| | List of illustrations | |
| | List of maps | |
| | Lists of tables and figures | |
| | Preface and acknowledgments to the first edition | |
| | Preface and acknowledgments to the second edition | |
| | Publisher's preface | |
| Pt. I | The Origins of Islamic Civilization: The Middle East from c.600 to c.1200 | |
| | Introduction: Middle Eastern societies before the advent of Islam | 3 |
| | 1 | Arabia | 10 |
| | 2 | The life of the Prophet | 18 |
| | 3 | The Arab conquests and the socio-economic bases of empire | 31 |
| | 4 | The Caliphate | 45 |
| | 5 | Cosmopolitan Islam: the Islam of the imperial elite | 67 |
| | 6 | Urban Islam: the Islam of the religious elites | 81 |
| | 7 | Islamic culture and the separation of state and religion | 99 |
| | 8 | The fall of the 'Abbasid empire | 103 |
| | 9 | The post-'Abbasid Middle Eastern state system | 112 |
| | 10 | Muslim communities and Middle Eastern societies | 133 |
| | 11 | The collective ideal | 147 |
| | 12 | The Personal Ethic | 156 |
| | Conclusion: The Middle Eastern Islamic paradigm | 183 |
| Pt. II | The Worldwide Diffusion of Islamic Societies from the Tenth to the Nineteenth Centuries | |
| | Introduction: the Islamic world and the rise of Europe | 197 |
| | 13 | Iran: the Mongol, Timurid, and Safavid empires | 226 |
| | 14 | The Turkish migrations and the Ottoman empire | 248 |
| | 15 | The Arab Middle East | 283 |
| | 16 | Islamic North Africa and Spain to the nineteenth century | 299 |
| | 17 | Inner Asia from the Mongol conquests to the nineteenth century | 337 |
| | 18 | The Indian subcontinent: the Delhi Sultanates and the Mughal empire | 356 |
| | 19 | The formation of Islamic societies in Southeast Asia | 382 |
| | 20 | Islam in Sudanic, savannah, and forest West Africa | 400 |
| | 21 | Islam in East Africa and the rise of European colonial empires | 429 |
| | Conclusion: the varieties of Islamic society | 443 |
| Pt. III | The Modern Transformation: Muslim Peoples in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries | |
| | Introduction: modernity and the transformation of Muslim societies | 453 |
| | 22 | Iran: state and religion in the modern era | 469 |
| | 23 | The dissolution of the Ottoman empire and the modernization of Turkey | 489 |
| | 24 | Egypt: secularism and Islamic modernity | 512 |
| | 25 | The Arab Middle East: Arabism, military states, and Islam | 535 |
| | 26 | North Africa in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries | 586 |
| | 27 | The Indian subcontinent: India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh | 620 |
| | 28 | Islam in Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines | 652 |
| | 29 | Inner Asia under Russian and Chinese rule; the Caucasus and Afghanistan | 684 |
| | 30 | Islam in West Africa | 732 |
| | 31 | Islam in East Africa | 761 |
| | 32 | Muslims in Europe and America | 785 |
| | Conclusion: secularized Islam and Islamic revival | 814 |
| | Glossary | 873 |
| | Bibliography | 884 |
| | Index | 941 |
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