| | Foreword | v |
| | Contributors | xi |
| | General Introduction / Yveline Lecler | 1 |
| pt. 1 | The Policy Framework Revisited: Answering New Challenges? | 23 |
| ch. 1 | Science and Technology Policy in Japan / Hiroshi Nagano | 25 |
| ch. 2 | Innovation policies and reforms in Japan / Tomohiro Ijichi | 41 |
| ch. 3 | The European innovation strategy and competitiveness clusters / Henri Capron | 73 |
| ch. 4 | How to draw endogenous power to the regions? A review of innovation policies in the Tohoku Region / Michi Fukushima | 103 |
| ch. 5 | Competitiveness Clusters and the Positioning of Rhone-Alpes and Wallonia / Pierre-Jean Baillot | 125 |
| pt. 2 | Intellectual Property and Technology Transfer: A New Challenge for Universities | 147 |
| ch. 6 | The legal framework of intellectual property rights in comparative law: Japan--France / Beatrice Jaluzot | 149 |
| ch. 7 | The European patent system: 50 years of missed opportunities / Bruno Van Pottelsberghe De La Potterie | 169 |
| ch. 8 | What we know on prolific inventors: Evidence from a five countries United States patenting data set (1975--2002) / Christian Le Bas | 185 |
| ch. 9 | University patent portfolios in Japan: The impact of IP measures and national university incorporation on the university--industry technology transfer process / Kumi Okuwada | 199 |
| ch. 10 | Technology licensing from university to industry in Japan / Toshiya Watanabe | 225 |
| ch. 11 | Role of the universities towards the big and small enterprises: The Walloon case / Joseph A. Martial | 245 |
| pt. 3 | Open Innovation and the New Challenge for Firms | 265 |
| ch. 12 | Entrepreneurship education: A still uncertain road in Japan and Europe / Philippe Debroux | 267 |
| ch. 13 | Promoting firms' creation and incubation: Past and present policy achievements in France and in Japan / Yveline Lecler | 289 |
| ch. 14 | Venture capital and angels in Japan: Comparison with experiences in France / Mahito Uchida | 317 |
| ch. 15 | Corporate venturing in Japan: New win-win movement of big-corporation--startup-collaboration / Noboru Maeda | 341 |
| ch. 16 | Licensing strategy of Japanese Firms / Nobuo Takahashi | 361 |
| ch. 17 | Sharing manufacturing knowledge among Industries: A challenge for the Instructor School at University of Tokyo / Tetsuo Yoshimoto | 393 |
| pt. 4 | Toward Open Innovation: Some Evidence from Empirical Studies | 419 |
| ch. 18 | Case 1 --- Research valorization and networking: The Walloon case / Veronique Cabiaux | 421 |
| ch. 19 | Case 2 --- The new role of universities: The Walloon Interdisciplinary Cluster of Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA) / Michel Morant | 433 |
| ch. 20 | Case 3 --- CREALYS West Rhone-Alps incubator: A French public incubator / Nadia Kamal | 451 |
| ch. 21 | Case 4 --- The new business support activities by the Tohoku Economic Federation: For changing the global competitive environments / Eisaku Nishiyama | 459 |
| ch. 22 | Case 5 --- Encouraging producers of interindustry collaboration among Small and Medium Enterprises in the Tohoku Region of Japan / Nghia-Chi Nguyen | 473 |
| | Index | 493 |
