Chapter 16: The Eighteenth-Century Bourbon Regime in Spain [351]

Unification of Government and Administration, 355; The Reign of Felipe V (1700-1746), 357; Fernando VI (1746-1759), 359; CarlosIII (1759-1788), 360; Expulsion of the Jesuits, 361; The Domestic Reforms of Carlos III, 363; The Eighteenth-Century Enlightenment in Spain, 367

The Clergy, 376; Agriculture, Land Tenure, and the Peasantry, 378; The Middle Classes, 382; Commerce and Manufactures, 385; Regional Development, 386; Periodization of the Eighteenth-Century Spanish Economy, 388; Conclusion, 389

Portuguese Independence Restored, 393; The Reigns of Afonso VI (1656-1667) and Pedro II (1667-1706), 398; The Portuguese Economy in the Seventeenth Century, 400 Remnants of the Thalassocracy, 403; The Reign of João V (1706-1750), 403; Pombal, 405; Religion, 408; The Enlightenment in Portugal, 411; Agriculture, 411; Last Phase of the Old Regime in Portugal; The Reign of Maria 1(1777-1799/1816), 412

The Reign of Carlos IV (1788-1808), 415; The Bonapartist Regime of 1808-1812, 421; The War of Independence, 422; The Cádiz Cortes and the 1812 Constitution, 424; The Fernandine Reaction, 1814-1820, 428; The Liberal Triennium of 1820-1823, 430; Influence of Spanish Liberalism in Italy and Portugal, 432; The Second Reaction, 1822-1824, 433; Fernandine Absolutism between Ultra-Royalism and Liberalism, 1824-1833, 435; The Succession Crisis and the Royal Statute of 1834, 436; Carlism and the First Carlist War of 1833-1840, 438; The Triumph of Liberalism, 1835-1840, 440; The Military in Politics, 1834-1840, 444 ; Espartero and the Failure of Progressivism, 1840-1843, 445; Foreign Affairs, 1815-1843, 448; Economic Development, 1815-1843, 449; Spanish Romanticism, 452

The Rule of the Moderates, 453; The Progressive Biennium of 1854-1856, 459; The Liberal Union, 461; Paralysis of the Isabeline Monarchy, 462; The Revolution of 1868, 463; The Revolt in Cuba, 465; The Elective, Democratic Monarchy, 1869-1873, 466; The First Republic, 1873-1874, 469; Restoration of the Bourbon Monarchy, 470; The Second Cariist War, 1869/1872-1876, 470; The Frustration of Spanish Liberalism, 471; The Social Basis of Politics, 473; Demography and Social Structure, 475; Economic Development, 476; Cultural Change, 482; The Crisis of Spanish Catholicism, 484; Foreign Affairs, 486

Caciquismo and the Structure of Restoration Politics, 490; Sagasta's Reform Ministry, 1885-1890, 494; Stagnation of Restoration Politics in the 1890s, 496; Economic Development, 1877-1900, 501;  Population Trends, 503; Culture, 503; Discovery of the Region, 505; The Emergence of Political Catalanism, 506; Foreign Affairs during the Restoration Period, 508; The Cuban Disaster, 510

Religion, 523; Portuguese Masonry, 525; Septembrism, 525; Chartism, 528; Regenerationísm and the Establishment of Rotativism, 1851-1878, 530; Economic Development, 534; Portuguese Society, 540; Culture and Education, 545; Portuguese Africa in the Nineteenth Century, 547; Decline and Collapse of the Constitutional Monarchy, 1890-1910, 550

The First Reaction: The Pimenta de Castro Government, January-May 1915, 563; Return of the Democrats: Portuguese Entry into the First World War, 564; The Second Reaction: The "República Nora" of Sidónio Pais, 1917-1918, 566; Last Phase of the Parliamentary Party System, 1919-1926, 568;  Social and Economic Change under the Parliamentary Republic, 573

Silvela, 580; Division of the Liberal Party, 582; Alfonso XIII, 583; Antonio Maura and the "Revolution from Above," 586; Canalejas, 589; Breakup of the Party System, 1913-1915, 591; Spain in the Vortex of European Imperialism, 593; Economic Development and Social Change, 596; The Silver Age of Spanish Culture, 599; The Working Class Movements, 601; The Catholic Revival, 603; The Republicans, 604; Catalan Nationalism, 605; Basque Nationalism, 606; The Crisis of 1917 and the Frustration of the Parliamentary System, 607; The Social Crisis of 1919-1923, 611; The Moroccan Dilemma, 613; The Primo de Rivera Pronunciamiento (1923), 617; The Primo de Rivera Regime, 618; Fall of the Dictatorship, 622; Collapse of the Monarchy, 624; Conclusion: The Breakdown of Constitutional Monarchy in Spain, 627

Chapter 26: The Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939 [645]

The Spanish Revolution, 646; The Terror, 649; International Reaction to the Civil War, 651; Franco's Nationalist Government, 652; The Spanish People's Republic, 654; The Military Struggle, 657; Franco's Victory, 660

Social and Economic Development, 673; Portuguese Africa, 680 ;The Demise of Salazar and the Continuity of the Regime, 683

Spanish Neutrality in the Second World War, 685; The Spanish Regime Ostracised, 1945-1949, 687; Franco Rehabilitated: The Spanish-American Pact, 688; Social and Economic Development, 689; The Opposition, 694; Twilight of the Franco Regime: Institutional Change and the Succession, 695

Maps and Genealogical Chart
1.  Manufacturing in late-eighteenth-century Spain and Portugal
2.  Provincial Divisions of Modern Spain
3.  Modern Portugal
4.  Spanish possessions in Northwest Africa
5.  Expansion of the Nationalist zone, 1936-1939
6.  Physiographic map of the Iberian Peninsula
7.  Genealogical Chart of the Spanish House of Bourbon, 1700-1931

Illustrations
  1.  Felipe V
  2.  Carlos III, by Mengs (El Prado)
  3.  The Charge of the Mamluks (Dos de Mayo), by Goya (El Prado)
  4.  Executions of the Third of May, 1808 (Tres de Mayo), by Goya (El Prado)
  5.  Fernando VII, by Goya
  6.  The Execution of Torrijos, by Antonio Gisbert (Museo de Arte Moderno)
  7.  A depiction of Zumalacárregui mortally wounded
  8.  Don Carlos talking with Liberal prisoners
  9.  Carlists engaged in a mountain battle
10.  Narváez
11.  Prim
12.  Cánovas del Castillo
13.  Alfonso XIII
14.  Antonio Maura
15.  José Canalejas
16.  Primo de Rivera
17.  Franco in Morocco February 1926, at the age of thirty-three, when he became the youngest general in the Spanish army
18.  Revolutionary sailors in the Republican fleet, 1936
19.  Republican troops marching in Barcelona
20.  Republican political and military leaders reviewing troops on the central front near Madrid, November 1937
21.  Franco as Nationalist generalissimo in the Civil War
22.  Launching of a new vessel built for Yugoslavia in the shipyards of El Ferrol
23.  Joao IV the Restorer
24.  Royal convent and palace at Mafra, built by Joao V
25.  Mousinho da Silveira, architect of Portugal's nineteenth-century liberal institutional system
26.  Afonso Costa
27.  Sidonio Pais, short-lived president of the "República Nova," 1917-1918
28.  Dr. António de Oliveria Salazar
29.  The new bridge over the Tejo outside Lisbon
 

NOTE: Material from this volume may be cited by URL or with the pagination of the 1973 University of Wisconsin Press print edition. These have been inserted into the text in boldface, set off in brackets, as in [29].