consists of five hundred members, three hundred and seventy-five of whom are from the election on a constituency basis and one hundred and twenty-five of whom are from the election on a party-list basis.
In the election of members of the House of Representatives on a constituency basis, the person having the right to vote shall cast ballot for one candidate for such constituency.
In the election of members of the House of Representatives on a party-list basis, the person having the right to vote shall cast ballot for the lists of candidates prepared by political parties whereby the person having the right to vote cast ballot for one list and the area of the country is regarded as one constituency.
Source:
Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand Amendment No. 1 (2011), Sec. 83, 84, 85:
https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2017-05/CONSTITUTION+OF+THE+KINGDOM+OF+THAILAND+(B.E.+2560+(2017)).pdf
|
2023/10/04
|
|
Timor-Leste
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
Conversion of the votes into mandates shall observe the principle of proportional representation.
The conversion of votes into mandates shall observe the proportional representation system in accordance with the Hondt highest average method. Lists obtaining less than 3% (three percent) of the total of valid votes, blank votes excluded, shall not be entitled to attribution of mandates.
Source:
Constitution, Art. 65 (4)
Law n.º 6/2006 on National Parliament Elections with the 2011 amendments, art. 13
|
2017/06/15
|
|
Togo
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
Source:
Organic Law of 18/06/2012 fixing the number of members of the National Assembly, the eligibility criteria and the incompatibilities, art. 4 (1): http://archives.assemblee-nationale.tg/admin/pdf/Loi-organique-fixant-le-nombre-de-d-put-s-2-lecture-.pdf (2012)
|
2012/12/21
|
|
Tokelau
|
d. Two-Round System
|
In the January 2002 elections, the General Fono adopted a population-based pattern of representation which in 2008 entitled atoll of Atafu to seven members, the atoll of Fakaofo to seven and the atoll of Nukunonu to six members – making a total of 20 seats. The representatives are elected to serve 3 year terms.
Source:
'Tokelau Islands Information Paper, New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade': http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Countries/Pacific/Tokelau.php
CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tl.html
|
2020/01/22
|
|
Tonga
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
Ten representatives are elected for Tongatapu, three for Vava'u, two for Ha'apai and one each for Niuas and 'Eua.
Source:
IPU Parline Database: https://data.ipu.org/node/174/elections/electoral-system?chamber_id=13543 (2021)
|
2021/09/13
|
|
Trinidad and Tobago
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
Source:
Constitution: “Constitution of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago”, Section 73: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/TT/trinidad-and-tobago-constitution-2016/
|
2020/08/22
|
|
Tunisia
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
The Constitution provides that the members of the Assembly of the Representatives of the People shall be elected for a term of five years by universal, free, direct, secret, fair and transparent voting, in accordance with the election law. Voting takes place on closed lists and seats are distributed on the level of constituencies on the basis of proportional representation with the largest remainder method.
Source:
The Constitution of 26 January 2014, art. 55, 56: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/TN/tunisia-constitution-of-26-january-2014/view (2014);
Organic Law n° 2014-16 of 26 May 2014 on Elections and Referenda, art. 107 , 108: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/TN/tunisia-organic-law-on-elections-and-referenda/view (2014).
|
2019/08/05
|
|
Turkey
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
The method of proportional representation with general, equal and secret ballot shall be used.
Source:
Parliamentary Elections Law, art. 2: http://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1310/file/bbf6e67f60e5492350474eaa9e9a.pdf
|
2016/01/21
|
|
Turkmenistan
|
k. No information available
|
The Mejlis shall consist of 125 deputies, elected from constituencies with approximately equal number of voters, for five years.
The Chairperson of the Mejlis shall be elected by secret ballot.
Vice Chairperson of the Mejlis shall be elected by open ballot.
Source:
Constitution of Turkmenistan (2016): Article 78 & 88: http://www.osce.org/odihr/262336?download=true.
|
2017/02/14
|
|
Turks and Caicos Islands
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
Source:
Electoral Law: “Elections Ordinance”, Section 55(14 & 15): http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/TC/turks-and-caicos-elections-ordinance-2018/
|
2020/10/08
|
|
Tuvalu
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
c. Block Vote
|
Seven of the eight electoral districts use a block voting system to elect two candidates. One electoral district, Nukulaelae, elects only the one candidate who received the most votes.
Source:
Hassall, Graham (2006): The Tuvalu General Election 2006, Democracy and Elections Project (Governance Program), University of the South Pacific, Fiji. (http://www.governance.usp.ac.fj/fileadmin/files/thematic/elections/docs/Hassall_-_Election_Observation_Report_Tuvalu_2006.pdf)
|
2012/06/19
|
|
Uganda
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
Parliament is composed of directly elected representatives of constituencies,
and representatives for the women, youth, workers, army and people with disabilities.
Source:
Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, art. 77 (3), 78: http://www.ec.or.ug/docs/Constitution_1995.pdf (2016);
Parliamentary Elections Act as amended in 2010, art. 58
|
2016/02/05
|
|
Ukraine
|
e. Parallel (Segmented) (PR Lists and Majoritarian constituencies)
|
The parliament is composed of 450 members elected by a mixed system. 225 deputies shall be elected by list-proportional representation from closed party lists in a single countrywide constituency and the other 225 deputies shall be elected by first-past-the-post in 225 single-member constituencies.
Source:
The Law on Elections of People's Deputies of Ukraine (last amended in 2019), art. 1:
https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/en/4061-17
|
2019/03/11
|
|
United Arab Emirates
|
c. Block Vote
|
20 members of the National Federal Council are appointed and 20 members are elected by electoral colleges.
Source:
IPU Parline Database: http://www.ipu.org/parline/reports/2333.htm (2012)
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/United_Arab_Emirates_2009?lang=en
|
2019/09/25
|
|
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
Source:
Official Website of the UK Parliament: https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/elections-and-voting/voting-systems/
|
2024/03/20
|
|
United States of America
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
b. Alternative Vote
c. Block Vote
|
Senators serve six-year terms, one/third of seats are up for election every two years (coincide with mid-term elections and general elections). As of 1913, Senators are directly elected by popular vote.
Each state can choose how to structure the electoral system.
Source:
U.S. Constitution, Amendment 17:
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/US/united-states-of-america-constitution-1992/view ;
https://www.usa.gov/midterm-state-and-local-elections ;
National Conference of State Legislatures:
https://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/the-rise-of-ranked-choice-voting.aspx ;
https://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/ranked-choice-voting.aspx ;
https://www.fairvote.org/where_is_ranked_choice_voting_used ;
|
2020/10/15
|
|
Uruguay
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
The Chamber of Representatives is composed of 99 members elected directly by the people under a system of proportional representation through a simple quotient.
Source:
Constitución, art. 88: https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/4755/101097/F282807953/URY4755.pdf (2004)
|
2019/11/04
|
|
Uzbekistan
|
d. Two-Round System
|
The lower, legislative, chamber is composed of 150 members elected in single-mandate election districts (constituencies). In order to win a seat in the first round, a candidate must secure a majority of the votes cast; otherwise a second round (run-off) election is held within two weeks between the two leading candidates. Runoff elections are not subject to a turnout requirement. All of the 150 constituency contests are invalidated and the elections are re-run if the national election turnout is less than 33 per cent (OSCE).
Source:
Election Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Article 59 (2019): https://saylov.uz/en/docs/ozbekiston-respublikasining-sajlov-kodeksi;
OSCE ODIHR Election Observation Mission Final Report, Republic of Uzbekistan, Parliamentary Elections 22 December 2019: https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/9/3/452170_1.pdf
|
2022/08/02
|
|
Vanuatu
|
f. Single Non-Transferable Vote
|
The Constitution states, "Parliament shall consist of members elected on the basis of universal franchise through an electoral system which includes an element of proportional representation so as to ensure fair representation of different political groups and opinions."
The Republic of Vanuatu is the only democracy today that employs what is known as the Single Non-Transferable Vote
Multiple members may be elected in some electoral constituencies, but choose only one candidate, regardless. The candidates with the most votes in each district, equal to the number of seats allotted to that constituency, shall be elected.
Source:
Constitution, art. 17: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/pacific/VU/vanuatu-constitution-of-the-republic-of-vanuatu/at_download/file
http://www.usp.ac.fj/fileadmin/files/Institutes/piasdg/Electoral_Systems_2004/es2004_vanTrease.pdf
|
2016/01/26
|
|
Venezuela
|
e. Parallel (Segmented) (PR Lists and Majoritarian constituencies)
|
Source:
Constitution: “Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela”, art. 186: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/VE/venezuela-constitucion-reforma-2009/
Electoral Law: “Ley Orgánica de Procesos Electorales”, art. 8: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/VE/venezuela-ley-organica-procesos-electorales-2009/
|
2020/11/15
|
|
Viet Nam
|
g. List Proportional Representation
|
Among the candidates to be elected in the constituency, those who poll more than half of the valid votes and more votes than others shall be elected. In cases where there are more than one candidate polling the same number of votes, the eldest shall be elected. If, In the first election, the number of elected candidates is less than that designated by the Standing Committee of the National Assembly for the constituency, the Election Board of which must clearly state it in a report and promptly report it to the Election Committee which shall request the Election Council to consider and decide on an additional election in such constituency.
In case of an additional election, the election day shall be not later than twenty days after the first election. In the additional election, voters shall only choose from the candidates on the list of candidates who failed in the first election. The elected candidates shall be those who poll more than half of the valid votes and more votes than others. If even after the additional election but the number of elected candidates is still below than the designated number, there shall not be the second additional election.
Source:
Law of 1997 on Election of Deputies to the National Assembly, as amended and supplemented by laws No. 31/2001/QH10 and No: 63/2010/QH12, art. 70, 71, 72: http://www.moj.gov.vn/vbpq/en/lists/vn%20bn%20php%20lut/view_detail.aspx?itemid=2526 (2016)
|
2021/04/07
|
|
Virgin Islands, British
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
62. There shall be a Legislature of the Virgin Islands which shall consist of Her Majesty and a
House of Assembly.
64.—(1) The elected members of the House of Assembly shall be persons qualified for election
in accordance with this Constitution and, subject to this Constitution, shall be elected in the
manner provided by or under any law for the time being in force in the Virgin Islands.
(2) Subject to section 63(2), for the purposes of elections the Virgin Islands—
Source:
The Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007, Article 62(1)
http://www.bvi.gov.vg/sites/default/files/constitution.pdf
The Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007, Article 64
http://www.bvi.gov.vg/sites/default/files/constitution.pdf
Virgin Islands, British. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.idea.int/data-tools/country-view/301/44
|
2019/02/15
|
|
Virgin Islands, U.S.
|
k. No information available
|
|
2009/08/14
|
|
Wallis and Futuna
|
d. Two-Round System
|
Source:
Electoral Code, Article L.123.
|
2004/07/13
|
|
Western Sahara
|
k. No information available
|
|
2009/08/14
|
|
Yemen
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
The winner in any given constituency shall be the candidate who secures a relative majority of valid votes.
Source:
General Elections and Referendum Law of 2001, art. 53, 105 (b): http://www.scer.org.ye/english/generalelectionslaw.htm
Constitution, art. 63: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/category,LEGAL,,,YEM,3fc4c1e94,0.html (2012)
|
2012/08/22
|
|
Zambia
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
The National Assembly shall consist of one hundred and fifty-six members directly elected on the basis of a simple majority vote under the first-pastthe-post system;
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of Zambia, art. 68 (2)
http://www.parliament.gov.zm/sites/default/files/documents/amendment_act/Constitution%20of%20Zambia%20%20(Amendment),%202016-Act%20No.%202_0.pdf
|
2016/06/28
|
|
Zanzibar
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
h. Mixed Member Proportional
|
The House of Representatives shall consist of elected members, nominated members, women members, all Regional Commissioners appointed in the regions of Zanzibar and the Attorney General. Every constituency shall elect one person to be member of the House of Representatives. 30% of all elected members of the House of representatives shall be women members recommended by every political party winning more than 10% of seats.
Source:
The Constitution of Zanzibar, art. 64, 65, 67
Electoral Act No. 11 of 1984 as amended, art. 88 (a)
http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/tz/tz028en.pdf(2016)
http://www.temco.udsm.ac.tz/images/stories/Electral_Laws/ZANZIBAR-ELECTION-ACT-2010.pdf (2016)
|
2016/04/05
|
|
Zimbabwe
|
a. Plurality (FPTP)
|
The National Assembly consists of 210 members elected using single-member plurality constituencies by secret ballot from the two hundred and ten constituencies into which Zimbabwe is divided.
Source:
Constitution: Constitution of Zimbabwe (2013) Part 4, Section 124
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Zimbabwe_2013
|
2023/09/25
|
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