PREAMBLE
We, the sovereign
Filipino
people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and
humane society, and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals
and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our
patrimony,
and secure to ourselves and our posterity, the blessings of
independence
and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice,
freedom,
love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.
ARTICLE INATIONAL TERRITORY
The
national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the
islands and waters embraced therein, and all other territories over
which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of
its terrestrial, fluvial and aerial domains, including its territorial
sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves, and other submarine
areas. The waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the
archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions, form part of
the internal waters of the Philippines.
ARTICLE II
DECLARATION OF
PRINCIPLES AND
STATE POLICIES
PRINCIPLES
Section 1. The Philippines is
a democratic and republican State. Sovereignty resides in the people
and
all government authority emanates from them.
Section 2. The Philippines
renounces war as an instrument of national policy, adopts the generally
accepted principles of international law as part of the law of the land
and adheres to the policy of peace, equality, justice, freedom,
cooperation,
and amity with all nations.cralaw:red
Section 3. Civilian authority
is, at all times, supreme over the military. The Armed Forces of the
Philippines
is the protector of the people and the State. Its goal is to secure the
sovereignty of the State and the integrity of the national territory.cralaw:red
Section 4. The prime duty
of the Government is to serve and protect the people. The Government
may
call upon the people to defend the State and, in the fulfillment
thereof,
all citizens may be required, under conditions provided by law, to
render
personal, military or civil service.cralaw:red
Section 5. The maintenance
of peace and order, the protection of life, liberty, and property, and
promotion of the general welfare are essential for the enjoyment by all
the people of the blessings of democracy.cralaw:red
Section 6. The separation
of Church and State shall be inviolable.
STATE POLICIES
Section 7. The State shall pursue
an independent foreign policy. In its relations with other states, the
paramount consideration shall be national sovereignty, territorial
integrity,
national interest, and the right to self-determination.
Section 8. The Philippines,
consistent with the national interest, adopts and pursues a policy of
freedom
from nuclear weapons in its territory.cralaw:red
Section 9. The State shall
promote a just and dynamic social order that will ensure the prosperity
and independence of the nation and free the people from poverty through
policies that provide adequate social services, promote full
employment,
a rising standard of living, and an improved quality of life for all.cralaw:red
Section 10. The State shall
promote social justice in all phases of national development.cralaw:red
Section 11. The State values
the dignity of every human person and guarantees full respect for human
rights.cralaw:red
Section 12. The State recognizes
the sanctity of family life and shall protect and strengthen the family
as a basic autonomous social institution. It shall equally protect the
life of the mother and the life of the unborn from conception. The
natural
and primary right and duty of parents in the rearing of the youth for
civic
efficiency and the development of moral character shall receive the
support
of the Government.cralaw:red
Section 13. The State recognizes
the vital role of the youth in nation-building and shall promote and
protect
their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual, and social well-being.
It shall inculcate in the youth patriotism and nationalism, and
encourage
their involvement in public and civic affairs.cralaw:red
Section 14. The State recognizes
the role of women in nation-building, and shall ensure the fundamental
equality before the law of women and men.cralaw:red
Section 15. The State shall
protect and promote the right to health of the people and instill
health
consciousness among them.cralaw:red
Section 16. The State shall
protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful
ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature.cralaw:red
Section 17. The State shall
give priority to education, science and technology, arts, culture, and
sports to foster patriotism and nationalism, accelerate social
progress,
and promote total human liberation and development.cralaw:red
Section 18. The State affirms
labor as a primary social economic force. It shall protect the rights
of
workers and promote their welfare.cralaw:red
Section 19. The State shall
develop a self-reliant and independent national economy effectively
controlled
by Filipinos.cralaw:red
Section 20. The State recognizes
the indispensable role of the private sector, encourages private
enterprise,
and provides incentives to needed investments.cralaw:red
Section 21. The State shall
promote comprehensive rural development and agrarian reform.cralaw:red
Section 22. The State recognizes
and promotes the rights of indigenous cultural communities within the
framework
of national unity and development.cralaw:red
Section 23. The State shall
encourage non-governmental, community-based, or sectoral organizations
that promote the welfare of the nation.cralaw:red
Section 24. The State recognizes
the vital role of communication and information in nation-building.cralaw:red
Section 25. The State shall
ensure the autonomy of local governments.cralaw:red
Section 26. The State shall
guarantee equal access to opportunities for public service and prohibit
political dynasties as may be defined by law.cralaw:red
Section 27. The State shall
maintain honesty and integrity in the public service and take positive
and effective measures against graft and corruption.cralaw:red
Section 28. Subject to reasonable
conditions prescribed by law, the State adopts and implements a policy
of full public disclosure of all its transactions involving public
interest.
ARTICLE IIIBILL OF RIGHTS
Section 1. No person shall be
deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor
shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws.
Section 2. The right of the
people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects
against
unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any
purpose
shall be inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall
issue
except upon probable cause to be determined personally by the judge
after
examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the
witnesses
he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched
and
the persons or things to be seized.cralaw:red
Section 3. (1) The privacy
of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable except upon
lawful
order of the court, or when public safety or order requires otherwise,
as prescribed by law.cralaw:red
(2) Any evidence obtained
in violation of this or the preceding section shall be inadmissible for
any purpose in any proceeding.cralaw:red
Section 4. No law shall be
passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press,
or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the
government
for redress of grievances.cralaw:red
Section 5. No law shall be
made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free
exercise
thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and
worship,
without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No
religious
test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights.cralaw:red
Section 6. The liberty of
abode and of changing the same within the limits prescribed by law
shall
not be impaired except upon lawful order of the court. Neither shall
the
right to travel be impaired except in the interest of national
security,
public safety, or public health, as may be provided by law.cralaw:red
Section 7. The right of the
people to information on matters of public concern shall be recognized.
Access to official records, and to documents and papers pertaining to
official
acts, transactions, or decisions, as well as to government research
data
used as basis for policy development, shall be afforded the citizen,
subject
to such limitations as may be provided by law.cralaw:red
Section 8. The right of the
people, including those employed in the public and private sectors, to
form unions, associations, or societies for purposes not contrary to
law
shall not be abridged.cralaw:red
Section 9. Private property
shall not be taken for public use without just compensation.cralaw:red
Section 10. No law impairing
the obligation of contracts shall be passed.cralaw:red
Section 11. Free access to
the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal assistance
shall
not be denied to any person by reason of poverty.cralaw:red
Section 12. (1) Any person
under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the
right
to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have competent and
independent counsel preferably of his own choice. If the person cannot
afford the services of counsel, he must be provided with one. These
rights
cannot be waived except in writing and in the presence of counsel.cralaw:red
(2) No torture, force, violence,
threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate the free will
shall
be used against him. Secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado,
or other similar forms of detention are prohibited.cralaw:red
(3) Any confession or admission
obtained in violation of this or Section 17 hereof shall be
inadmissible
in evidence against him.cralaw:red
(4) The law shall provide
for penal and civil sanctions for violations of this section as well as
compensation to the rehabilitation of victims of torture or similar
practices,
and their families.cralaw:red
Section 13. All persons,
except those charged with offenses punishable by reclusion perpetua
when evidence of guilt is strong, shall, before conviction, be bailable
by sufficient sureties, or be released on recognizance as may be
provided
by law. The right to bail shall not be impaired even when the privilege
of the writ of habeas corpus is suspended. Excessive bail shall
not be required.cralaw:red
Section 14. (1) No person
shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due process of
law.cralaw:red
(2) In all criminal prosecutions,
the accused shall be presumed innocent until the contrary is proved,
and
shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and counsel, to be
informed
of the nature and cause of the accusation against him, to have a
speedy,
impartial, and public trial, to meet the witnesses face to face, and to
have compulsory process to secure the attendance of witnesses and the
production
of evidence in his behalf. However, after arraignment, trial may
proceed
notwithstanding the absence of the accused: Provided, that he
has
been duly notified and his failure to appear is unjustifiable.cralaw:red
Section 15. The privilege
of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except in
cases
of invasion or rebellion, when the public safety requires it.cralaw:red
Section 16. All persons shall
have the right to a speedy disposition of their cases before all
judicial,
quasi-judicial, or administrative bodies.cralaw:red
Section 17. No person shall
be compelled to be a witness against himself.cralaw:red
Section 18. (1) No person
shall be detained solely by reason of his political beliefs and
aspirations.cralaw:red
(2) No involuntary servitude
in any form shall exist except as a punishment for a crime whereof the
party shall have been duly convicted.cralaw:red
Section 19. (1) Excessive
fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment
inflicted. Neither shall death penalty be imposed, unless, for
compelling
reasons involving heinous crimes, the Congress hereafter provides for
it.
Any death penalty already imposed shall be reduced to reclusion
perpetua.cralaw:red
(2) The employment of physical,
psychological, or degrading punishment against any prisoner or detainee
or the use of substandard or inadequate penal facilities under subhuman
conditions shall be dealt with by law.cralaw:red
Section 20. No person shall
be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax.cralaw:red
Section 21. No person shall
be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for the same offense. If an act
is punished by a law and an ordinance, conviction or acquittal under
either
shall constitute a bar to another prosecution for the same act.cralaw:red
Section 22. No ex post
facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted.
ARTICLE IVCITIZENSHIP
Section 1. The following are
citizens of the Philippines:chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
[1] Those who are
citizens
of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution;
[2] Those whose
fathers or
mothers are citizens of the Philippines;
[3] Those born before
January
17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon
reaching
the age of majority; and cralaw:red
[4] Those who are
naturalized
in accordance with law.cralaw:red
Section 2. Natural-born citizens
are those who are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having
to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship.
Those who elect Philippine citizenship in accordance with paragraph
(3),
Section 1 hereof shall be deemed natural-born citizens.
Section 3. Philippine citizenship
may be lost or reacquired in the manner provided by law.cralaw:red
Section 4. Citizens of the
Philippines who marry aliens shall retain their citizenship, unless by
their act or omission, they are deemed, under the law, to have
renounced
it.cralaw:red
Section 5. Dual allegiance
of citizens is inimical to the national interest and shall be dealt
with
by law.
ARTICLE VSUFFRAGE
Section 1. Suffrage may be exercised
by all citizens of the Philippines not otherwise disqualified by law,
who
are at least eighteen years of age, and who shall have resided in the
Philippines
for at least one year, and in the place wherein they propose to vote,
for
at least six months immediately preceding the election. No literacy,
property,
or other substantive requirement shall be imposed on the exercise of
suffrage.
Section 2. The Congress shall
provide a system for securing the secrecy and sanctity of the ballot as
well as a system for absentee voting by qualified Filipinos abroad.cralaw:red
The Congress shall also design
a procedure for the disabled and the illiterates to vote without the
assistance
of other persons. Until then, they shall be allowed to vote under
existing
laws and such rules as the Commission on Elections may promulgate to
protect
the secrecy of the ballot.
ARTICLE VITHE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT
Section 1. The legislative power
shall be vested in the Congress of the Philippines which shall consist
of a Senate and a House of Representatives, except to the extent
reserved
to the people by the provision on initiative and referendum.
Section 2. The Senate shall
be composed of twenty-four Senators who shall be elected at large by
the
qualified voters of the Philippines, as may be provided by law.cralaw:red
Section 3. No person shall
be a Senator unless he is a natural-born citizen of the Philippines
and,
on the day of the election, is at least thirty-five years of age, able
to read and write, a registered voter, and a resident of the
Philippines
for not less than two years immediately preceding the day of the
election.cralaw:red
Section 4. The term of office
of the Senators shall be six years and shall commence, unless otherwise
provided by law, at noon on the thirtieth day of June next following
their
election. No Senator shall serve for more than two consecutive terms.
Voluntary
renunciation of the office for any length of time shall not be
considered
as an interruption in the continuity of his service for the full term
of
which he was elected.cralaw:red
Section 5. (1) The House
of Representatives shall be composed of not more than two hundred and
fifty
members, unless otherwise fixed by law, who shall be elected from
legislative
districts apportioned among the provinces, cities, and the Metropolitan
Manila area in accordance with the number of their respective
inhabitants,
and on the basis of a uniform and progressive ratio, and those who, as
provided by law, shall be elected through a party-list system of
registered
national, regional, and sectoral parties or organizations.cralaw:red
(2) The party-list representatives
shall constitute twenty per centum of the total number of
representatives
including those under the party list. For three consecutive terms after
the ratification of this Constitution, one-half of the seats allocated
to party-list representatives shall be filled, as provided by law, by
selection
or election from the labor, peasant, urban poor, indigenous cultural
communities,
women, youth, and such other sectors as may be provided by law, except
the religious sector.cralaw:red
(3) Each legislative district
shall comprise, as far as practicable, contiguous, compact, and
adjacent
territory. Each city with a population of at least two hundred fifty
thousand,
or each province, shall have at least one representative.cralaw:red
(4) Within three years following
the return of every census, the Congress shall make a reapportionment
of
legislative districts based on the standards provided in this section.cralaw:red
Section 6. No person shall
be a Member of the House of Representatives unless he is a natural-born
citizen of the Philippines and, on the day of the election, is at least
twenty-five years of age, able to read and write, and, except the
party-list
representatives, a registered voter in the district in which he shall
be
elected, and a resident thereof for a period of not less than one year
immediately preceding the day of the election.cralaw:red
Section 7. The Members of
the House of Representatives shall be elected for a term of three years
which shall begin, unless otherwise provided by law, at noon on the
thirtieth
day of June next following their election.
No Member of the House of
Representatives
shall serve for more than three consecutive terms. Voluntary
renunciation
of the office for any length of time shall not be considered as an
interruption
in the continuity of his service for the full term for which he was
elected.cralaw:red
Section 8. Unless otherwise
provided by law, the regular election of the Senators and the Members
of
the House of Representatives shall be held on the second Monday of May.cralaw:red
Section 9. In case of vacancy
in the Senate or in the House of Representatives, a special election
may
be called to fill such vacancy in the manner prescribed by law, but the
Senator or Member of the House of Representatives thus elected shall
serve
only for the unexpired term.cralaw:red
Section 10. The salaries
of Senators and Members of the House of Representatives shall be
determined
by law. No increase in said compensation shall take effect until after
the expiration of the full term of all the Members of the Senate and
the
House of Representatives approving such increase.cralaw:red
Section 11. A Senator or
Member of the House of Representatives shall, in all offenses
punishable
by not more than six years imprisonment, be privileged from arrest
while
the Congress is in session. No Member shall be questioned nor be held
liable
in any other place for any speech or debate in the Congress or in any
committee
thereof.cralaw:red
Section 12. All Members of
the Senate and the House of Representatives shall, upon assumption of
office,
make a full disclosure of their financial and business interests. They
shall notify the House concerned of a potential conflict of interest
that
may arise from the filing of a proposed legislation of which they are
authors.cralaw:red
Section 13. No Senator or
Member of the House of Representatives may hold any other office or
employment
in the Government, or any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality
thereof,
including government-owned or controlled corporations or their
subsidiaries,
during his term without forfeiting his seat. Neither shall he be
appointed
to any office which may have been created or the emoluments thereof
increased
during the term for which he was elected.cralaw:red
Section 14. No Senator or
Member of the House of Representatives may personally appear as counsel
before any court of justice or before the Electoral Tribunals, or
quasi-judicial
and other administrative bodies. Neither shall he, directly or
indirectly,
be interested financially in any contract with, or in any franchise or
special privilege granted by the Government, or any subdivision,
agency,
or instrumentality thereof, including any government-owned or
controlled
corporation, or its subsidiary, during his term of office. He shall not
intervene in any matter before any office of the Government for his
pecuniary
benefit or where he may be called upon to act on account of his office.cralaw:red
Section 15. The Congress
shall convene once every year on the fourth Monday of July for its
regular
session, unless a different date is fixed by law, and shall continue to
be in session for such number of days as it may determine until thirty
days before the opening of its next regular session, exclusive of
Saturdays,
Sundays, and legal holidays. The President may call a special session
at
any time.cralaw:red
Section 16. (1). The Senate
shall elect its President and the House of Representatives, its
Speaker,
by a majority vote of all its respective Members. Each House shall
choose
such other officers as it may deem necessary.cralaw:red
(2) A majority of each House
shall constitute a quorum to do business, but a smaller number may
adjourn
from day to day and may compel the attendance of absent Members in such
manner, and under such penalties, as such House may provide.cralaw:red
(3) Each House may determine
the rules of its proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly
behavior,
and, with the concurrence of two-thirds of all its Members, suspend or
expel a Member. A penalty of suspension, when imposed, shall not exceed
sixty days.cralaw:red
(4) Each House shall keep
a Journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same,
excepting
such parts as may, in its judgment, affect national security; and the yeas
and nays on any question shall, at the request of one-fifth of
the
Members present, be entered in the Journal.
Each House shall also keep
a
Record of its proceedings.cralaw:red
(5) Neither House during
the sessions of the Congress shall, without the consent of the other,
adjourn
for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the
two Houses shall be sitting.cralaw:red
Section 17. The Senate and
the House of Representatives shall each have an Electoral Tribunal
which
shall be the sole judge of all contests relating to the election,
returns,
and qualifications of their respective Members. Each Electoral Tribunal
shall be composed of nine Members, three of whom shall be Justices of
the
Supreme Court to be designated by the Chief Justice, and the remaining
six shall be Members of the Senate or the House of Representatives, as
the case may be, who shall be chosen on the basis of proportional
representation
from the political parties and the parties or organizations registered
under the party-list system represented therein. The senior Justice in
the Electoral Tribunal shall be its Chairman.cralaw:red
Section 18. There shall be
a Commission on Appointments consisting of the President of the Senate,
as ex officio Chairman, twelve Senators, and twelve Members of
the
House of Representatives, elected by each House on the basis of
proportional
representation from the political parties and parties or organizations
registered under the party-list system represented therein. The
chairman
of the Commission shall not vote, except in case of a tie. The
Commission
shall act on all appointments submitted to it within thirty session
days
of the Congress from their submission. The Commission shall rule by a
majority
vote of all the Members.cralaw:red
Section 19. The Electoral
Tribunals and the Commission on Appointments shall be constituted
within
thirty days after the Senate and the House of Representatives shall
have
been organized with the election of the President and the Speaker. The
Commission on Appointments shall meet only while the Congress is in
session,
at the call of its Chairman or a majority of all its Members, to
discharge
such powers and functions as are herein conferred upon it.cralaw:red
Section 20. The records and
books of accounts of the Congress shall be preserved and be open to the
public in accordance with law, and such books shall be audited by the
Commission
on Audit which shall publish annually an itemized list of amounts paid
to and expenses incurred for each Member.cralaw:red
Section 21. The Senate or
the House of Representatives or any of its respective committees may
conduct
inquiries in aid of legislation in accordance with its duly published
rules
of procedure. The rights of persons appearing in, or affected by, such
inquiries shall be respected.cralaw:red
Section 22. The heads of
departments may, upon their own initiative, with the consent of the
President,
or upon the request of either House, as the rules of each House shall
provide,
appear before and be heard by such House on any matter pertaining to
their
departments. Written questions shall be submitted to the President of
the
Senate or the Speaker of the House of Representatives at least three
days
before their scheduled appearance. Interpellations shall not be limited
to written questions, but may cover matters related thereto. When the
security
of the State or the public interest so requires and the President so
states
in writing, the appearance shall be conducted in executive session.cralaw:red
Section 23. (1) The Congress,
by a vote of two-thirds of both Houses in joint session assembled,
voting
separately, shall have the sole power to declare the existence of a
state
of war.cralaw:red
(2) In times of war or other
national emergency, the Congress may, by law, authorize the President,
for a limited period and subject to such restrictions as it may
prescribe,
to exercise powers necessary and proper to carry out a declared
national
policy. Unless sooner withdrawn by resolution of the Congress, such
powers
shall cease upon the next adjournment thereof.cralaw:red
Section 24. All appropriation,
revenue or tariff bills, bills authorizing increase of the public debt,
bills of local application, and private bills, shall originate
exclusively
in the House of Representatives, but the Senate may propose or concur
with
amendments.cralaw:red
Section 25. (1) The Congress
may not increase the appropriations recommended by the President for
the
operation of the Government as specified in the budget. The form,
content,
and manner of preparation of the budget shall be prescribed by law.cralaw:red
(2) No provision or enactment
shall be embraced in the general appropriations bill unless it relates
specifically to some particular appropriation therein. Any such
provision
or enactment shall be limited in its operation to the appropriation to
which it relates.cralaw:red
(3) The procedure in approving
appropriations for the Congress shall strictly follow the procedure for
approving appropriations for other departments and agencies.cralaw:red
(4) A special appropriations
bill shall specify the purpose for which it is intended, and shall be
supported
by funds actually available as certified by the National Treasurer, or
to be raised by a corresponding revenue proposal therein.cralaw:red
(5) No law shall be passed
authorizing any transfer of appropriations; however, the President, the
President of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives,
the
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and the heads of Constitutional
Commissions
may, by law, be authorized to augment any item in the general
appropriations
law for their respective offices from savings in other items of their
respective
appropriations.cralaw:red
(6) Discretionary funds appropriated
for particular officials shall be disbursed only for public purposes to
be supported by appropriate vouchers and subject to such guidelines as
may be prescribed by law.cralaw:red
(7) If, by the end of any
fiscal year, the Congress shall have failed to pass the general
appropriations
bill for the ensuing fiscal year, the general appropriations law for
the
preceding fiscal year shall be deemed re-enacted and shall remain in
force
and effect until the general appropriations bill is passed by the
Congress.cralaw:red
Section 26. (1) Every bill
passed by the Congress shall embrace only one subject which shall be
expressed
in the title thereof.cralaw:red
(2) No bill passed by either
House shall become a law unless it has passed three readings on
separate
days, and printed copies thereof in its final form have been
distributed
to its Members three days before its passage, except when the President
certifies to the necessity of its immediate enactment to meet a public
calamity or emergency. Upon the last reading of a bill, no amendment
thereto
shall be allowed, and the vote thereon shall be taken immediately
thereafter,
and the yeas and nays entered in the Journal.cralaw:red
Section 27. (1) Every bill
passed by the Congress shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to
the President. If he approves the same he shall sign it; otherwise, he
shall veto it and return the same with his objections to the House
where
it originated, which shall enter the objections at large in its Journal
and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration,
two-thirds
of all the Members of such House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall
be sent, together with the objections, to the other House by which it
shall
likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of all the
Members
of that House, it shall become a law. In all such cases, the votes of
each
House shall be determined by yeas or nays, and the
names
of the Members voting for or against shall be entered in its Journal.
The
President shall communicate his veto of any bill to the House where it
originated within thirty days after the date of receipt thereof,
otherwise,
it shall become a law as if he had signed it.cralaw:red
(2) The President shall have
the power to veto any particular item or items in an appropriation,
revenue,
or tariff bill, but the veto shall not affect the item or items to
which
he does not object.cralaw:red
Section 28. (1) The rule
of taxation shall be uniform and equitable. The Congress shall evolve a
progressive system of taxation.cralaw:red
(2) The Congress may, by
law, authorize the President to fix within specified limits, and
subject
to such limitations and restrictions as it may impose, tariff rates,
import
and export quotas, tonnage and wharfage dues, and other duties or
imposts
within the framework of the national development program of the
Government.cralaw:red
(3) Charitable institutions,
churches and personages or convents appurtenant thereto, mosques,
non-profit
cemeteries, and all lands, buildings, and improvements, actually,
directly,
and exclusively used for religious, charitable, or educational purposes
shall be exempt from taxation.cralaw:red
(4) No law granting any tax
exemption shall be passed without the concurrence of a majority of all
the Members of the Congress.cralaw:red
Section 29. (1) No money
shall be paid out of the Treasury except in pursuance of an
appropriation
made by law.cralaw:red
(2) No public money or property
shall be appropriated, applied, paid, or employed, directly or
indirectly,
for the use, benefit, or support of any sect, church, denomination,
sectarian
institution, or system of religion, or of any priest, preacher,
minister,
other religious teacher, or dignitary as such, except when such priest,
preacher, minister, or dignitary is assigned to the armed forces, or to
any penal institution, or government orphanage or leprosarium.cralaw:red
(3) All money collected on
any tax levied for a special purpose shall be treated as a special fund
and paid out for such purpose only. If the purpose for which a special
fund was created has been fulfilled or abandoned, the balance, if any,
shall be transferred to the general funds of the Government.cralaw:red
Section 30. No law shall
be passed increasing the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court as
provided in this Constitution without its advice and concurrence.cralaw:red
Section 31. No law granting
a title of royalty or nobility shall be enacted.cralaw:red
Section 32. The Congress
shall, as early as possible, provide for a system of initiative and
referendum,
and the exceptions therefrom, whereby the people can directly propose
and
enact laws or approve or reject any act or law or part thereof passed
by
the Congress or local legislative body after the registration of a
petition
therefor signed by at least ten per centum of the total number
of
registered voters, of which every legislative district must be
represented
by at least three per centum of the registered voters thereof.
ARTICLE VIIEXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT
Section 1. The executive power
shall be vested in the President of the Philippines.
Section 2. No person may
be elected President unless he is a natural-born citizen of the
Philippines,
a registered voter, able to read and write, at least forty years of age
on the day of the election, and a resident of the Philippines for at
least
ten years immediately preceding such election.cralaw:red
Section 3. There shall be
a Vice-President who shall have the same qualifications and term of
office
and be elected with, and in the same manner, as the President. He may
be
removed from office in the same manner as the President.cralaw:red
The Vice-President may be
appointed as a Member of the Cabinet. Such appointment requires no
confirmation.cralaw:red
Section 4. The President
and the Vice-President shall be elected by direct vote of the people
for
a term of six years which shall begin at noon on the thirtieth day of
June
next following the day of the election and shall end at noon of the
same
date, six years thereafter. The President shall not be eligible for any
re-election. No person who has succeeded as President and has served as
such for more than four years shall be qualified for election to the
same
office at any time.cralaw:red
No Vice-President shall serve
for more than two successive terms. Voluntary renunciation of the
office
for any length of time shall not be considered as an interruption in
the
continuity of the service for the full term for which he was elected.cralaw:red
Unless otherwise provided
by law, the regular election for President and Vice-President shall be
held on the second Monday of May.cralaw:red
The returns of every election
for President and Vice-President, duly certified by the board of
canvassers
of each province or city, shall be transmitted to the Congress,
directed
to the President of the Senate. Upon receipt of the certificates of
canvass,
the President of the Senate shall, not later than thirty days after the
day of the election, open all the certificates in the presence of the
Senate
and the House of Representatives in joint public session, and the
Congress,
upon determination of the authenticity and due execution thereof in the
manner provided by law, canvass the votes.cralaw:red
The person having the highest
number of votes shall be proclaimed elected, but in case two or more
shall
have an equal and highest number of votes, one of them shall forthwith
be chosen by the vote of a majority of all the Members of both Houses
of
the Congress, voting separately.cralaw:red
The Congress shall promulgate
its rules for the canvassing of the certificates.cralaw:red
The Supreme Court, sitting
en banc, shall be the sole judge of all contests relating to the
election, returns, and qualifications of the President or
Vice-President,
and may promulgate its rules for the purpose.cralaw:red
Section 5. Before they enter
on the execution of their office, the President, the Vice-President, or
the Acting President shall take the following oath or affirmation:chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
"I do solemnly swear
[or affirm] that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulfill my
duties
as President [or Vice-President or Acting President] of the
Philippines,
preserve and defend its Constitution, execute its laws, do justice to
every
man, and consecrate myself to the service of the Nation. So help me
God."
[In case of affirmation, last sentence will be omitted].
Section 6. The President shall
have an official residence. The salaries of the President and
Vice-President
shall be determined by law and shall not be decreased during their
tenure.
No increase in said compensation shall take effect until after the
expiration
of the term of the incumbent during which such increase was approved.
They
shall not receive during their tenure any other emolument from the
Government
or any other source.
Section 7. The President-elect
and the Vice President-elect shall assume office at the beginning of
their
terms.cralaw:red
If the President-elect fails
to qualify, the Vice President-elect shall act as President until the
President-elect
shall have qualified.cralaw:red
If a President shall not
have been chosen, the Vice President-elect shall act as President until
a President shall have been chosen and qualified.cralaw:red
If at the beginning of the
term of the President, the President-elect shall have died or shall
have
become permanently disabled, the Vice President-elect shall become
President.cralaw:red
Where no President and Vice-President
shall have been chosen or shall have qualified, or where both shall
have
died or become permanently disabled, the President of the Senate or, in
case of his inability, the Speaker of the House of Representatives,
shall
act as President until a President or a Vice-President shall have been
chosen and qualified.cralaw:red
The Congress shall, by law,
provide for the manner in which one who is to act as President shall be
selected until a President or a Vice-President shall have qualified, in
case of death, permanent disability, or inability of the officials
mentioned
in the next preceding paragraph.cralaw:red
Section 8. In case of death,
permanent disability, removal from office, or resignation of the
President,
the Vice-President shall become the President to serve the unexpired
term.
In case of death, permanent disability, removal from office, or
resignation
of both the President and Vice-President, the President of the Senate
or,
in case of his inability, the Speaker of the House of Representatives,
shall then act as President until the President or Vice-President shall
have been elected and qualified.cralaw:red
The Congress shall, by law,
provide who shall serve as President in case of death, permanent
disability,
or resignation of the Acting President. He shall serve until the
President
or the Vice-President shall have been elected and qualified, and be
subject
to the same restrictions of powers and disqualifications as the Acting
President.cralaw:red
Section 9. Whenever there
is a vacancy in the Office of the Vice-President during the term for
which
he was elected, the President shall nominate a Vice-President from
among
the Members of the Senate and the House of Representatives who shall
assume
office upon confirmation by a majority vote of all the Members of both
Houses of the Congress, voting separately.cralaw:red
Section 10. The Congress
shall, at ten o'clock in the morning of the third day after the vacancy
in the offices of the President and Vice-President occurs, convene in
accordance
with its rules without need of a call and within seven days, enact a
law
calling for a special election to elect a President and a
Vice-President
to be held not earlier than forty-five days nor later than sixty days
from
the time of such call. The bill calling such special election shall be
deemed certified under paragraph 2, Section 26, Article V1 of this
Constitution
and shall become law upon its approval on third reading by the
Congress.
Appropriations for the special election shall be charged against any
current
appropriations and shall be exempt from the requirements of paragraph
4,
Section 25, Article V1 of this Constitution. The convening of the
Congress
cannot be suspended nor the special election postponed. No special
election
shall be called if the vacancy occurs within eighteen months before the
date of the next presidential election.cralaw:red
Section 11. Whenever the
President transmits to the President of the Senate and the Speaker of
the
House of Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to
discharge
the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a
written
declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged
by the Vice-President as Acting President.cralaw:red
Whenever a majority of all
the Members of the Cabinet transmit to the President of the Senate and
to the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written
declaration
that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his
office, the Vice-President shall immediately assume the powers and
duties
of the office as Acting President.cralaw:red
Thereafter, when the President
transmits to the President of the Senate and to the Speaker of the
House
of Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists, he
shall reassume the powers and duties of his office. Meanwhile, should a
majority of all the Members of the Cabinet transmit within five days to
the President of the Senate and to the Speaker of the House of
Representatives,
their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the
powers and duties of his office, the Congress shall decide the issue.
For
that purpose, the Congress shall convene, if it is not in session,
within
forty-eight hours, in accordance with its rules and without need of
call.cralaw:red
If the Congress, within ten
days after receipt of the last written declaration, or, if not in
session,
within twelve days after it is required to assemble, determines by a
two-thirds
vote of both Houses, voting separately, that the President is unable to
discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice-President shall
act as President; otherwise, the President shall continue exercising
the
powers and duties of his office.cralaw:red
Section 12. In case of serious
illness of the President, the public shall be informed of the state of
his health. The members of the Cabinet in charge of national security
and
foreign relations and the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the
Philippines,
shall not be denied access to the President during such illness.cralaw:red
Section 13. The President,
Vice-President, the Members of the Cabinet, and their deputies or
assistants
shall not, unless otherwise provided in this Constitution, hold any
other
office or employment during their tenure. They shall not, during said
tenure,
directly or indirectly, practice any other profession, participate in
any
business, or be financially interested in any contract with, or in any
franchise, or special privilege granted by the Government or any
subdivision,
agency, or instrumentality thereof, including government-owned or
controlled
corporations or their subsidiaries. They shall strictly avoid conflict
of interest in the conduct of their office.cralaw:red
The spouse and relatives
by consanguinity or affinity within the fourth civil degree of the
President
shall not, during his tenure, be appointed as Members of the
Constitutional
Commissions, or the Office of the Ombudsman, or as Secretaries,
Undersecretaries,
chairmen or heads of bureaus or offices, including government-owned or
controlled corporations and their subsidiaries.cralaw:red
Section 14. Appointments
extended by an Acting President shall remain effective, unless revoked
by the elected President, within ninety days from his assumption or
reassumption
of office.cralaw:red
Section 15. Two months immediately
before the next presidential elections and up to the end of his term, a
President or Acting President shall not make appointments, except
temporary
appointments to executive positions when continued vacancies therein
will
prejudice public service or endanger public safety.cralaw:red
Section 16. The President
shall nominate and, with the consent of the Commission on Appointments,
appoint the heads of the executive departments, ambassadors, other
public
ministers and consuls, or officers of the armed forces from the rank of
colonel or naval captain, and other officers whose appointments are
vested
in him in this Constitution. He shall also appoint all other officers
of
the Government whose appointments are not otherwise provided for by
law,
and those whom he may be authorized by law to appoint. The Congress
may,
by law, vest the appointment of other officers lower in rank in the
President
alone, in the courts, or in the heads of departments, agencies,
commissions,
or boards.cralaw:red
The President shall have
the power to make appointments during the recess of the Congress,
whether
voluntary or compulsory, but such appointments shall be effective only
until disapproved by the Commission on Appointments or until the next
adjournment
of the Congress.cralaw:red
Section 17. The President
shall have control of all the executive departments, bureaus, and
offices.
He shall ensure that the laws be faithfully executed.cralaw:red
Section 18. The President
shall be the Commander-in-Chief of all armed forces of the Philippines
and whenever it becomes necessary, he may call out such armed forces to
prevent or suppress lawless violence, invasion or rebellion. In case of
invasion or rebellion, when the public safety requires it, he may, for
a period not exceeding sixty days, suspend the privilege of the writ of
habeas corpus or place the Philippines or any part thereof under
martial law. Within forty-eight hours from the proclamation of martial
law or the suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus,
the President shall submit a report in person or in writing to the
Congress.
The Congress, voting jointly, by a vote of at least a majority of all
its
Members in regular or special session, may revoke such proclamation or
suspension, which revocation shall not be set aside by the President.
Upon
the initiative of the President, the Congress may, in the same manner,
extend such proclamation or suspension for a period to be determined by
the Congress, if the invasion or rebellion shall persist and public
safety
requires it.cralaw:red
The Congress, if not in session,
shall, within twenty-four hours following such proclamation or
suspension,
convene in accordance with its rules without need of a call.cralaw:red
The Supreme Court may review,
in an appropriate proceeding filed by any citizen, the sufficiency of
the
factual basis of the proclamation of martial law or the suspension of
the
privilege of the writ of habeas corpus or the extension
thereof,
and must promulgate its decision thereon within thirty days from its
filing.cralaw:red
A state of martial law does
not suspend the operation of the Constitution, nor supplant the
functioning
of the civil courts or legislative assemblies, nor authorize the
conferment
of jurisdiction on military courts and agencies over civilians where
civil
courts are able to function, nor automatically suspend the privilege of
the writ of habeas corpus.cralaw:red
The suspension of the privilege
of the writ of habeas corpus shall apply only to persons
judicially
charged for rebellion or offenses inherent in, or directly connected
with,
invasion.cralaw:red
During the suspension of
the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, any person thus
arrested
or detained shall be judicially charged within three days, otherwise he
shall be released.cralaw:red
Section 19. Except in cases
of impeachment, or as otherwise provided in this Constitution, the
President
may grant reprieves, commutations, and pardons, and remit fines and
forfeitures,
after conviction by final judgment.cralaw:red
He shall also have the power
to grant amnesty with the concurrence of a majority of all the Members
of the Congress.cralaw:red
Section 20. The President
may contract or guarantee foreign loans on behalf of the Republic of
the
Philippines with the prior concurrence of the Monetary Board, and
subject
to such limitations as may be provided by law. The Monetary Board
shall,
within thirty days from the end of every quarter of the calendar year,
submit to the Congress a complete report of its decision on
applications
for loans to be contracted or guaranteed by the Government or
government-owned
and controlled corporations which would have the effect of increasing
the
foreign debt, and containing other matters as may be provided by law.cralaw:red
Section 21. No treaty or
international agreement shall be valid and effective unless concurred
in
by at least two-thirds of all the Members of the Senate.cralaw:red
Section 22. The President
shall submit to the Congress, within thirty days from the opening of
every
regular session as the basis of the general appropriations bill, a
budget
of expenditures and sources of financing, including receipts from
existing
and proposed revenue measures.cralaw:red
Section 23. The President
shall address the Congress at the opening of its regular session. He
may
also appear before it at any other time.
ARTICLE VIIIJUDICIAL DEPARTMENT
Section 1. The judicial power
shall be vested in one Supreme Court and in such lower courts as may be
established by law.
Judicial power includes the
duty of the courts of justice to settle actual controversies involving
rights which are legally demandable and enforceable, and to determine
whether
or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or
excess of jurisdiction on the part of any branch or instrumentality of
the Government.cralaw:red
Section 2. The Congress shall
have the power to define, prescribe, and apportion the jurisdiction of
the various courts but may not deprive the Supreme Court of its
jurisdiction
over cases enumerated in Section 5 hereof.cralaw:red
No law shall be passed reorganizing
the Judiciary when it undermines the security of tenure of its Members.cralaw:red
Section 3. The Judiciary
shall enjoy fiscal autonomy. Appropriations for the Judiciary may not
be
reduced by the legislature below the amount appropriated for the
previous
year and, after approval, shall be automatically and regularly released.cralaw:red
Section 4. (1) The Supreme
Court shall be composed of a Chief Justice and fourteen Associate
Justices.
It may sit en banc or in its discretion, in division of three,
five,
or seven Members. Any vacancy shall be filled within ninety days from
the
occurrence thereof.cralaw:red
(2) All cases involving the
constitutionality of a treaty, international or executive agreement, or
law, which shall be heard by the Supreme Court en banc, and all
other cases which under the Rules of Court are required to be heard
en banc, including those involving the constitutionality,
application,
or operation of presidential decrees, proclamations, orders,
instructions,
ordinances, and other regulations, shall be decided with the
concurrence
of a majority of the Members who actually took part in the
deliberations
on the issues in the case and voted thereon.cralaw:red
(3) Cases or matters heard
by a division shall be decided or resolved with the concurrence of a
majority
of the Members who actually took part in the deliberations on the
issues
in the case and voted thereon, and in no case without the concurrence
of
at least three of such Members. When the required number is not
obtained,
the case shall be decided en banc: Provided, that no
doctrine
or principle of law laid down by the court in a decision rendered en
banc or in division may be modified or reversed except by the court
sitting en banc.
Section 5. The Supreme Court
shall have the following powers:chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
1) Exercise original
jurisdiction
over cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls,
and
over petitions for certiorari, prohibition, mandamus, quo
warranto,
and habeas corpus.
(2) Review, revise,
reverse, modify, or affirm on appeal or certiorari, as the law
or
the Rules of Court may provide, final judgments and orders of lower
courts
in:chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
(a) All cases in which
the
constitutionality or validity of any treaty, international or executive
agreement, law, presidential decree, proclamation, order, instruction,
ordinance, or regulation is in question.
(b) All cases
involving
the legality of any tax, impost, assessment, or toll, or any penalty
imposed
in relation thereto.
(c) All cases in which
the
jurisdiction of any lower court is in issue.
(d) All criminal cases
in
which the penalty imposed is reclusion perpetua or higher.
(e) All cases in which
only
an error or question of law is involved.
(3) Assign temporarily
judges
of lower courts to other stations as public interest may require. Such
temporary assignment shall not exceed six months without the consent of
the judge concerned.
(4) Order a change of
venue
or place of trial to avoid a miscarriage of justice.
(5) Promulgate rules
concerning
the protection and enforcement of constitutional rights, pleading,
practice,
and procedure in all courts, the admission to the practice of law, the
integrated bar, and legal assistance to the under-privileged. Such
rules
shall provide a simplified and inexpensive procedure for the speedy
disposition
of cases, shall be uniform for all courts of the same grade, and shall
not diminish, increase, or modify substantive rights. Rules of
procedure
of special courts and quasi-judicial bodies shall remain effective
unless
disapproved by the Supreme Court.
(6) Appoint all
officials
and employees of the Judiciary in accordance with the Civil Service Law.
Section 6. The Supreme Court
shall have administrative supervision over all courts and the personnel
thereof.
Section 7. (1) No person
shall be appointed Member of the Supreme Court or any lower collegiate
court unless he is a natural-born citizen of the Philippines. A Member
of the Supreme Court must be at least forty years of age, and must have
been for fifteen years or more, a judge of a lower court or engaged in
the practice of law in the Philippines.cralaw:red
(2) The Congress shall prescribe
the qualifications of judges of lower courts, but no person may be
appointed
judge thereof unless he is a citizen of the Philippines and a member of
the Philippine Bar.cralaw:red
(3) A Member of the Judiciary
must be a person of proven competence, integrity, probity, and
independence.cralaw:red
Section 8. (1) A Judicial
and Bar Council is hereby created under the supervision of the Supreme
Court composed of the Chief Justice as ex officio Chairman, the
Secretary of Justice, and a representative of the Congress as ex
officio
Members, a representative of the Integrated Bar, a professor of law, a
retired Member of the Supreme Court, and a representative of the
private
sector.cralaw:red
(2) The regular members of
the Council shall be appointed by the President for a term of four
years
with the consent of the Commission on Appointments. Of the Members
first
appointed, the representative of the Integrated Bar shall serve for
four
years, the professor of law for three years, the retired Justice for
two
years, and the representative of the private sector for one year.cralaw:red
(3) The Clerk of the Supreme
Court shall be the Secretary ex officio of the Council and shall
keep a record of its proceedings.cralaw:red
(4) The regular Members of
the Council shall receive such emoluments as may be determined by the
Supreme
Court. The Supreme Court shall provide in its annual budget the
appropriations
for the Council.cralaw:red
(5) The Council shall have
the principal function of recommending appointees to the Judiciary. It
may exercise such other functions and duties as the Supreme Court may
assign
to it.cralaw:red
Section 9. The Members of
the Supreme Court and judges of the lower courts shall be appointed by
the President from a list of at least three nominees prepared by the
Judicial
and Bar Council for every vacancy. Such appointments need no
confirmation.cralaw:red
For the lower courts, the
President shall issue the appointments within ninety days from the
submission
of the list.cralaw:red
Section 10. The salary of
the Chief Justice and of the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court,
and
of judges of lower courts, shall be fixed by law. During their
continuance
in office, their salary shall not be decreased.cralaw:red
Section 11. The Members of
the Supreme Court and judges of lower courts shall hold office during
good
behavior until they reach the age of seventy years or become
incapacitated
to discharge the duties of their office. The Supreme Court en banc
shall have the power to discipline judges of lower courts, or order
their
dismissal by a vote of a majority of the Members who actually took part
in the deliberations on the issues in the case and voted thereon.cralaw:red
Section 12. The Members of
the Supreme Court and of other courts established by law shall not be
designated
to any agency performing quasi-judicial or administrative functions.cralaw:red
Section 13. The conclusions
of the Supreme Court in any case submitted to it for decision en banc
or in division shall be reached in consultation before the case is
assigned
to a Member for the writing of the opinion of the Court. A
certification
to this effect signed by the Chief Justice shall be issued and a copy
thereof
attached to the record of the case and served upon the parties. Any
Members
who took no part, or dissented, or abstained from a decision or
resolution,
must state the reason therefor. The same requirements shall be observed
by all lower collegiate courts.cralaw:red
Section 14. No decision shall
be rendered by any court without expressing therein clearly and
distinctly
the facts and the law on which it is based.cralaw:red
No petition for review or
motion for reconsideration of a decision of the court shall be refused
due course or denied without stating the legal basis therefor.cralaw:red
Section 15. (1) All cases
or matters filed after the effectivity of this Constitution must be
decided
or resolved within twenty-four months from date of submission for the
Supreme
Court, and, unless reduced by the Supreme Court, twelve months for all
lower collegiate courts, and three months for all other lower courts.cralaw:red
(2) A case or matter shall
be deemed submitted for decision or resolution upon the filing of the
last
pleading, brief, or memorandum required by the Rules of Court or by the
court itself.cralaw:red
(3) Upon the expiration of
the corresponding period, a certification to this effect signed by the
Chief Justice or the presiding judge shall forthwith be issued and a
copy
thereof attached to the record of the case or matter, and served upon
the
parties. The certification shall state why a decision or resolution has
not been rendered or issued within said period.cralaw:red
(4) Despite the expiration
of the applicable mandatory period, the court, without prejudice to
such
responsibility as may have been incurred in consequence thereof, shall
decide or resolve the case or matter submitted thereto for
determination,
without further delay.cralaw:red
Section 16. The Supreme Court
shall, within thirty days from the opening of each regular session of
the
Congress, submit to the President and the Congress an annual report on
the operations and activities of the Judiciary.
ARTICLE IX
A. COMMON PROVISIONS
Section 1. The Constitutional
Commissions, which shall be independent, are the Civil Service
Commission,
the Commission on Elections, and the Commission on Audit.
Section 2. No member of a
Constitutional Commission shall, during his tenure, hold any other
office
or employment. Neither shall he engage in the practice of any
profession
or in the active management or control of any business which, in any
way,
may be affected by the functions of his office, nor shall he be
financially
interested, directly or indirectly, in any contract with, or in any
franchise
or privilege granted by the Government, any of its subdivisions,
agencies,
or instrumentalities, including government-owned or controlled
corporations
or their subsidiaries.cralaw:red
Section. 3. The salary of
the Chairman and the Commissioners shall be fixed by law and shall not
be decreased during their tenure.cralaw:red
Section 4. The Constitutional
Commissions shall appoint their officials and employees in accordance
with
law.cralaw:red
Section 5. The Commission
shall enjoy fiscal autonomy. Their approved annual appropriations shall
be automatically and regularly released.cralaw:red
Section 6. Each Commission
en banc may promulgate its own rules concerning pleadings and
practice
before it or before any of its offices. Such rules, however, shall not
diminish, increase, or modify substantive rights.cralaw:red
Section 7. Each Commission
shall decide by a majority vote of all its Members, any case or matter
brought before it within sixty days from the date of its submission for
decision or resolution. A case or matter is deemed submitted for
decision
or resolution upon the filing of the last pleading, brief, or
memorandum
required by the rules of the Commission or by the Commission itself.
Unless
otherwise provided by this Constitution or by law, any decision, order,
or ruling of each Commission may be brought to the Supreme Court on certiorari
by the aggrieved party within thirty days from receipt of a copy
thereof.cralaw:red
Section 8. Each Commission
shall perform such other functions as may be provided by law.
B. THE CIVIL SERVICE
COMMISSION
Section 1. (1) The civil service
shall be administered by the Civil Service Commission composed of a
Chairman
and two Commissioners who shall be natural-born citizens of the
Philippines
and, at the time of their appointment, at least thirty-five years of
age,
with proven capacity for public administration, and must not have been
candidates for any elective position in the elections immediately
preceding
their appointment.
(2) The Chairman and the
Commissioners shall be appointed by the President with the consent of
the
Commission on Appointments for a term of seven years without
reappointment.
Of those first appointed, the Chairman shall hold office for seven
years,
a Commissioner for five years, and another Commissioner for three
years,
without reappointment. Appointment to any vacancy shall be only for the
unexpired term of the predecessor. In no case shall any Member be
appointed
or designated in a temporary or acting capacity.cralaw:red
Section 2. (1) The civil
service embraces all branches, subdivisions, instrumentalities, and
agencies
of the Government, including government-owned or controlled
corporations
with original charters.cralaw:red
(2) Appointments in the civil
service shall be made only according to merit and fitness to be
determined,
as far as practicable, and, except to positions which are
policy-determining,
primarily confidential, or highly technical, by competitive examination.cralaw:red
(3) No officer or employee
of the civil service shall be removed or suspended except for cause
provided
by law.cralaw:red
(4) No officer or employee
in the civil service shall engage, directly or indirectly, in any
electioneering
or partisan political campaign.cralaw:red
(5) The right to self-organization
shall not be denied to government employees.cralaw:red
(6) Temporary employees of
the Government shall be given such protection as may be provided by law.cralaw:red
Section 3. The Civil Service
Commission, as the central personnel agency of the Government, shall
establish
a career service and adopt measures to promote morale, efficiency,
integrity,
responsiveness, progressiveness, and courtesy in the civil service. It
shall strengthen the merit and rewards system, integrate all human
resources
development programs for all levels and ranks, and institutionalize a
management
climate conducive to public accountability. It shall submit to the
President
and the Congress an annual report on its personnel programs.cralaw:red
Section 4. All public officers
and employees shall take an oath or affirmation to uphold and defend
this
Constitution.cralaw:red
Section 5. The Congress shall
provide for the standardization of compensation of government officials
and employees, including those in government-owned or controlled
corporations
with original charters, taking into account the nature of the
responsibilities
pertaining to, and the qualifications required for, their positions.cralaw:red
Section 6. No candidate who
has lost in any election shall, within one year after such election, be
appointed to any office in the Government or any Government-owned or
controlled
corporations or in any of their subsidiaries.cralaw:red
Section 7. No elective official
shall be eligible for appointment or designation in any capacity to any
public office or position during his tenure.cralaw:red
Unless otherwise allowed
by law or by the primary functions of his position, no appointive
official
shall hold any other office or employment in the Government or any
subdivision,
agency or instrumentality thereof, including Government-owned or
controlled
corporations or their subsidiaries.cralaw:red
Section 8. No elective or
appointive public officer or employee shall receive additional, double,
or indirect compensation, unless specifically authorized by law, nor
accept
without the consent of the Congress, any present, emolument, office, or
title of any kind from any foreign government.cralaw:red
Pensions or gratuities shall
not be considered as additional, double, or indirect compensation.
C. THE COMMISSION ON
ELECTIONS
Section 1. (1) There shall be
a Commission on Elections composed of a Chairman and six Commissioners
who shall be natural-born citizens of the Philippines and, at the time
of their appointment, at least thirty-five years of age, holders of a
college
degree, and must not have been candidates for any elective positions in
the immediately preceding elections. However, a majority thereof,
including
the Chairman, shall be members of the Philippine Bar who have been
engaged
in the practice of law for at least ten years.
(2) The Chairman and the
Commissioners shall be appointed by the President with the consent of
the
Commission on Appointments for a term of seven years without
reappointment.
Of those first appointed, three Members shall hold office for seven
years,
two Members for five years, and the last Members for three years,
without
reappointment. Appointment to any vacancy shall be only for the
unexpired
term of the predecessor. In no case shall any Member be appointed or
designated
in a temporary or acting capacity.cralaw:red
Sec. 2. The Commission on
Elections shall exercise the following powers and functions:chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
(1) Enforce and
administer
all laws and regulations relative to the conduct of an election,
plebiscite,
initiative, referendum, and recall.
(2) Exercise
exclusive original
jurisdiction over all contests relating to the elections, returns, and
qualifications of all elective regional, provincial, and city
officials,
and appellate jurisdiction over all contests involving elective
municipal
officials decided by trial courts of general jurisdiction, or involving
elective barangay officials decided by trial courts of limited
jurisdiction.cralaw:red
Decisions, final
orders,
or rulings of the Commission on election contests involving elective
municipal
and barangay offices shall be final, executory, and not appealable.cralaw:red
(3) Decide, except
those
involving the right to vote, all questions affecting elections,
including
determination of the number and location of polling places, appointment
of election officials and inspectors, and registration of voters.cralaw:red
(4) Deputize, with
the concurrence
of the President, law enforcement agencies and instrumentalities of the
Government, including the Armed Forces of the Philippines, for the
exclusive
purpose of ensuring free, orderly, honest, peaceful, and credible
elections.cralaw:red
(5) Register, after
sufficient
publication, political parties, organizations, or coalitions which, in
addition to other requirements, must present their platform or program
of government; and accredit citizens' arms of the Commission on
Elections.
Religious denominations and sects shall not be registered. Those which
seek to achieve their goals through violence or unlawful means, or
refuse
to uphold and adhere to this Constitution, or which are supported by
any
foreign government shall likewise be refused registration.cralaw:red
Financial
contributions from
foreign governments and their agencies to political parties,
organizations,
coalitions, or candidates related to elections, constitute interference
in national affairs, and, when accepted, shall be an additional ground
for the cancellation of their registration with the Commission, in
addition
to other penalties that may be prescribed by law.cralaw:red
(6) File, upon a
verified
complaint, or on its own initiative, petitions in court for inclusion
or
exclusion of voters; investigate and, where appropriate, prosecute
cases
of violations of election laws, including acts or omissions
constituting
election frauds, offenses, and malpractices.cralaw:red
(7) Recommend to the
Congress
effective measures to minimize election spending, including limitation
of places where propaganda materials shall be posted, and to prevent
and
penalize all forms of election frauds, offenses, malpractices, and
nuisance
candidacies.cralaw:red
(8) Recommend to the
President
the removal of any officer or employee it has deputized, or the
imposition
of any other disciplinary action, for violation or disregard of, or
disobedience
to, its directive, order, or decision.cralaw:red
(9) Submit to the
President
and the Congress, a comprehensive report on the conduct of each
election,
plebiscite, initiative, referendum, or recall.cralaw:red
Section 3. The Commission on
Elections may sit en banc or in two divisions, and shall
promulgate
its rules of procedure in order to expedite disposition of election
cases,
including pre- proclamation controversies. All such election cases
shall
be heard and decided in division, provided that motions for
reconsideration
of decisions shall be decided by the Commission en banc.
Section 4. The Commission
may, during the election period, supervise or regulate the enjoyment or
utilization of all franchises or permits for the operation of
transportation
and other public utilities, media of communication or information, all
grants, special privileges, or concessions granted by the Government or
any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof, including any
government-owned
or controlled corporation or its subsidiary. Such supervision or
regulation
shall aim to ensure equal opportunity, and equal rates therefor, for
public
information campaigns and forums among candidates in connection with
the
objective of holding free, orderly, honest, peaceful, and credible
elections.cralaw:red
Section 5. No pardon, amnesty,
parole, or suspension of sentence for violation of election laws,
rules,
and regulations shall be granted by the President without the favorable
recommendation of the Commission.cralaw:red
Section 6. A free and open
party system shall be allowed to evolve according to the free choice of
the people, subject to the provisions of this Article.cralaw:red
Section 7. No votes cast
in favor of a political party, organization, or coalition shall be
valid,
except for those registered under the party-list system as provided in
this Constitution.cralaw:red
Section 8. Political parties,
or organizations or coalitions registered under the party-list system,
shall not be represented in the voters' registration boards, boards of
election inspectors, boards of canvassers, or other similar bodies.
However,
they shall be entitled to appoint poll watchers in accordance with law.cralaw:red
Section 9. Unless otherwise
fixed by the Commission in special cases, the election period shall
commence
ninety days before the day of election and shall end thirty days
thereafter.cralaw:red
Section 10. Bona fide
candidates for any public office shall be free from any form of
harassment
and discrimination.cralaw:red
Section 11. Funds certified
by the Commission as necessary to defray the expenses for holding
regular
and special elections, plebiscites, initiatives, referenda, and
recalls,
shall be provided in the regular or special appropriations and, once
approved,
shall be released automatically upon certification by the Chairman of
the
Commission.
D. THE COMMISSION ON
AUDIT
Section 1. (1) There shall be
a Commission on Audit composed of a Chairman and two Commissioners, who
shall be natural-born citizens of the Philippines and, at the time of
their
appointment, at least thirty-five years of age, Certified Public
Accountants
with not less than ten years of auditing experience, or members of the
Philippine Bar who have been engaged in the practice of law for at
least
ten years, and must not have been candidates for any elective position
in the elections immediately preceding their appointment. At no time
shall
all Members of the Commission belong to the same profession.
(2) The Chairman and the
Commissioners shall be appointed by the President with the consent of
the
Commission on Appointments for a term of seven years without
reappointment.
Of those first appointed, the Chairman shall hold office for seven
years,
one Commissioner for five years, and the other Commissioner for three
years,
without reappointment. Appointment to any vacancy shall be only for the
unexpired portion of the term of the predecessor. In no case shall any
Member be appointed or designated in a temporary or acting capacity.cralaw:red
Section 2. (1) The Commission
on Audit shall have the power, authority, and duty to examine, audit,
and
settle all accounts pertaining to the revenue and receipts of, and
expenditures
or uses of funds and property, owned or held in trust by, or pertaining
to, the Government, or any of its subdivisions, agencies, or
instrumentalities,
including government-owned or controlled corporations with original
charters,
and on a post- audit basis: (a) constitutional bodies, commissions and
offices that have been granted fiscal autonomy under this Constitution;
(b) autonomous state colleges and universities; (c) other
government-owned
or controlled corporations and their subsidiaries; and (d) such
non-governmental
entities receiving subsidy or equity, directly or indirectly, from or
through
the Government, which are required by law or the granting institution
to
submit to such audit as a condition of subsidy or equity. However,
where
the internal control system of the audited agencies is inadequate, the
Commission may adopt such measures, including temporary or special
pre-audit,
as are necessary and appropriate to correct the deficiencies. It shall
keep the general accounts of the Government and, for such period as may
be provided by law, preserve the vouchers and other supporting papers
pertaining
thereto.cralaw:red
(2) The Commission shall
have exclusive authority, subject to the limitations in this Article,
to
define the scope of its audit and examination, establish the techniques
and methods required therefor, and promulgate accounting and auditing
rules
and regulations, including those for the prevention and disallowance of
irregular, unnecessary, excessive, extravagant, or unconscionable
expenditures
or uses of government funds and properties.cralaw:red
Section 3. No law shall be
passed exempting any entity of the Government or its subsidiaries in
any
guise whatever, or any investment of public funds, from the
jurisdiction
of the Commission on Audit.cralaw:red
Section 4. The Commission
shall submit to the President and the Congress, within the time fixed
by
law, an annual report covering the financial condition and operation of
the Government, its subdivisions, agencies, and instrumentalities,
including
government-owned or controlled corporations, and non-governmental
entities
subject to its audit, and recommend measures necessary to improve their
effectiveness and efficiency. It shall submit such other reports as may
be required by law.
ARTICLE XLOCAL GOVERNMENT
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1. The territorial and
political subdivisions of the Republic of the Philippines are the
provinces,
cities, municipalities, and barangays. There shall be autonomous
regions
in Muslim Mindanao and the Cordilleras as hereinafter provided.
Section 2. The territorial
and political subdivisions shall enjoy local autonomy.cralaw:red
Section 3. The Congress shall
enact a local government code which shall provide for a more responsive
and accountable local government structure instituted through a system
of decentralization with effective mechanisms of recall, initiative,
and
referendum, allocate among the different local government units their
powers,
responsibilities, and resources, and provide for the qualifications,
election,
appointment and removal, term, salaries, powers and functions and
duties
of local officials, and all other matters relating to the organization
and operation of the local units.cralaw:red
Section 4. The President
of the Philippines shall exercise general supervision over local
governments.
Provinces with respect to component cities and municipalities, and
cities
and municipalities with respect to component barangays, shall ensure
that
the acts of their component units are within the scope of their
prescribed
powers and functions.cralaw:red
Section 5. Each local government
unit shall have the power to create its own sources of revenues and to
levy taxes, fees and charges subject to such guidelines and limitations
as the Congress may provide, consistent with the basic policy of local
autonomy. Such taxes, fees, and charges shall accrue exclusively to the
local governments.cralaw:red
Section 6. Local government
units shall have a just share, as determined by law, in the national
taxes
which shall be automatically released to them.cralaw:red
Section 7. Local governments
shall be entitled to an equitable share in the proceeds of the
utilization
and development of the national wealth within their respective areas,
in
the manner provided by law, including sharing the same with the
inhabitants
by way of direct benefits.cralaw:red
Section 8. The term of office
of elective local officials, except barangay officials, which shall be
determined by law, shall be three years and no such official shall
serve
for more than three consecutive terms. Voluntary renunciation of the
office
for any length of time shall not be considered as an interruption in
the
continuity of his service for the full term for which he was elected.cralaw:red
Section 9. Legislative bodies
of local governments shall have sectoral representation as may be
prescribed
by law.cralaw:red
Section 10. No province,
city, municipality, or barangay may be created, divided, merged,
abolished,
or its boundary substantially altered, except in accordance with the
criteria
established in the local government code and subject to approval by a
majority
of the votes cast in a plebiscite in the political units directly
affected.cralaw:red
Section 11. The Congress
may, by law, create special metropolitan political subdivisions,
subject
to a plebiscite as set forth in Section 10 hereof. The component cities
and municipalities shall retain their basic autonomy and shall be
entitled
to their own local executive and legislative assemblies. The
jurisdiction
of the metropolitan authority that will thereby be created shall be
limited
to basic services requiring coordination.cralaw:red
Section 12. Cities that are
highly urbanized, as determined by law, and component cities whose
charters
prohibit their voters from voting for provincial elective officials,
shall
be independent of the province. The voters of component cities within a
province, whose charters contain no such prohibition, shall not be
deprived
of their right to vote for elective provincial officials.cralaw:red
Section 13. Local government
units may group themselves, consolidate or coordinate their efforts,
services,
and resources for purposes commonly beneficial to them in accordance
with
law.cralaw:red
Section 14. The President
shall provide for regional development councils or other similar bodies
composed of local government officials, regional heads of departments
and
other government offices, and representatives from non-governmental
organizations
within the regions for purposes of administrative decentralization to
strengthen
the autonomy of the units therein and to accelerate the economic and
social
growth and development of the units in the region.
AUTONOMOUS REGIONS
Section 15. There shall be created
autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao and in the Cordilleras consisting
of provinces, cities, municipalities, and geographical areas sharing
common
and distinctive historical and cultural heritage, economic and social
structures,
and other relevant characteristics within the framework of this
Constitution
and the national sovereignty as well as territorial integrity of the
Republic
of the Philippines.
Section 16. The President
shall exercise general supervision over autonomous regions to ensure
that
laws are faithfully executed.cralaw:red
Section 17. All powers, functions,
and responsibilities not granted by this Constitution or by law to the
autonomous regions shall be vested in the National Government.cralaw:red
Section 18. The Congress
shall enact an organic act for each autonomous region with the
assistance
and participation of the regional consultative commission composed of
representatives
appointed by the President from a list of nominees from multi-sectoral
bodies. The organic act shall define the basic structure of government
for the region consisting of the executive department and legislative
assembly,
both of which shall be elective and representative of the constituent
political
units. The organic acts shall likewise provide for special courts with
personal, family, and property law jurisdiction consistent with the
provisions
of this Constitution and national laws.cralaw:red
The creation of the autonomous
region shall be effective when approved by majority of the votes cast
by
the constituent units in a plebiscite called for the purpose, provided
that only provinces, cities, and geographic areas voting favorably in
such
plebiscite shall be included in the autonomous region.cralaw:red
Section 19. The first Congress
elected under this Constitution shall, within eighteen months from the
time of organization of both Houses, pass the organic acts for the
autonomous
regions in Muslim Mindanao and the Cordilleras.cralaw:red
Section 20. Within its territorial
jurisdiction and subject to the provisions of this Constitution and
national
laws, the organic act of autonomous regions shall provide for
legislative
powers over:chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
(1) Administrative organization;
(2) Creation of sources
of revenues;
(3) Ancestral domain and
natural resources;
(4) Personal, family, and
property relations;
(5) Regional urban and
rural
planning development;
(6) Economic, social, and
tourism development;
(7) Educational policies;
(8) Preservation and
development
of the cultural heritage; and
(9) Such other matters as
may be authorized by law for the promotion of the general welfare of
the
people of the region.
Section 21. The preservation
of peace and order within the regions shall be the responsibility of
the
local police agencies which shall be organized, maintained, supervised,
and utilized in accordance with applicable laws. The defense and
security
of the regions shall be the responsibility of the National Government.
ARTICLE XIACCOUNTABILITY OF
PUBLIC OFFICERS
Section 1. Public office is
a public trust. Public officers and employees must, at all times, be
accountable
to the people, serve them with utmost responsibility, integrity,
loyalty,
and efficiency; act with patriotism and justice, and lead modest lives.
Section 2. The President,
the Vice-President, the Members of the Supreme Court, the Members of
the
Constitutional Commissions, and the Ombudsman may be removed from
office
on impeachment for, and conviction of, culpable violation of the
Constitution,
treason, bribery, graft and corruption, other high crimes, or betrayal
of public trust. All other public officers and employees may be removed
from office as provided by law, but not by impeachment.cralaw:red
Section 3. (1) The House
of Representatives shall have the exclusive power to initiate all cases
of impeachment.cralaw:red
(2) A verified complaint
for impeachment may be filed by any Member of the House of
Representatives
or by any citizen upon a resolution or endorsement by any Member
thereof,
which shall be included in the Order of Business within ten session
days,
and referred to the proper Committee within three session days
thereafter.
The Committee, after hearing, and by a majority vote of all its
Members,
shall submit its report to the House within sixty session days from
such
referral, together with the corresponding resolution. The resolution
shall
be calendared for consideration by the House within ten session days
from
receipt thereof.cralaw:red
(3) A vote of at least one-third
of all the Members of the House shall be necessary either to affirm a
favorable
resolution with the Articles of Impeachment of the Committee, or
override
its contrary resolution. The vote of each Member shall be recorded.cralaw:red
(4) In case the verified
complaint or resolution of impeachment is filed by at least one-third
of
all the Members of the House, the same shall constitute the Articles of
Impeachment, and trial by the Senate shall forthwith proceed.cralaw:red
(5) No impeachment proceedings
shall be initiated against the same official more than once within a
period
of one year.cralaw:red
(6) The Senate shall have
the sole power to try and decide all cases of impeachment. When sitting
for that purpose, the Senators shall be on oath or affirmation. When
the
President of the Philippines is on trial, the Chief Justice of the
Supreme
Court shall preside, but shall not vote. No person shall be convicted
without
the concurrence of two-thirds of all the Members of the Senate.cralaw:red
(7) Judgment in cases of
impeachment shall not extend further than removal from office and
disqualification
to hold any office under the Republic of the Philippines, but the party
convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to prosecution,
trial,
and punishment, according to law.cralaw:red
(8) The Congress shall promulgate
its rules on impeachment to effectively carry out the purpose of this
section.cralaw:red
Section 4. The present anti-graft
court known as the Sandiganbayan shall continue to function and
exercise
its jurisdiction as now or hereafter may be provided by law.cralaw:red
Section 5. There is hereby
created the independent Office of the Ombudsman, composed of the
Ombudsman
to be known as Tanodbayan, one overall Deputy and at least one Deputy
each
for Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. A separate Deputy for the military
establishment
may likewise be appointed.cralaw:red
Section 6. The officials
and employees of the Office of the Ombudsman, other than the Deputies,
shall be appointed by the Ombudsman, according to the Civil Service Law.cralaw:red
Section 7. The existing Tanodbayan
shall hereafter be known as the Office of the Special Prosecutor. It
shall
continue to function and exercise its powers as now or hereafter may be
provided by law, except those conferred on the Office of the Ombudsman
created under this Constitution.cralaw:red
Section 8. The Ombudsman
and his Deputies shall be natural-born citizens of the Philippines, and
at the time of their appointment, at least forty years old, of
recognized
probity and independence, and members of the Philippine Bar, and must
not
have been candidates for any elective office in the immediately
preceding
election. The Ombudsman must have, for ten years or more, been a judge
or engaged in the practice of law in the Philippines.cralaw:red
During their tenure, they
shall be subject to the same disqualifications and prohibitions as
provided
for in Section 2 of Article 1X-A of this Constitution.cralaw:red
Section 9. The Ombudsman
and his Deputies shall be appointed by the President from a list of at
least six nominees prepared by the Judicial and Bar Council, and from a
list of three nominees for every vacancy thereafter. Such appointments
shall require no confirmation. All vacancies shall be filled within
three
months after they occur.cralaw:red
Section 10. The Ombudsman
and his Deputies shall have the rank of Chairman and Members,
respectively,
of the Constitutional Commissions, and they shall receive the same
salary
which shall not be decreased during their term of office.cralaw:red
Section 11. The Ombudsman
and his Deputies shall serve for a term of seven years without
reappointment.
They shall not be qualified to run for any office in the election
immediately
succeeding their cessation from office.cralaw:red
Section 12. The Ombudsman
and his Deputies, as protectors of the people, shall act promptly on
complaints
filed in any form or manner against public officials or employees of
the
Government, or any subdivision, agency or instrumentality thereof,
including
government-owned or controlled corporations, and shall, in appropriate
cases, notify the complainants of the action taken and the result
thereof.cralaw:red
Section 13. The Office of
the Ombudsman shall have the following powers, functions, and duties:chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
(1) Investigate on its
own,
or on complaint by any person, any act or omission of any public
official,
employee, office or agency, when such act or omission appears to be
illegal,
unjust, improper, or inefficient.
(2) Direct, upon
complaint
or at its own instance, any public official or employee of the
Government,
or any subdivision, agency or instrumentality thereof, as well as of
any
government-owned or controlled corporation with original charter, to
perform
and expedite any act or duty required by law, or to stop, prevent, and
correct any abuse or impropriety in the performance of duties.cralaw:red
(3) Direct the
officer concerned
to take appropriate action against a public official or employee at
fault,
and recommend his removal, suspension, demotion, fine, censure, or
prosecution,
and ensure compliance therewith.cralaw:red
(4) Direct the
officer concerned,
in any appropriate case, and subject to such limitations as may be
provided
by law, to furnish it with copies of documents relating to contracts or
transactions entered into by his office involving the disbursement or
use
of public funds or properties, and report any irregularity to the
Commission
on Audit for appropriate action.cralaw:red
(5) Request any
government
agency for assistance and information necessary in the discharge of its
responsibilities, and to examine, if necessary, pertinent records and
documents.cralaw:red
(6) Publicize matters
covered
by its investigation when circumstances so warrant and with due
prudence.cralaw:red
(7) Determine the
causes
of inefficiency, red tape, mismanagement, fraud, and corruption in the
Government and make recommendations for their elimination and the
observance
of high standards of ethics and efficiency.cralaw:red
(8) Promulgate its
rules
of procedure and exercise such other powers or perform such functions
or
duties as may be provided by law.cralaw:red
Section 14. The Office of the
Ombudsman shall enjoy fiscal autonomy. Its approved annual
appropriations
shall be automatically and regularly released.
Section 15. The right of
the State to recover properties unlawfully acquired by public officials
or employees, from them or from their nominees or transferees, shall
not
be barred by prescription, laches, or estoppel.cralaw:red
Section 16. No loan, guaranty,
or other form of financial accommodation for any business purpose may
be
granted, directly or indirectly, by any government-owned or controlled
bank or financial institution to the President, the Vice-President, the
Members of the Cabinet, the Congress, the Supreme Court, and the
Constitutional
Commissions, the Ombudsman, or to any firm or entity in which they have
controlling interest, during their tenure.cralaw:red
Section 17. A public officer
or employee shall, upon assumption of office and as often thereafter as
may be required by law, submit a declaration under oath of his assets,
liabilities, and net worth. In the case of the President, the
Vice-President,
the Members of the Cabinet, the Congress, the Supreme Court, the
Constitutional
Commissions and other constitutional offices, and officers of the armed
forces with general or flag rank, the declaration shall be disclosed to
the public in the manner provided by law.cralaw:red
Section 18. Public officers
and employees owe the State and this Constitution allegiance at all
times
and any public officer or employee who seeks to change his citizenship
or acquire the status of an immigrant of another country during his
tenure
shall be dealt with by law.
ARTICLE XIINATIONAL ECONOMY AND
PATRIMONY
Section 1. The goals of the
national economy are a more equitable distribution of opportunities,
income,
and wealth; a sustained increase in the amount of goods and services
produced
by the nation for the benefit of the people; and an expanding
productivity
as the key to raising the quality of life for all, especially the
under-privileged.
The State shall promote industrialization
and full employment based on sound agricultural development and
agrarian
reform, through industries that make full and efficient use of human
and
natural resources, and which are competitive in both domestic and
foreign
markets. However, the State shall protect Filipino enterprises against
unfair foreign competition and trade practices.cralaw:red
In the pursuit of these goals,
all sectors of the economy and all regions of the country shall be
given
optimum opportunity to develop. Private enterprises, including
corporations,
cooperatives, and similar collective organizations, shall be encouraged
to broaden the base of their ownership.cralaw:red
Section 2. All lands of the
public domain, waters, minerals, coal, petroleum, and other mineral
oils,
all forces of potential energy, fisheries, forests or timber, wildlife,
flora and fauna, and other natural resources are owned by the State.
With
the exception of agricultural lands, all other natural resources shall
not be alienated. The exploration, development, and utilization of
natural
resources shall be under the full control and supervision of the State.
The State may directly undertake such activities, or it may enter into
co-production, joint venture, or production-sharing agreements with
Filipino
citizens, or corporations or associations at least sixty per centum
of whose capital is owned by such citizens. Such agreements may be for
a period not exceeding twenty-five years, renewable for not more than
twenty-five
years, and under such terms and conditions as may be provided by law.
In
cases of water rights for irrigation, water supply fisheries, or
industrial
uses other than the development of water power, beneficial use may be
the
measure and limit of the grant.cralaw:red
The State shall protect the
nation's marine wealth in its archipelagic waters, territorial sea, and
exclusive economic zone, and reserve its use and enjoyment exclusively
to Filipino citizens.cralaw:red
The Congress may, by law,
allow small-scale utilization of natural resources by Filipino
citizens,
as well as cooperative fish farming, with priority to subsistence
fishermen
and fish- workers in rivers, lakes, bays, and lagoons.cralaw:red
The President may enter into
agreements with foreign-owned corporations involving either technical
or
financial assistance for large-scale exploration, development, and
utilization
of minerals, petroleum, and other mineral oils according to the general
terms and conditions provided by law, based on real contributions to
the
economic growth and general welfare of the country. In such agreements,
the State shall promote the development and use of local scientific and
technical resources.cralaw:red
The President shall notify
the Congress of every contract entered into in accordance with this
provision,
within thirty days from its execution.cralaw:red
Section 3. Lands of the public
domain are classified into agricultural, forest or timber, mineral
lands
and national parks. Agricultural lands of the public domain may be
further
classified by law according to the uses to which they may be devoted.
Alienable
lands of the public domain shall be limited to agricultural lands.
Private
corporations or associations may not hold such alienable lands of the
public
domain except by lease, for a period not exceeding twenty-five years,
renewable
for not more than twenty-five years, and not to exceed one thousand
hectares
in area. Citizens of the Philippines may lease not more than five
hundred
hectares, or acquire not more than twelve hectares thereof, by
purchase,
homestead, or grant.cralaw:red
Taking into account the requirements
of conservation, ecology, and development, and subject to the
requirements
of agrarian reform, the Congress shall determine, by law, the size of
lands
of the public domain which may be acquired, developed, held, or leased
and the conditions therefor.cralaw:red
Section 4. The Congress shall,
as soon as possible, determine, by law, the specific limits of forest
lands
and national parks, marking clearly their boundaries on the ground.
Thereafter,
such forest lands and national parks shall be conserved and may not be
increased nor diminished, except by law. The Congress shall provide for
such period as it may determine, measures to prohibit logging in
endangered
forests and watershed areas.cralaw:red
Section 5. The State, subject
to the provisions of this Constitution and national development
policies
and programs, shall protect the rights of indigenous cultural
communities
to their ancestral lands to ensure their economic, social, and cultural
well-being.cralaw:red
The Congress may provide
for the applicability of customary laws governing property rights or
relations
in determining the ownership and extent of ancestral domain.cralaw:red
Section 6. The use of property
bears a social function, and all economic agents shall contribute to
the
common good. Individuals and private groups, including corporations,
cooperatives,
and similar collective organizations, shall have the right to own,
establish,
and operate economic enterprises, subject to the duty of the State to
promote
distributive justice and to intervene when the common good so demands.cralaw:red
Section 7. Save in cases
of hereditary succession, no private lands shall be transferred or
conveyed
except to individuals, corporations, or associations qualified to
acquire
or hold lands of the public domain.cralaw:red
Section 8. Notwithstanding
the provisions of Section 7 of this Article, a natural-born citizen of
the Philippines who has lost his Philippine citizenship may be a
transferee
of private lands, subject to limitations provided by law.cralaw:red
Section 9. The Congress may
establish an independent economic and planning agency headed by the
President,
which shall, after consultations with the appropriate public agencies,
various private sectors, and local government units, recommend to
Congress,
and implement continuing integrated and coordinated programs and
policies
for national development.cralaw:red
Until the Congress provides
otherwise, the National Economic and Development Authority shall
function
as the independent planning agency of the government.cralaw:red
Section 10. The Congress
shall, upon recommendation of the economic and planning agency, when
the
national interest dictates, reserve to citizens of the Philippines or
to
corporations or associations at least sixty per centum of whose
capital is owned by such citizens, or such higher percentage as
Congress
may prescribe, certain areas of investments. The Congress shall enact
measures
that will encourage the formation and operation of enterprises whose
capital
is wholly owned by Filipinos.cralaw:red
In the grant of rights, privileges,
and concessions covering the national economy and patrimony, the State
shall give preference to qualified Filipinos.cralaw:red
The State shall regulate
and exercise authority over foreign investments within its national
jurisdiction
and in accordance with its national goals and priorities.cralaw:red
Section 11. No franchise,
certificate, or any other form of authorization for the operation of a
public utility shall be granted except to citizens of the Philippines
or
to corporations or associations organized under the laws of the
Philippines,
at least sixty per centum of whose capital is owned by such
citizens;
nor shall such franchise, certificate, or authorization be exclusive in
character or for a longer period than fifty years. Neither shall any
such
franchise or right be granted except under the condition that it shall
be subject to amendment, alteration, or repeal by the Congress when the
common good so requires. The State shall encourage equity participation
in public utilities by the general public. The participation of foreign
investors in the governing body of any public utility enterprise shall
be limited to their proportionate share in its capital, and all the
executive
and managing officers of such corporation or association must be
citizens
of the Philippines.cralaw:red
Section 12. The State shall
promote the preferential use of Filipino labor, domestic materials and
locally produced goods, and adopt measures that help make them
competitive.cralaw:red
Section 13. The State shall
pursue a trade policy that serves the general welfare and utilizes all
forms and arrangements of exchange on the basis of equality and
reciprocity.cralaw:red
Section 14. The sustained
development of a reservoir of national talents consisting of Filipino
scientists,
entrepreneurs, professionals, managers, high-level technical manpower
and
skilled workers and craftsmen in all fields shall be promoted by the
State.
The State shall encourage appropriate technology and regulate its
transfer
for the national benefit.cralaw:red
The practice of all professions
in the Philippines shall be limited to Filipino citizens, save in cases
prescribed by law.cralaw:red
Section 15. The Congress
shall create an agency to promote the viability and growth of
cooperatives
as instruments for social justice and economic development.cralaw:red
Section 16. The Congress
shall not, except by general law, provide for the formation,
organization,
or regulation of private corporations. Government-owned or controlled
corporations
may be created or established by special charters in the interest of
the
common good and subject to the test of economic viability.cralaw:red
Section 17. In times of national
emergency, when the public interest so requires, the State may, during
the emergency and under reasonable terms prescribed by it, temporarily
take over or direct the operation of any privately-owned public utility
or business affected with public interest.cralaw:red
Section 18. The State may,
in the interest of national welfare or defense, establish and operate
vital
industries and, upon payment of just compensation, transfer to public
ownership
utilities and other private enterprises to be operated by the
Government.cralaw:red
Section 19. The State shall
regulate or prohibit monopolies when the public interest so requires.
No
combinations in restraint of trade or unfair competition shall be
allowed.cralaw:red
Section 20. The Congress
shall establish an independent central monetary authority, the members
of whose governing board must be natural-born Filipino citizens, of
known
probity, integrity, and patriotism, the majority of whom shall come
from
the private sector. They shall also be subject to such other
qualifications
and disabilities as may be prescribed by law. The authority shall
provide
policy direction in the areas of money, banking, and credit. It shall
have
supervision over the operations of banks and exercise such regulatory
powers
as may be provided by law over the operations of finance companies and
other institutions performing similar functions.cralaw:red
Until the Congress otherwise
provides, the Central Bank of the Philippines operating under existing
laws, shall function as the central monetary authority.cralaw:red
Section 21. Foreign loans
may only be incurred in accordance with law and the regulation of the
monetary
authority. Information on foreign loans obtained or guaranteed by the
Government
shall be made available to the public.cralaw:red
Section 22. Acts which circumvent
or negate any of the provisions of this Article shall be considered
inimical
to the national interest and subject to criminal and civil sanctions,
as
may be provided by law.
ARTICLE XIIISOCIAL JUSTICE AND HUMAN
RIGHTS
Section 1. The Congress shall
give highest priority to the enactment of measures that protect and
enhance
the right of all the people to human dignity, reduce social, economic,
and political inequalities, and remove cultural inequities by equitably
diffusing wealth and political power for the common good.
To this end, the State shall
regulate the acquisition, ownership, use, and disposition of property
and
its increments.cralaw:red
Section 2. The promotion
of social justice shall include the commitment to create economic
opportunities
based on freedom of initiative and self-reliance.
LABOR
Section 3. The State shall afford
full protection to labor, local and overseas, organized and
unorganized,
and promote
full employment and equality of employment opportunities for all.
It shall guarantee the rights
of all workers to self-organization, collective bargaining and
negotiations,
and peaceful concerted activities, including the right to strike in
accordance
with law. They shall be entitled to security of tenure, humane
conditions
of work, and a living wage. They shall also participate in policy and
decision-making
processes affecting their rights and benefits as may be provided by law.cralaw:red
The State shall promote the
principle of shared responsibility between workers and employers and
the
preferential use of voluntary modes in settling disputes, including
conciliation,
and shall enforce their mutual compliance therewith to foster
industrial
peace.cralaw:red
The State shall regulate
the relations between workers and employers, recognizing the right of
labor
to its just share in the fruits of production and the right of
enterprises
to reasonable returns to investments, and to expansion and growth.
AGRARIAN AND NATURAL
RESOURCES
REFORM
Section 4. The State shall,
by law, undertake an agrarian reform program founded on the right of
farmers
and regular farmworkers who are landless, to own directly or
collectively
the lands they till or, in the case of other farmworkers, to receive a
just share of the fruits thereof. To this end, the State shall
encourage
and undertake the just distribution of all agricultural lands, subject
to such priorities and reasonable retention limits as the Congress may
prescribe, taking into account ecological, developmental, or equity
considerations,
and subject to the payment of just compensation. In determining
retention
limits, the State shall respect the right of small landowners. The
State
shall further provide incentives for voluntary land-sharing.
Section 5. The State shall
recognize the right of farmers, farmworkers, and landowners, as well as
cooperatives, and other independent farmers' organizations to
participate
in the planning, organization, and management of the program, and shall
provide support to agriculture through appropriate technology and
research,
and adequate financial, production, marketing, and other support
services.cralaw:red
Section 6. The State shall
apply the principles of agrarian reform or stewardship, whenever
applicable
in accordance with law, in the disposition or utilization of other
natural
resources, including lands of the public domain under lease or
concession
suitable to agriculture, subject to prior rights, homestead rights of
small
settlers, and the rights of indigenous communities to their ancestral
lands.cralaw:red
The State may resettle landless
farmers and farmworkers in its own agricultural estates which shall be
distributed to them in the manner provided by law.cralaw:red
Section 7. The State shall
protect the rights of subsistence fishermen, especially of local
communities,
to the preferential use of the communal marine and fishing resources,
both
inland and offshore. It shall provide support to such fishermen through
appropriate technology and research, adequate financial, production,
and
marketing assistance, and other services. The State shall also protect,
develop, and conserve such resources. The protection shall extend to
offshore
fishing grounds of subsistence fishermen against foreign intrusion.
Fishworkers
shall receive a just share from their labor in the utilization of
marine
and fishing resources.cralaw:red
Section 8. The State shall
provide incentives to landowners to invest the proceeds of the agrarian
reform program to promote industrialization, employment creation, and
privatization
of public sector enterprises. Financial instruments used as payment for
their lands shall be honored as equity in enterprises of their choice. URBAN LAND REFORM AND
HOUSING
Section 9. The State shall,
by law, and for the common good, undertake, in cooperation with the
private
sector, a continuing program of urban land reform and housing which
will
make available at affordable cost, decent housing and basic services to
under-privileged and homeless citizens in urban centers and
resettlement
areas. It shall also promote adequate employment opportunities to such
citizens. In the implementation of such program the State shall respect
the rights of small property owners.
Section 10. Urban or rural
poor dwellers shall not be evicted nor their dwelling demolished,
except
in accordance with law and in a just and humane manner.cralaw:red
No resettlement of urban
or rural dwellers shall be undertaken without adequate consultation
with
them and the communities where they are to be relocated.
HEALTH
Section 11. The State shall
adopt an integrated and comprehensive approach to health development
which
shall endeavor to make essential goods, health and other social
services
available to all the people at affordable cost. There shall be priority
for the needs of the under-privileged, sick, elderly, disabled, women,
and children. The State shall endeavor to provide free medical care to
paupers.
Section 12. The State shall
establish and maintain an effective food and drug regulatory system and
undertake appropriate health, manpower development, and research,
responsive
to the country's health needs and problems.cralaw:red
Section 13. The State shall
establish a special agency for disabled person for their
rehabilitation,
self-development, and self-reliance, and their integration into the
mainstream
of society.
WOMEN
Section 14. The State shall
protect working women by providing safe and healthful working
conditions,
taking into account their maternal functions, and such facilities and
opportunities
that will enhance their welfare and enable them to realize their full
potential
in the service of the nation.
ROLE AND RIGHTS OF
PEOPLE'S
ORGANIZATIONS
Section 15. The State shall
respect the role of independent people's organizations to enable the
people
to pursue and protect, within the democratic framework, their
legitimate
and collective interests and aspirations through peaceful and lawful
means.
People's organizations are
bona fide associations of citizens with demonstrated capacity to
promote the public interest and with identifiable leadership,
membership,
and structure.cralaw:red
Section 16. The right of
the people and their organizations to effective and reasonable
participation
at all levels of social, political, and economic decision-making shall
not be abridged. The State shall, by law, facilitate the establishment
of adequate consultation mechanisms.
HUMAN RIGHTS
Section 17. (1) There is hereby
created an independent office called the Commission on Human Rights.
(2) The Commission shall
be composed of a Chairman and four Members who must be natural-born
citizens
of the Philippines and a majority of whom shall be members of the Bar.
The term of office and other qualifications and disabilities of the
Members
of the Commission shall be provided by law.cralaw:red
(3) Until this Commission
is constituted, the existing Presidential Committee on Human Rights
shall
continue to exercise its present functions and powers.cralaw:red
(4) The approved annual appropriations
of the Commission shall be automatically and regularly released.cralaw:red
Section 18. The Commission
on Human Rights shall have the following powers and functions:chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
(1) Investigate, on its own
or on complaint by any party, all forms of human rights violations
involving
civil and political rights;
(2) Adopt its operational
guidelines and rules of procedure, and cite for contempt for violations
thereof in accordance with the Rules of Court;
(3) Provide appropriate legal
measures for the protection of human rights of all persons within the
Philippines,
as well as Filipinos residing abroad, and provide for preventive
measures
and legal aid services to the under-privileged whose human rights have
been violated or need protection;
(4) Exercise visitorial powers
over jails, prisons, or detention facilities;
(5) Establish a continuing
program of research, education, and information to enhance respect for
the primacy of human rights;
(6) Recommend to Congress
effective measures to promote human rights and to provide for
compensation
to victims of violations of human rights, or their families;
(7) Monitor the Philippine
Government's compliance with international treaty obligations on human
rights;
(8) Grant immunity from prosecution
to any person whose testimony or whose possession of documents or other
evidence is necessary or convenient to determine the truth in any
investigation
conducted by it or under its authority;
(9) Request the assistance
of any department, bureau, office, or agency in the performance of its
functions;
(10) Appoint its officers
and employees in accordance with law; and cralaw:red
(11) Perform such other duties
and functions as may be provided by law.cralaw:red
Section 19. The Congress
may provide for other cases of violations of human rights that should
fall
within the authority of the Commission, taking into account its
recommendations.
ARTICLE XIVEDUCATION, SCIENCE
AND
TECHNOLOGY, ARTS,CULTURE AND SPORTS
EDUCATION
Section 1. The State shall protect
and promote the right of all citizens to quality education at all
levels,
and shall take appropriate steps to make such education accessible to
all.
Section 2. The State shall:chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
(1) Establish, maintain,
and support a complete, adequate, and integrated system of education
relevant
to the needs of the people and society;
(2) Establish and maintain,
a system of free public education in the elementary and high school
levels.
Without limiting the natural rights of parents to rear their children,
elementary education is compulsory for all children of school age;
(3) Establish and maintain
a system of scholarship grants, student loan programs, subsidies, and
other
incentives which shall be available to deserving students in both
public
and private schools, especially to the under-privileged;
(4) Encourage non-formal,
informal, and indigenous learning systems, as well as self-learning,
independent,
and out-of-school study programs particularly those that respond to
community
needs; and cralaw:red
(5) Provide adult citizens,
the disabled, and out-of-school youth with training in civics,
vocational
efficiency, and other skills.cralaw:red
Section 3. (1) All educational
institutions shall include the study of the Constitution as part of the
curricula.cralaw:red
(2) They shall inculcate
patriotism and nationalism, foster love of humanity, respect for human
rights, appreciation of the role of national heroes in the historical
development
of the country, teach the rights and duties of citizenship, strengthen
ethical and spiritual values, develop moral character and personal
discipline,
encourage critical and creative thinking, broaden scientific and
technological
knowledge, and promote vocational efficiency.cralaw:red
(3) At the option expressed
in writing by the parents or guardians, religion shall be allowed to be
taught to their children or wards in public elementary and high schools
within the regular class hours by instructors designated or approved by
the religious authorities of the religion to which the children or
wards
belong, without additional cost to the Government.cralaw:red
Section 4.(1) The State recognizes
the complementary roles of public and private institutions in the
educational
system and shall exercise reasonable supervision and regulation of all
educational institutions.cralaw:red
(2) Educational institutions,
other than those established by religious groups and mission boards,
shall
be owned solely by citizens of the Philippines or corporations or
associations
at least sixty per centum of the capital of which is owned by
such
citizens. The Congress may, however, require increased Filipino equity
participation in all educational institutions.cralaw:red
The control and administration
of educational institutions shall be vested in citizens of the
Philippines.cralaw:red
No educational institution
shall be established exclusively for aliens and no group of aliens
shall
comprise more than one-third of the enrollment in any school. The
provisions
of this subsection shall not apply to schools established for foreign
diplomatic
personnel and their dependents and, unless otherwise provided by law,
for
other foreign temporary residents.cralaw:red
(3) All revenues and assets
of non-stock, non-profit educational institutions used actually,
directly,
and exclusively for educational purposes shall be exempt from taxes and
duties. Upon the dissolution or cessation of the corporate existence of
such institutions, their assets shall be disposed of in the manner
provided
by law.cralaw:red
Proprietary educational institutions,
including those cooperatively owned, may likewise be entitled to such
exemptions,
subject to the limitations provided by law, including restrictions on
dividends
and provisions for reinvestment.cralaw:red
(4) Subject to conditions
prescribed by law, all grants, endowments, donations, or contributions
used actually, directly, and exclusively for educational purposes shall
be exempt from tax.cralaw:red
Section 5. (1) the State
shall take into account regional and sectoral needs and conditions and
shall encourage local planning in the development of educational
policies
and programs.cralaw:red
(2) Academic freedom shall
be enjoyed in all institutions of higher learning.cralaw:red
(3) Every citizen has a right
to select a profession or course of study, subject to fair, reasonable,
and equitable admission and academic requirements.cralaw:red
(4) The State shall enhance
the right of teachers to professional advancement. Non-teaching
academic
and non-academic personnel shall enjoy the protection of the State.cralaw:red
(5) The State shall assign
the highest budgetary priority to education and ensure that teaching
will
attract and retain its rightful share of the best available talents
through
adequate remuneration and other means of job satisfaction and
fulfillment.
ARTS AND CULTURE
Section 14. The State shall
foster the preservation, enrichment, and dynamic evolution of a
Filipino
national culture based on the principle of unity in diversity in a
climate
of free artistic and intellectual expression.
Section 15. Arts and letters
shall enjoy the patronage of the State. The State shall conserve,
promote,
and popularize the nation's historical and cultural heritage and
resources,
as well as artistic creations.cralaw:red
Section 16. All the country's
artistic and historic wealth constitutes the cultural treasure of the
nation
and shall be under the protection of the State which may regulate its
disposition.cralaw:red
Section 17. The State shall
recognize, respect, and protect the rights of indigenous cultural
communities
to preserve and develop their cultures, traditions, and institutions.
It
shall consider these rights in the formulation of national plans and
policies.cralaw:red
Section 18. (1) The State
shall ensure equal access to cultural opportunities through the
educational
system, public or private cultural entities, scholarships, grants and
other
incentives, and community cultural centers, and other public venues.cralaw:red
(2) The State shall encourage
and support researches and studies on the arts and culture.
LANGUAGE
Section 6. The national language
of the Philippines is Filipino. As it evolves, it shall be further
developed
and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages.
Subject to provisions of
law and as the Congress may deem appropriate, the Government shall take
steps to initiate and sustain the use of Filipino as a medium of
official
communication and as language of instruction in the educational system.cralaw:red
Section 7. For purposes of
communication and instruction, the official languages of the
Philippines
are Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English.cralaw:red
The regional languages are
the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as
auxiliary
media of instruction therein.cralaw:red
Spanish and Arabic shall
be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis.cralaw:red
Section 8. This Constitution
shall be promulgated in Filipino and English and shall be translated
into
major regional languages, Arabic, and Spanish.cralaw:red
Section 9. The Congress shall
establish a national language commission composed of representatives of
various regions and disciplines which shall undertake, coordinate, and
promote researches for the development, propagation, and preservation
of
Filipino and other languages.
SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
Section 10. Science and technology
are essential for national development and progress. The State shall
give
priority to research and development, invention, innovation, and their
utilization; and to science and technology education, training, and
services.
It shall support indigenous, appropriate, and self-reliant scientific
and
technological capabilities, and their application to the country's
productive
systems and national life.
Section 11. The Congress
may provide for incentives, including tax deductions, to encourage
private
participation in programs of basic and applied scientific research.
Scholarships,
grants-in-aid, or other forms of incentives shall be provided to
deserving
science students, researchers, scientists, inventors, technologists,
and
specially gifted citizens.cralaw:red
Section 12. The State shall
regulate the transfer and promote the adaptation of technology from all
sources for the national benefit. It shall encourage the widest
participation
of private groups, local governments, and community-based organizations
in the generation and utilization of science and technology.cralaw:red
Section 13. The State shall
protect and secure the exclusive rights of scientists, inventors,
artists,
and other gifted citizens to their intellectual property and creations,
particularly when beneficial to the people, for such period as may be
provided
by law.
SPORTS
Section 19. (1) The State shall
promote physical education and encourage sports programs, league
competitions,
and amateur sports, including training for international competitions,
to foster self-discipline, teamwork, and excellence for the development
of a healthy and alert citizenry.
(2) All educational institutions
shall undertake regular sports activities throughout the country in
cooperation
with athletic clubs and other sectors.
ARTICLE XVTHE FAMILY
Section 1. The State recognizes
the Filipino family as the foundation of the nation. Accordingly, it
shall
strengthen its solidarity and actively promote its total development.
Section 2. Marriage, as an
inviolable social institution, is the foundation of the family and
shall
be protected by the State.cralaw:red
Section 3. The State shall
defend:chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
(1) The right of spouses
to found a family in accordance with their religious convictions and
the
demands of responsible parenthood;
(2) The right of
children
to assistance, including proper care and nutrition, and special
protection
from all forms of neglect, abuse, cruelty, exploitation and other
conditions
prejudicial to their development;
(3) The right of the
family
to a family living wage and income; and
(4) The right of
families
or family associations to participate in the planning and
implementation
of policies and programs that affect them.
Section 4. The family has the
duty to care for its elderly members but the State may also do so
through
just programs of social security.
ARTICLE XVIGENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1. The flag of the Philippines
shall be red, white, and blue, with a sun and three stars, as
consecrated
and honored by the people and recognized by law.
Section 2. The Congress may,
by law, adopt a new name for the country, a national anthem, or a
national
seal, which shall all be truly reflective and symbolic of the ideals,
history,
and traditions of the people. Such law shall take effect only upon its
ratification by the people in a national referendum.cralaw:red
Section 3. The State may
not be sued without its consent.cralaw:red
Section 4. The Armed Forces
of the Philippines shall be composed of a citizen armed force which
shall
undergo military training and serve as may be provided by law. It shall
keep a regular force necessary for the security of the State.cralaw:red
Section 5. (1) All members
of the armed forces shall take an oath or affirmation to uphold and
defend
this Constitution.cralaw:red
(2) The State shall strengthen
the patriotic spirit and nationalist consciousness of the military, and
respect for people's rights in the performance of their duty.cralaw:red
(3) Professionalism in the
armed forces and adequate remuneration and benefits of its members
shall
be a prime concern of the State. The armed forces shall be insulated
from
partisan politics.cralaw:red
No member of the military
shall engage, directly or indirectly, in any partisan political
activity,
except to vote.cralaw:red
(4) No member of the armed
forces in the active service shall, at any time, be appointed or
designated
in any capacity to a civilian position in the Government, including
government-owned
or controlled corporations or any of their subsidiaries.cralaw:red
(5) Laws on retirement of
military officers shall not allow extension of their service.cralaw:red
(6) The officers and men
of the regular force of the armed forces shall be recruited
proportionately
from all provinces and cities as far as practicable.cralaw:red
(7) The tour of duty of the
Chief of Staff of the armed forces shall not exceed three years.
However,
in times of war or other national emergency declared by the Congress,
the
President may extend such tour of duty.cralaw:red
Section 6. The State shall
establish and maintain one police force, which shall be national in
scope
and civilian in character, to be administered and controlled by a
national
police commission. The authority of local executives over the police
units
in their jurisdiction shall be provided by law.cralaw:red
Section 7. The State shall
provide immediate and adequate care, benefits, and other forms of
assistance
to war veterans and veterans of military campaigns, their surviving
spouses
and orphans. Funds shall be provided therefor and due consideration
shall
be given them in the disposition of agricultural lands of the public
domain
and, in appropriate cases, in the utilization of natural resources.cralaw:red
Section 8. The State shall,
from time to time, review to increase the pensions and other benefits
due
to retirees of both the government and the private sectors.cralaw:red
Section 9. The State shall
protect consumers from trade malpractices and from substandard or
hazardous
products.cralaw:red
Section 10. The State shall
provide the policy environment for the full development of Filipino
capability
and the emergence of communication structures suitable to the needs and
aspirations of the nation and the balanced flow of information into,
out
of, and across the country, in accordance with a policy that respects
the
freedom of speech and of the press.cralaw:red
Section 11. (1) The ownership
and management of mass media shall be limited to citizens of the
Philippines,
or to corporations, cooperatives or associations, wholly-owned and
managed
by such citizens.cralaw:red
The Congress shall regulate
or prohibit monopolies in commercial mass media when the public
interest
so requires. No combinations in restraint of trade or unfair
competition
therein shall be allowed.cralaw:red
(2) The advertising industry
is impressed with public interest, and shall be regulated by law for
the
protection of consumers and the promotion of the general welfare.cralaw:red
Only Filipino citizens or
corporations or associations at least seventy per centum of the
capital of which is owned by such citizens shall be allowed to engage
in
the advertising industry.cralaw:red
The participation of foreign
investors in the governing body of entities in such industry shall be
limited
to their proportionate share in the capital thereof, and all the
executive
and managing officers of such entities must be citizens of the
Philippines.cralaw:red
Section 12. The Congress
may create a consultative body to advise the President on policies
affecting
indigenous cultural communities, the majority of the members of which
shall
come from such communities.
ARTICLE XVIIAMENDMENTS OR REVISIONS
Section 1. Any amendment to,
or revision of, this Constitution may be proposed by:chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
(1) The Congress, upon a
vote of three-fourths of all its Members; or
(2) A constitutional
convention.
Section 2. Amendments to this
Constitution may likewise be directly proposed by the people through
initiative
upon a petition of at least twelve per centum of the total
number
of registered voters, of which every legislative district must be
represented
by at least three per centum of the registered voters therein.
No
amendment under this section shall be authorized within five years
following
the ratification of this Constitution nor oftener than once every five
years thereafter.
The Congress shall provide
for the implementation of the exercise of this right.cralaw:red
Section 3. The Congress may,
by a vote of two-thirds of all its Members, call a constitutional
convention,
or by a majority vote of all its Members, submit to the electorate the
question of calling such a convention.cralaw:red
Section 4. Any amendment
to, or revision of, this Constitution under Section 1 hereof shall be
valid
when ratified by a majority of the votes cast in a plebiscite which
shall
be held not earlier than sixty days nor later than ninety days after
the
approval of such amendment or revision.cralaw:red
Any amendment under Section
2 hereof shall be valid when ratified by a majority of the votes cast
in
a plebiscite which shall be held not earlier than sixty days nor later
than ninety days after the certification by the Commission on Elections
of the sufficiency of the petition.
ARTICLE XVIIITRANSITORY PROVISIONS
Section 1. The first elections
of Members of the Congress under this Constitution shall be held on the
second Monday of May, 1987.
The first local elections
shall be held on a date to be determined by the President, which may be
simultaneous with the election of the Members of the Congress. It shall
include the election of all Members of the city or municipal councils
in
the Metropolitan Manila area.cralaw:red
Section 2. The Senators,
Members of the House of Representatives, and the local officials first
elected under this Constitution shall serve until noon of June 30, 1992.cralaw:red
Of the Senators elected in
the elections in 1992, the first twelve obtaining the highest number of
votes shall serve for six years and the remaining twelve for three
years.cralaw:red
Section 3. All existing laws,
decrees, executive orders, proclamations, letters of instructions, and
other executive issuances not inconsistent with this Constitution shall
remain operative until amended, repealed, or revoked.cralaw:red
Section 4. All existing treaties
or international agreements which have not been ratified shall not be
renewed
or extended without the concurrence of at least two-thirds of all the
Members
of the Senate.cralaw:red
Section 5. The six-year term
of the incumbent President and Vice-President elected in the February
7,
1986 election is, for purposes of synchronization of elections, hereby
extended to noon of June 30, 1992.cralaw:red
The first regular elections
for the President and Vice-President under this Constitution shall be
held
on the second Monday of May, 1992.cralaw:red
Section 6. The incumbent
President shall continue to exercise legislative powers until the first
Congress is convened.cralaw:red
Section 7. Until a law is
passed, the President may fill by appointment from a list of nominees
by
the respective sectors, the seats reserved for sectoral representation
in paragraph (2), Section 5 of Article V1 of this Constitution.cralaw:red
Section 8. Until otherwise
provided by the Congress, the President may constitute the Metropolitan
Manila Authority to be composed of the heads of all local government
units
comprising the Metropolitan Manila area.cralaw:red
Section 9. A sub-province
shall continue to exist and operate until it is converted into a
regular
province or until its component municipalities are reverted to the
mother
province.cralaw:red
Section 10. All courts existing
at the time of the ratification of this Constitution shall continue to
exercise their jurisdiction, until otherwise provided by law. The
provisions
of the existing Rules of Court, judiciary acts, and procedural laws not
inconsistent with this Constitution shall remain operative unless
amended
or repealed by the Supreme Court or the Congress.cralaw:red
Section 11. The incumbent
Members of the Judiciary shall continue in office until they reach the
age of seventy years or become incapacitated to discharge the duties of
their office or are removed for cause.cralaw:red
Section 12. The Supreme Court
shall, within one year after the ratification of this Constitution,
adopt
a systematic plan to expedite the decision or resolution of cases or
matters
pending in the Supreme Court or the lower courts prior to the
effectivity
of this Constitution. A similar plan shall be adopted for all special
courts
and quasi-judicial bodies.cralaw:red
Section 13. The legal effect
of the lapse, before the ratification of this Constitution, of the
applicable
period for the decision or resolution of the cases or matters submitted
for adjudication by the courts, shall be determined by the Supreme
Court
as soon as practicable.cralaw:red
Section 14. The provisions
of paragraphs (3) and (4), Section 15 of Article VIII of this
Constitution
shall apply to cases or matters filed before the ratification of this
Constitution,
when the applicable period lapses after such ratification.cralaw:red
Section 15. The incumbent
Members of the Civil Service Commission, the Commission on Elections,
and
the Commission on Audit shall continue in office for one year after the
ratification of this Constitution, unless they are sooner removed for
cause
or become incapacitated to discharge the duties of their office or
appointed
to a new term thereunder. In no case shall any Member serve longer than
seven years including service before the ratification of this
Constitution.cralaw:red
Section 16. Career civil
service employees separated from the service not for cause but as a
result
of the reorganization pursuant to Proclamation No. 3 dated March 25,
1986
and the reorganization following the ratification of this Constitution
shall be entitled to appropriate separation pay and to retirement and
other
benefits accruing to them under the laws of general application in
force
at the time of their separation. In lieu thereof, at the option of the
employees, they may be considered for employment in the Government or
in
any of its subdivisions, instrumentalities, or agencies, including
government-owned
or controlled corporations and their subsidiaries. This provision also
applies to career officers whose resignation, tendered in line with the
existing policy, had been accepted.cralaw:red
Section 17. Until the Congress
provides otherwise, the President shall receive an annual salary of
three
hundred thousand pesos; the Vice-President, the President of the
Senate,
the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and the Chief Justice of
the
Supreme Court, two hundred forty thousand pesos each; the Senators, the
Members of the House of Representatives, the Associate Justices of the
Supreme Court, and the Chairmen of the Constitutional Commissions, two
hundred four thousand pesos each; and the Members of the Constitutional
Commissions, one hundred eighty thousand pesos each.cralaw:red
Section 18. At the earliest
possible time, the Government shall increase the salary scales of the
other
officials and employees of the National Government.cralaw:red
Section 19. All properties,
records, equipment, buildings, facilities, and other assets of any
office
or body abolished or reorganized under Proclamation No. 3 dated March
25,
1986 or this Constitution shall be transferred to the office or body to
which its powers, functions, and responsibilities substantially pertain.cralaw:red
Section 20. The first Congress
shall give priority to the determination of the period for the full
implementation
of free public secondary education.cralaw:red
Section 21. The Congress
shall provide efficacious procedures and adequate remedies for the
reversion
to the State of all lands of the public domain and real rights
connected
therewith which were acquired in violation of the Constitution or the
public
land laws, or through corrupt practices. No transfer or disposition of
such lands or real rights shall be allowed until after the lapse of one
year from the ratification of this Constitution.cralaw:red
Section 22. At the earliest
possible time, the Government shall expropriate idle or abandoned
agricultural
lands as may be defined by law, for distribution to the beneficiaries
of
the agrarian reform program.cralaw:red
Section 23. Advertising entities
affected by paragraph (2), Section 11 of Article XV1 of this
Constitution
shall have five years from its ratification to comply on a graduated
and
proportionate basis with the minimum Filipino ownership requirement
therein.cralaw:red
Section 24. Private armies
and other armed groups not recognized by duly constituted authority
shall
be dismantled. All paramilitary forces including Civilian Home Defense
Forces not consistent with the citizen armed force established in this
Constitution, shall be dissolved or, where appropriate, converted into
the regular force.cralaw:red
Section 25. After the expiration
in 1991 of the Agreement between the Republic of the Philippines and
the
United States of America concerning military bases, foreign military
bases,
troops, or facilities shall not be allowed in the Philippines except
under
a treaty duly concurred in by the Senate and, when the Congress so
requires,
ratified by a majority of the votes cast by the people in a national
referendum
held for that purpose, and recognized as a treaty by the other
contracting
State.cralaw:red
Section 26. The authority
to issue sequestration or freeze orders under Proclamation No. 3 dated
March 25, 1986 in relation to the recovery of ill-gotten wealth shall
remain
operative for not more than eighteen months after the ratification of
this
Constitution. However, in the national interest, as certified by the
President,
the Congress may extend such period.cralaw:red
A sequestration or freeze
order shall be issued only upon showing of a prima facie case.
The
order and the list of the sequestered or frozen properties shall
forthwith
be registered with the proper court. For orders issued before the
ratification
of this Constitution, the corresponding judicial action or proceeding
shall
be filed within six months from its ratification. For those issued
after
such ratification, the judicial action or proceeding shall be commenced
within six months from the issuance thereof.cralaw:red
The sequestration or freeze
order is deemed automatically lifted if no judicial action or
proceeding
is commenced as herein provided.cralaw:red
Section 27. This Constitution
shall take effect immediately upon its ratification by a majority of
the
votes cast in a plebiscite held for the purpose and shall supersede all
previous Constitutions.cralaw:red
The foregoing proposed Constitution
of the Republic of the Philippines was approved by the Constitutional
Commission
of 1986 on the twelfth day of October, Nineteen hundred and eighty-six,
and accordingly signed on the fifteenth day of October, Nineteen
hundred
and eighty-six at the Plenary Hall, National Government Center, Quezon
City, by the Commissioners whose signatures are hereunder affixed.
Adopted:chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
Cecilia Munoz Palma
President
Ambrosio B. Padilla
Vice-President
Napoleon G. Rama
Floor Leader
Ahmad
Domocao
Alonto
Jose D. Calderon
Assistant Floor
Leader
Assistant Floor Leader
Yusuf
R.
Abubakar
Felicitas S. Aquino
Adolfo S.
Azcuna
Teodoro C. Bacani
Jose F. S. Bengzon,
Jr.
Ponciano L. Bennagen
Joaquin G.
Bernas
Florangel Rosario Braid
Crispino M. de
Castro
Jose C. Colayco
Roberto R.
Concepcion
Hilario G. Davide, Jr.
Vicente B.
Foz
Edmundo G. Garcia
Jose Luis Martin C.
Gascon Serafin V.C. Guingona
Alberto M. K.
Jamir
Jose B. Laurel, Jr.
Eulogio R.
Lerum
Regalado E. Maambong
Christian S.
Monsod
Teodulo C. Natividad
Ma. Teresa F.
Nieva
Jose N. Nolledo
Blas F.
Ople
Minda Luz M. Quesada
Florenz D.
Regalado
Rustico F. de los Reyes, Jr.
Cirilo A.
Rigos
Francisco A. Rodrigo
Ricardo J.
Romulo
Decoroso R. Rosales
Rene V.
Sarmiento
Jose E. Suarez
Lorenzo M.
Sumulong
Jaime S. L. Tadeo
Christine O.
Tan
Gregorio J. Tingson
Efrain B.
Trenas
Lugum L. Uka
Wilfrido V.
Villacorta
Bernardo M. Villegas
Attested by :
Flerida Ruth P. Romero
Secretary-General
ORDINANCEAPPORTIONING THE
SEATS OF THE HOUSE OF
REPRESENTATIVES
OF THE CONGRESS OF THE PHILIPPINES TO THE DIFFERENT LEGISLATIVE
DISTRICTS
IN PROVINCES AND CITIES AND THE METROPOLITAN
MANILA
AREA
Section 1. For purposes of
the election of Members of the House of Representatives of the First
Congress
of the Philippines under the Constitution proposed by the 1986
Constitutional
Commission and subsequent elections, and until otherwise provided by
law,
the Members thereof shall be elected from legislative districts
apportioned
among the provinces, cities, and the Metropolitan Manila Area as
follows:
cralaw:red
METROPOLITAN MANILA AREAMANILA, six (6) - First
District:
Barangays Nos. 1-146, N-City Boundary between Manila and Caloocan; E -
From Estero de Sunog Apog going South to Estero de Vitas up to the
bridge
spanning Juan Luna Street, eastward to Tayuman Street up to the
Railroad
Tracks along Dagupan Street, thence southward to Claro M. Recto Avenue;
SE - From point Claro M. Recto Avenue extending westward to Manila Bay;
W - Manila Bay northward to City boundary between Manila and Caloocan.
Second District: Barangays Nos. 147-267, N - City boundary between
Manila
and Caloocan; E - From end of Rizal Avenue Extension extending
southward
to Railroad Tracks at Antipolo Street; from corner Antipolo Street and
Rizal Avenue on southern side of Railroad Tracks extending westward to
Estero de San Lazaro, southward along Estero de San Lazaro up to corner
of C. M. Recto Avenue westward to bridge spanning Claro M. Recto at
Estero
de la Reina; W - Estero de la Reina to Estero de Vitas to Estero Sunog
Apog to City boundary between Manila and Caloocan; Third District:
Barangays
Nos. 268-394, N - City boundary between Manila and Caloocan; E - A.
Bonifacio
Street extending southward to Dimasalang, to Anda-lucia, Claro M. Recto
Avenue eastward to Estero de San Miguel ending at Pasig River; S -
Mouth
of Estero de San Miguel at Pasig River, westward to Del Pan Bridge,
thence
to Del Pan Street; W - Del Pan Street northward up to Claro M. Recto
Extension
to Estero de San Lazaro, northward to Antipolo Street, eastward to
Rizal
Avenue Extension, northward to boundary between Manila and Caloocan;
Fourth
District: Barangays Nos. 395 - 586 SW - Estero de San Miguel up to
Mendiola
Bridge, thence to C. M. Recto Avenue to Quezon Boulevard; W - Quezon
Boulevard,
Andalucia, Dimasalang up to boundary between Manila and Quezon City; NE
- City boundary between Manila and Quezon City up to Ramon Magsaysay
Boulevard;
SE - Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard up to V. Mapa Street; S - Ramon
Magsaysay
Boulevard up to point Estero de San Miguel where Ramon Magsaysay
Boulevard
spans Estero de San Miguel; Fifth District: Barangays Nos. 649-828 N -
Mouth of Pasig River inland to point Paz M. Guanzon Street extending to
Estero de Pandacan; NE - Estero de Pandacan up to Pedro Gil Street to
Tejeron
Street up to boundary of Manila and Makati; SE - City boundary between
Manila and Makati up to Estero de Tripa de Gallina; S - City boundary
between
Pasay and Manila down to Roxas Boulevard up to edge of reclaimed areas
westward to Manila Bay; W - Manila Bay up to mouth of Pasig River,
Sixth
District: Barangays Nos. 587-648; and 829-905 N - Starting from point
which
is mouth of Estero de San Miguel going eastward to Mendiola Bridge,
following
line along Estero de San Miguel up to point where Ramon Magsaysay
Boulevard
eastward to City boundary between Manila and Quezon Cityl; NE - City
boundary
up to point city boundary of Manila, San Juan and Quezon City; E -
Manila-San
Juan-Mandaluyong-Makati boundaries up to Tejeron Street; SE - Tejeron
Street
to Pedro Gil Street up to bridge spanning Estero de Pandacan; SW &
W - Estero de Pandacan going northward to Paz M. Guanzon Street, then
northward
on Paz M. Guazon Street up to Pasig River to mouth of Estero de San
Miguel
on Pasig River.
QUEZON CITY, four (4) - First
District : Barangays Del Monte, Paltok, Bungad, San Antonio, Katipunan,
Veterans Village, Talayan, Damayan, Mariblo, Paraiso, Sta. Cruz, Nayong
Kanluran, Philam, West Triangle, N.S. Amoranto, Paang Bundok, San
Isidro
Labrador, Sta. Teresita, Salvacion, Maharlika, St. Peter, Lourdes, Sto.
Domingo, Sienna, San Jose, Manresa, Pag-ibig sa Nayon, Balingasa,
Masambong,
Damar, Bahay Toro, St. Cristo, Ramon Magsaysay, Project 6, Vasra,
Alicia,
and Bagong Pag-asa; Second District: Barangays Fairview, New Era, Holy
Spirit, Batasan Hills, Commonwealth, Payatas, Bagong Silangan, Sauyo,
Talipapa,
Bagbag, San Bartolome, Sta. Lucia, Gulod, Novaliches Proper, San
Agustin,
Nagkaisang Nayon, Sta. Monica, Kaligayahan, Pasong Putik, Apolonio
Samson,
Unang Sigaw, Tandang Sora, Pasong Tamo, Culiat, Baesa, Capri,
Balumbato,
and Sangandaan: Third District : Barangays E. Rodriguez, Silangan,
Quirino
3-A, Duyan-Duyan, Quirino 3-B, Amihan, Socorro, San Roque, Manga, Zobel
Dioquino, Tagumpay, Aguinaldo, Escopa 1, Escopa 2, Escopa 3, Escopa 4,
West Kamias, East Kamias, Quirino 2 A, Quririno 2 B, Quirino 2 C, Ugong
Norte, Bagumbayan, Libis, Villa Maria Clara, Masagana, Milagrosa,
Marilag,
Bagumbayan, Loyola Heights, Pansol, and Matandang Balara; Fourth
District:
Barangays Bagong Lipunan, Kaunlaran, San Martin, Immaculate Concepcion,
South Triangle, Sacred Heart, Laging Handa, Paligsahan, Obrero, Roxas,
Kamuning, Kanluran, Kamuning Silangan, Tatalon, Don Manuel, Dona
Josefa,
San Isidro, Dona Aurora, Santo Nino, Santol, Dona Imelda, Kristong
Hari,
Kalusugan, Damayang Lagi, Mariana, Valencia, Horseshoe, Pinagkaisahan,
San Vicente, U.P. Campus, Krus Na Ligas, Central, Old Capital Site,
U.P.
Village, Teacher's East, Teacher's West, Sikatuna, Malaya, Pinahan, and
Botocan.cralaw:red
CALOOCAN CITY, two (2) -
First District : 70 Barangays; All of Caloocan North EDSA; Second
District:
118 Barangays; All of Caloocan South EDSA.cralaw:red
PASAY CITY, one (1)
MALABON and NAVOTAS, one
(1)
SAN JUAN and MANDALUYONG,
one (1)
MARIKINA, one (1)
MAKATI, one (1)
PASIG, one (1) PARANAQUE,
one (1)
LAS PINAS and MUNTINGLUPA,
one (1)
PATEROS and TAGUIG, one (1) VALENZUELA, one (1)
REGION I
ABRA, one (1)
BENGUET, with the City of
Baguio, two (2) - First District: Baguio City; Second District: all the
Municipalities of Benguet.cralaw:red
ILOCOS NORTE, with Laog City,
two (2) - First District: Laoag City and the Municipalities of Bacarra,
Bangui, Burgos, Pagud-Pagud, Pasuquin, Piddig, Sarrat, Vintar, Adams,
Carasi,
and Dumalneg; Second District: Municipalities of Badoc, Batac,
Currimao,
Dingras, Espiritu, Marcos, Nueva Era, Paoay, Pinili, San Nicolas, and
Solsona.cralaw:red
ILOCOS SUR, two (2) - First
District: Municipalities of Bantay, Cabugao, Caoayan, Magsingal, San
Ildefonso,
San Juan, San Vicente, San Catalina, Santo Domingo, Sinait, and Vigan;
Second District: Municipalities of Alilem, Banayoyo, Burgos, Candon,
Cervantes,
Galimuyod, Gregorio del Pilar, Lidlidda, Nagbukel, Narvacan, Quirino,
Salcedo,
San Emilio, San Esteban, Santa, Santa Cruz, Santa Lucia, Santa Maria,
Santiago,
Suyo, Tagudin, Sigay, and Sugpon.cralaw:red
LA UNION, two (2) - First
District : Municipalities of Bacnotan, Balaoan, Bangar, Luna, San
Fernando,
San Gabriel, San Juan, Santol, and Sudipen; Second District:
Municipalities
of Agoo, Aringay, Bagulin, Bauang, Burgos, Caba, Naguilian, Pugo,
Rosario,
Santo Tomas, and Tubao.cralaw:red
MOUNTAIN PROVINCE, one (1)
PANGASINAN, with the Cities
of Dagupan and San Carlos, six (6) - First District: Municipalities of
Bolinao, Bani, Agno, Burgos, Dasol, Infanta, Mabini, Alaminos, Anda and
Sual; Second District: Municipalities of Labrador, Lingayen, Bugallon,
Aguilar, Mangatarem, Binmaley, Urbiztondo, and Basista; Third District:
San Carlos City, and the Municipalities of Malasiqui, Bayambang,
Calasiao,
Mapandan, and Sta. Barbara; Fourth District: Dagupan City and the
Municipalities
of Mangaldan, San Fabian, San Jacinto, and Manaoag; Fifth District:
Municipalities
of Binalonan, Laoac, Urdaneta, Villasis, Sison, Pozorrubio, Bautista,
Alcala,
and Sto. Tomas; Sixth District: Municipalities of Rosales, Asingan,
Balungao,
Sta. Maria, Umingan, San Quintin, Natividad, Tayug, San Nicolas, and
San
Manuel.
REGION II
BATANES, one (1)
CAGAYAN, three (3) - First
District: Municipalities of Aparri, Camalaniugan, Lallo, Buguey, Sta.
Teresita,
Gonzaga, Sta. Ana, Gattaran, Baggao, and Alcala; Second District:
Municipalities
of Sta. Praxedes, Sanchez Mira, Claveria, Pamplona, Abulug,
Ballesteros,
Allacapan, Lasam, Sto. Nino, Rizal, Piat, and Calayan; Third District:
Municipalities of Tuguegarao, Solana, Enrile, Penablanca, Iguig,
Amulung,
and Tuao.cralaw:red
IFUGAO, one (1)
ISABELA, four (4) - First
District: Municipalities of Sta. Maria, San Pablo, Cabagan, Sto. Tomas,
Albano, Tumauini, Ilagan, Divilican, Maconacon, and Palanan; Second
District:
Municipalities of Aurora, San Manuel, Roxas, Mallig, Quezon, Quirino,
Burgos,
Gamu, Naguilian, Benito Soliven, An Mariano; Third District:
Municipalities
of Reina Mercedes, Cauayan, Luna, Cabatuan, San Mateo, Alicia,
Angadanan,
and San Guillermo; Fourth District: Municipalities Cordon, Santiango,
Ramon,
San Isidro, Echague, Jones, San Agustin, and Dinapigui.cralaw:red
KALINGA-APAYAO, one (1)
NUEVA VIZCAYA, one (1)
QUIRINO, one (1)
REGION III
BATAAN, two (2) - First District:
Municipalities of Dinalupihan, Hermosa, Orani, Samal, Abucay, and
Morong,
Second District: Municipalities of Pilar, Orion, Limay, Bagac,
Mariveles,
and Balanga.
BULACAN, four (4) - First
District : Municipalities of Hagonoy, Paombong, Malolos, Calumpit,
Pulilan,
and Bulacan; Second Distict: Municipalities Baliuag, Bustos, Plaridel,
Guiguinto, Balagtas, Pandi, and Bocaue; Third District: Municipalities
of San Miguel, San Ildefonso, San Rafael, Angat, Norzagaray, and
Remedios
Trinidad; Fourth District: Municipalities of San Jose del Monte, Sta.
Maria,
Marilao, Meycauayan,, and Obando.cralaw:red
NUEVA ECIJA, with the Cities
of Cabanatuan, Palayan and San Jose, four (4) - First District:
Municipalities
of Nampicuan, Cuyapo, Guimba, Quezon, Talavera, Licab, Sto. Domingo,
Aliaga,
and Zaragoza, Second District: San Jose City and the Municipalities of
Lupao, Munoz, Talugtog, Caranglan, Pantabangan, Lanera, and Rizal;
Third
District: Cabanatuan City; Palayan City, and the Municipalities of
General
Natividad, Bongabong, Laur, Gabaldon, and Sta. Rosa, Fourth District:
Municipalities
fof San Leonardo, General Tinio, Penaranda, Gapan, San Isidro, Cabiao,
San Antonio, and Jaen.cralaw:red
PAMPANGA, with Angeles City,
four (4) - First District : Angeles City and the Municipalities of
Mabalacat
and Magalang; Second District: Municipalities of Lubao, Guagua,
Floridablanca,
Porac, Sta. Rita, and Sexmoan; Third District: Municipalities of San
Fernando,
Arayat, Mexico, Bacolor, and Sta. ana; Fourth District: Municipalities
of Candaba, Apalit, Macabebe, Masantol, Minalin, Sto. Tomas, San Luis,
and San Simon.cralaw:red
TARLAC, three (3) - First
District: Municipalities of Mayantoc, Sta. Ignacia, Camiling, Moncada,
San Manuel, Anao, Paniqui, Ramos, San Clemente, and Pura; Second
District:
Municipalities of Tarlac, Gerona, and Victoria; Third District:
Municipalities
of Bamban, Capas, Concepcion, and La Paz.cralaw:red
ZAMBALES, with Olongapo City,
two (2) - First District: Olongapo City and the Municipalities of
Subic,
Castillejos, and San Marcelino, Second District: Municipalities of
Botolan,
Cabangan, Candelaria, Iba, Masinloc, Palauig, San Antonio, San Felipe,
San Narciso, and Sta. Cruz.
REGION IV
AURORA, one (1)
BATANGAS, with the Cities
of Batangas and Lipa, four (4) - First District: Municipalities of
Nasugbu,
Lian, Calatagan, Balayan, Tuy, Calaca, Lemery, and Taal; Second
District:
Batangas City and the Municipalities of Lobo, San Pascual, Bauan,
Mabini,
San Luis, and Tingloy; Third District: Municipalities of Balete,
Malvar,
Sto. Tomas, Tanauan, Talisay, Laurel, Agoncillo, San Nicolas, Sta.
Teresita,
Alitagtag, Cuenca, and Mataas na Kahoy; Fourth District : Lipa City and
the Municipalities of San Juan, Taysan, Rosario, P. Garcia, Ibaan, and
San Jose.cralaw:red
CAVITE, with the Cities of
Tagaytay, Cavite and Trece Martires, three (30 - First District: Cavite
City and the Municipalities of Bacoor, Kawit, Noveleta, and Rosario;
Second
District: Trece Martires City and the Municipalities of Imus,
Dasmarinas,
Carmona, Gen. Mariano Alvarez, General Trias, and Tanza; Third
District:
Tagaytay City and the Municipalities of Alfonso, Amadeo, General
Aguinaldo,
Indang, Magallanes, Maragondon, Mendez-Nunez, Naic, Silang, and Ternate.cralaw:red
LAGUNA, with San Pablo City,
four (4) - First District: Municipalities of Binan, San Pedro and Sta.
Rosa; Second District: Municipalities of Bay, Cabuyao, Calamba, and Los
Banos; Third District: San Pablo City and the Municipalities of
Calauan,
Alaminos, Rizal, Nagcarlan, Liliw, and Victoria: Fourth District:
Municipalities
of Sta. Cruz, Pila, Lumban, Pagsanjan, Cavinti, Kalayaan, Paete, Pakil,
Pangil, Siniloan, Famy, Mabitac, Sta. Maria, Magdalena, Luisiana, and
Majayjay.cralaw:red
MARINDUQUE, one (1)
OCCIDENTAL MINDORO, one (1)
ORIENTAL MINDORO, two (2)
- First District: Municipalities of Baco, Calapan, Naujan, Puerto
Galera,
San Teodoro, Victoria, Pola, and Socorro; Second District:
Municipalities
of Bansud, Bongabon, Bulalakao, Gloria, Mansalay, Pinamalayan, and
Roxas.cralaw:red
PALAWAN, with Puerto Princesa
City, two (2) - First District: Municipalities of Agutaya, Araceli,
Busuanga,
Cagayancillo, Coron, Cuyo, Dumaran, El Nido, Linapacan, Magsaysay,
Roxas,
San Vicente, Taytay, and Kalayaan; Second District: Puerto Princesa
City
and the Municipalities of Aborlan, Balabac, Batarasa, Brooke's Point,
Narra,
Quezon, and Marcos.cralaw:red
QUEZON, with Lucena City,
four (4) - First District: Municipalities of Burdeos, Gen. Nakar,
Infanta,
Jumalig, Panukulan, Patnanungan, Polilio, Real, Sampaloc, Mauban,
Pagbilao,
Lucban, and Tayabas; Second District: Lucena city and Municipalities of
Candelaria, Dolores, San Antonio, Sariaya, and Tiaong; Third District:
Municipalities of Catanauan, Gen. Luna, Macalelon, Mulanay, Pitogo, San
Andres, San Francisco, San Narciso, Buenavista, Padre Burgos, Agdangan,
and Unisan; Fourth District: Municipalities of Calauag, Guinayangan,
Gumaca,
Lopez, Tagkawayan, Atimonan, Plaridel, Alabat, Perez, and Quezon
RIZAL, two (2) - First District:
Municipalities of Antipolo, Taytay, Cainta, Angono, and Binangonan;
Second
District: Municipalities of E. Rodriguez, San Mateo, Morong, Cardona,
Teresa,
Baras, Tanay, Pililla, and Jala-Jala.cralaw:red
ROMBLON, one (1)
REGION V
ALBAY, with Legazpi City, three
(3) - First District: Municipalities of Bacacay, Malinao, Malilipot,
Santo
Domingo, Tabaco, and Tiwi, Second District: Legazpi City and the
Municipalities
of Camalig, Daraga, Manito, and Rapu-Rapu; Third District:
Municipalities
of Guinobatan, Jovellar, Libon, Ligao, Oas, Pio Duran, and Polangui.
CAMARINES NORTE, one (1)
CAMARINES SUR, including
the Cities of Naga and Iriga, four (4) - First District: Municipalities
of Del Gallego, Ragay, Lupi, Sipocot, Libmanan, Cabusao, Pamplona,
Pasacao,
Minalabac, and San Fernando, Second District : Naga City and the
Municipalities
of Bonbon, Calabanga, Camaligan, Canaman, Gainza, Magarao, Milaor,
Ocampo,
and Pili; Third District: Municipalities of Caramoan, Garchitorena,
Goa,
Lagonoy, Presentacion, Sangay, San Jose, Tigaon, Tinambac, and Siruma;
Fourth District: Iriga City and the Municipalities of Baao, Balatan,
Bato,
Buhi, Bula, and Nabua.cralaw:red
CATANDUANES, one (1)
MASBATE, three (3) - First
District Municipalities of San Pascual, Claveria, Monreal, San Jacinto,
San Fernando, and Batuan; Second District: Municipalities of Masbate,
Mobo,
Milagros, Aroroy, Baleno, Balud, and Mandaon; Third District:
Municipalities
of Uson, Dimasalang, Palanas, Cataingan, Pio V. Corpuz, Esperanza,
Placer,
and Cawayan.cralaw:red SORSOGON, two (2) - First
District: Municipalities of Sorsogon, Pilar, Donsol, Castilla, Bacon,
Casiguran,
and Magallanes; Second District: Municipalities of Barcelona, Prieto
Diaz,
Gubat, Juban, Bulusan, Irosin, Sta. Magdalena, Matnog, and Bulan.
REGION VI
AKLAN, one (1)
ANTIQUE, one (1)
CAPIZ, including Roxas City,
two (2) - First District: Roxas City and the Municipalities of Panay,
Pilar,
Pontevedra, President Roxas, Ma-ayon, and Panitan; Second District:
Municipalities
of Dumalag, Jamindan, Mambusao, Sapian, Sigma, Tapaz, Cuartero, Dao,
Dumarao,
and Ivisan.cralaw:red
ILOILO, five (5) - First
District: Municipalities of Guimbal, Igbaras, San Joaquin, Tigbauan,
Tubungan,
Miagao, and Oton; Second District; Municipalities of Jordan, Nueva
Valencia,
Buenavista, Pavia, Leganes, Sta. Barbara, New Lucena, Zarraga,
Alimodian,
Leon, and San Miguel; Third District: Municipalities of Maasin,
Cabatuan,
Janiuay, Badiangan, Mina, Pototan, Calinog, Lambunao, and Bingawan;
Fourth
District: Municipalities of Passi, San Enrique, Duenas, Dingle, Barotac
Nuevo, Dumangas, Anilao, and Banate; Fifth District: Municipalities of
Barotac Viejo, San Rafael, Ajuy, Lemery, Concepcion, Sara, San
Dionisio,
Batad, Estancia, Balasan, and Carles.cralaw:red
ILOILO CITY, one (1)
NEGROS OCCIDENTAL, with the
Cities of San Carlos, Cadiz, Bago, La Carlota, and Silay, six (6) -
First
District: San Carlos City and the Municipalities of Toboso, Calatrava,
Escalante, and S. Benedicto; Second District: Cadiz City and the
Municipalities
of Sagay and Manapla; Third District: Silay City and the Municipalities
of Victorias, Enrique B. Magalona, Talisay, and Murcia; Fourth
District:
Bago City and the Municipalities of Valladolid, San Enrique,
Pontevedra,
Pulupandan, and La Carlota; Fifth District: Municipalities of La
Castellana,
Moises Padilla, Isabela, Binalbagan, Himamaylan, and Hinigaran; Sixth
District:
Municipalities of Kabankalan, Ilog, Cauayan, Candoni, Sipalay, and
Hinobaan.cralaw:red
BACOLOD CITY, one (1)
REGION VII
BOHOL, with Tagbilaran City,
three (3) - First District: Tagbilaran City and the Municipalities of
Alburquerque,
Antequera, Baclayon, Balilihan, Calape, Catigbian, Corella, Cortes,
Dauis,
Loon, Maribojoc, Panglao, Sikatuna, and Tubigon; Second District:
Municipalities
of Clarin, Inabangan, Sagbayan, Buenavista, Jetafe, Dagohoy, Danao, San
Miguel, Trinidad, Talibon, Ubay, Bien Unido, San Isidro, and Pres. C.
P.
Garcia; Third District: Municipalities of Loay, Loboc, Bilar, Batuan,
Carmen,
Sevilla, Lila, Dimiao, Valencia, Garcia-Hernandez, Jagna, Duero,
Guindulman,
Candijay, Mabini, Alicia, Anda, Sierra Bullones, and Pilar.
CEBU, with the Cities of
Danao, Lapu-Lapu, Mandaue, and Toledo, six (6) - First District:
Municipalities
of Talisay, Minglanilla, Naga, San Fernando, Carcar, and Sibongan;
Second
District: Municipalities of Argao, Dalaguete, Alcoy, Boljoon, Oslob,
Santander,
Samboan, Ginatilan, Malabuyoc, Alegria, Badian, Moal- boal, Alcantara,
Ronda, and Dumanjug; Third District: Toledo City and the Municipalities
of Barili, Alonguinsan, Pinamungajan, Balamban, Asturias, and Tuburan;
Fourth District: Municipalities of Tabuelan, San Remigio, Sta. Fe,
Bantayan,
Madridejos, Daan- bantayan, Medellin, Bogo, and Tabogon; Fifth
District:
Danao City and the Municipalities of Borbon, Sogod, Catmon, Carmen,
Compostela,
Liloan, San Francisco, Poro, Tudela, and Pilar; Sixth District:
Lapu-lapu
City, Mandanue City, and the Municipalities of Cordova and Consolacion.cralaw:red
CEBU CITY, two (2) - First
District: Barangays of Adlawon, Agsungot, Apas, Bacayan, Banilad,
Binaliw,
Budla-an, Busay, Cmbinocot, Camputhaw, Capitol Site, Carreta, Central
Proper,
Cogon-Ramos, Day-as, Ermita, Guba, Hipodromo, Kalubihan, Kamagayan,
Kasambagan,
Lahug, Lorega, Lusaran, Luz, Mabini, Mabolo, Malubog, Pahina Central,
Parian,
Paril, Pit-os, Pulang Bato, Sambag 1, Sambag 11, San Antonio, San Jose,
San Roque, Sta. Cruz, Sirao, T. Padilla, Talamban, Taptap, Tejero,
Tinago,
and Zapatera; Second District: Barangays of Babag, Basak Pardo, Basak
San
Nicolas, Bonbon, Buhisan, Bulacao pardo, Bout-Taup, Calamba, Cogon
Pardo,
Duljo Fatima, Guadalupe, Inayawan, Kalunasan, Kinasang-an Pardo,
Labangon,
Mambaling, Pahina San Nicolas, Pamutan, Pardo, Pasil Abuno, Sibugay,
Punta
Princesa, Quiot, San Nicolas, Sawang Calero, Sinsin, Suba Pasil,
Sudlon,
Sapangdako, Tabunan, Tigbao, Tisa, and Toong.cralaw:red
NEGROS ORIENTAL, with the
Cities of Bais, Canlaon, and Dumaguete, three (3) - First District:
Canlaon
City and the Municipalities of Vallehermoso, Guihulngan, La Libertad,
Jimalalud,
Tayasan, Ayungon, Bindoy, and Manjuyod; Second District: Bais City,
Dumaguete
City, and the Municipalities of Mabinay, Tanjay, Pamplona, Amlan, San
Jose,
and Sibulan; Third District: Municipalities of Valencia, Bacong, Dauin,
Zamboanguita, Siaton, Sta. Catalina, Bayawan, and Basay.cralaw:red
SIQUIJOR, one (1)
REGION VIII
LEYTE, with the Cities of Tacloban
and Ormoc, five (5) - First District: Tacloban City and the
municipalities
of Alangalang, Babatngon, Palo, San Miguel, Sta. Fe, Tanauan, and
Talosa;
Second District: Municipalities of Barugo, Barauen, Capoocan, Carigara,
Dagami, Dulag, Jaro, Julita, La Paz, Mayorga, MacArcthur, Pastrana,
Tabontabon,
and Tunga; Third District: Municipalities of Almeria, Biliran,
Cabucgayan,
Caibiran, Calubian, Culaba, Kawayan, Leyte, Maripipi, Naval, San
Isidro,
Tabango, and Villaba; Fourth District: Ormoc city and the
Municipalities
of Albuera, Isabel, Kananga, Matagob, Merida, and Palompon; Fifth
District:
Municipalities of Abuyog, Bato, Baybay, Hilongos, Hindang, Inopacan,
Javier,
Mahaplag, and Matalom.
SOUTHERN LEYTE, one (1)
EASTERN SAMAR, one (1)
NORTHERN SAMAR, two (2) -
First District: Municipalities of Allen, Biri, Bobon, Capul, Catarman,
Lavezares, Lope de Vega, Rosario, San Antonio, San Isidro, San Jose,
San
Vicente, Victoria, and Mondragon; Second District: Municipalities of
Silvino
Lobos, San Roque, Pambuyan, Las Navas, Catubig, Laoang, Palapag,
Mapanas,
Gamay, and Lapinig.cralaw:red
SAMAR, with Calbayog City,
two (2) - First District: Calbayog City and the Municipalities of
almagro,
Gandara, Matuguinao, Pag- sanghan, San Jorge, Santa Margarita, Sto.
Nino,
Tagapul-an, and Tarangnan; Second District: Municipalities of Basey,
Calbiga,
Catbalogan, Daram, Hinabangan, San Jose de Buan, Jiabong, Marabut,
Motiong,
Pinabacadao, San Sebastian, Sta. Rita, Talalora, Villareal, Wright, and
Zumarraga.
REGION IX
BASILAN, one (1)
SULU, two (2) - First District:
Municipalities of Jolo, Marungas, Indanan, Pangutaran, Parang, Talipao,
Maimbung, and Patikul; Second District: Municipalities of Siasi,
Pandami,
Pata, Luuk, K. Culuang, Panamao, New Panamao, Tapul, Lungus, and
Tongkil.cralaw:red
TAWI-TAWI, one (1)
ZAMBOANGA DEL NORTE, with
the Cities of Dapitan and Dipolog, three (3) - First District: Dapitan
City and the Municipalities of Sibutad, Rizal, La Libertad, Mutia,
Pinan,
Sergio Osmena, Sr., and Polanco; Second District: Dipolog City and the
Municipalities of Katipunan, Pres. Manuel A. Roxas, Manukan, Ponot,
Siayan,
and Sindangan; Third District: Municipalities of Salug; Godod, Liloy,
Tampilisan,
Labason, Gutalac, Siocon, Baliquian, Siraway, Bacungan, and Sibuco.cralaw:red
ZAMBOANGA DEL SUR, with Pagadian
City, three (3) - First District: Pagadian City and the Municipalities
of Dumingag, Mahayag, Molave, Tambulig, Midsalip, R. Magsaysay,
Labangan,
Aurora, Tukuran, Josefina, and Don Mariano Marcos; Second District:
Municipalities
of Dumalinao, San Pablo, Tabina, Dima- taling, Dinas, San Miguel,
Margosatubig,
Lapuyan, Kumalarang, Bayog, Lakewood, Pitogo, and Vincenzo A. Sagun;
Third
District: Municipalities of Malangas, Alicia, Olutanga, Mabuhay, Siay,
Kabasalan, Naga, Ipil, Titay, Tungawan, Buug, Imelda, Payao, Talusan,
Diplahan,
and Roseller Lim.cralaw:red
ZAMBOANGA CITY, one (1)
REGION X
AGUSAN DEL NORTE, with the City
of Butuan, two (2) - First District: Butuan City and the Municipality
of
Las Nieves, Second District: Municipalities of Buenavista, Cabadbaran,
Carmen, Jabonga, Kitcharao, Magallanes, Nasipit, Santiago, Tubay, and
Remedios
T. Romualdez.
AGUSAN DEL SUR, one (1)
BUKIDNON, three (3) - First
District: Municipalities of Talakag, Baungon, Malitbog, Libona, Manolo
Fortich, Sumialo, Panganto-can, and Kalilangan; Second District:
Municipalities
of Malay-balay, Lantapan, Cabanglasan, Valencia, San Fernando, and
Impasugong;
Third District: Municipalities of Maramag, Quezon, Don Carlos,
Kitaotao,
Dangcagan, Kibawe, Damulog, and Kadingilan.cralaw:red
CAMIGUIN, one (1)
MISAMIS OCCIDENTAL, with
the Cities of Oroquieta, Ozamiz and Tangub, two (2) - First District:
Oroquieta
City and the Municipalities of Baliangao, Plaridel, Calamba, Sapang
Dalaga,
Lopez Jaena, Aloran, Concepcion, Panaon, and Jimenez; Second District:
Ozamiz City, Tangub City, and the Municipalities of Bonifacio, Tudela,
Clarin, Sinacaban, and Don Mariano Marcos.cralaw:red
MISAMIS ORIENTAL, with Gingoog
City, two (2) - First District: Gingoog City and the Municipalities of
Magsaysay, Talisayan, Balingoan, Medina, Kinogitan, Sugbongcogon,
Binuangan,
Salay, Lagonglong, and Balingasag; Second District: Municipalities of
Claveria,
Jasaan, Villanueva, Tagoloan, Alubijid, El Salvador, Gitagum, Initao,
Laguindingan,
Libertad, Lugait, Manticao, Naawan, and Opol.cralaw:red
CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY, one
(1) SURIGAO DEL NORTE, with the
City of Surigao, two (2) - First District: Municipalities of Sta.
Monica,
San Isidro, Del Carme, Pilar, General Luna, Dapa, Socorro, Burgos, San
Benito, Loreto, Libjo, Dinagat, Cagdianao, Tubajon, and Basilisa;
Second
District: Surigao City and the Municipalities of San Francisco,
Tagana-an,
Sison, Placer, Malimono, Bacauag, Gigaquit, Tubod, Mainit, Alegria, and
Claver.
REGION XI
DAVAO DEL NORTE, three (3) -
First District: Municipalities of Moncayo, Montevista, Compostela,
Nabunturan,
New Bataan, Mawab, and San Mariano; Second District: Municipalities of
San Vicente, Capalong, Asuncion, New Corella, Tagum, Maco, Mabini, and
Pantukan; Third District: Municipalities of Sto. Tomas, Carmen, Panabo,
Babak, Samal, and Kaputian.
DAVAO ORIENTAL, two (2) -
First District: Municipalities of Boston, Cateel, Baganga, Caraga,
Manay,
and Tarragona; Second District: Municipalities of Mati, Banaybanay,
Lupon,
San Isidro, and Governor Generoso.cralaw:red
DAVAO DEL SUR, two (2) -
First District: Municipalities of Magsaysay, Bansalan, Sta. Cruz,
Matanao,
Digos, Hagonoy, and Padada; Second District: Municipalities of
Kiblawan,
Sulop, Malalag, Sta. Maria, Malita, Jose Abad Santos, Don Marcelino,
and
Saranggani.cralaw:red
DAVAO CITY, three (3) - First
District: Districts of
Poblacion and Talomo;
Second
District: Districts of
Buhangin, Bunawan,
and Paquibato;
Third District: Districts of Toril, Tugbok, Calinan, and Baguio.cralaw:red
SOUTH COTABATO, with General
Santos City, three (3) - First District: General Santos City, and the
Municipalities
of Polomolok, Tampakan, and Tupi; Second District: Municipalities of
Tantangan,
Norala, Banga, Sto. Nino, Surallah, Koronadal, Tiboli, and Lake Sebu;
Third
District: Municipalities of Alabel, Malapatan, Glan, Maasim, Kiamba,
Maitum,
and Malungon.cralaw:red
SURIGAO DEL SUR, two (2)
- First District: Municipalities of Bayabas, Cantilan, Carrascal,
Cortes,
Lanuza, Madrid, San Miguel, Tago, Tandag, Cagwit, Marihatag, San
Agustin,
Carmen, and Lianga; Second District: Municipalities of Barobo, Bislig,
Hinatuan, Lingig, and Tagbina.
REGION XII
LANAO DEL NORTE, with Iligan
City, two (2) - First District: Iligan City, Linamon, Kauswagan,
Bacolod,
Maigo, Kolambugan, Tubod, and Baroy; Second District: Baloi, Pantar,
Tagoloan,
Poona-Piagapo, Pantao-Ragat, Matungao, Tangkal, Munai, Nunungan,
Magsaysay,
Salvador, Kapatagan, Karomatan. Sapad, and Lala.
LANAO DEL SUR, with Marawi
City, (2) - First District: Marawi City and the Municipalities of
Marantao,
Piagapo, Saguiaran, Tagoloan, Kapai, Ditsaan - Ramain, Bubong,
Buadiposo-Buntong,
Bumbaran, Maguing, Wao, Molundo, Taraka, Lumba-Bayabao, Poona-Bayabao,
Masiu and Tamparan; Second District: Municipalities of Balindong,
Tugaya,
Bacolod Grande, Madalum, Madamba, Pualas, Ganassi, Pagayawan, Sultan
Gumander,
Malabang, Balabagan, Kapatagan, Marogong, Tubaran, Binidayan, Lumbatan,
Lumbayanague, Butig, Bayang and Calanogas.cralaw:red
MAGUINDANAO, with Cotabato
City, two (2) - First District: Cotabato City and the Municipalities of
Parang, Sultan Kudarat, Buldon, Barira, Dinaig, Kabuntalan, Matanog and
Upi; Second District: Municipalities of Pagalunga, Buluan, Sultan sa
Barongis,
Maganoy, Talaya, South Upi, Datu Piang, Datu Paglas, and Ampatuan.cralaw:red
NORTH COTABATO, two (2) -
First District: Municipalities of Carmen, Kabacan, Libungan, Midsayap,
Pigkawayan, Pikit, Aleosan, Banisilan, and Alamada; Second District:
Municipalities
of Kidapawan, Makilala, Matalam, Antipas, Mlang, Pres. Roxas Tulunan,
and
Magpet.cralaw:red
SULTAN KUDARAT, one (1)
Section 2. The Commission
on Elections is hereby empowered to make minor adjustments of the
reapportionment
herein made.cralaw:red
Section 3. Any province that
may hereafter be created, or any city whose population may hereafter
increase
to more than two hundred fifty thousand shall be entitiled in the
immediately
following election to at least one Member or such number of Members as
it may be entitled to on the basis of the number of its inhabitants and
according to the standards setforth in paragraph (3), Section 5 of
Article
VI of the Constitution. The number of Members apportioned to the
province
out of which such new province was created or where the city, whose
population
has so increased, is geographically located shall be correspondingly
adjusted
by the Commission on Elections but such adjustment shall not be made
within
one hundred and twenty days before the election.cralaw:red
Section 4. This Ordinance
shall be appended to the Constitution proposed by the 1986
Constitutional
Commission, and shall be submitted to a plebiscite simultaneously with
such Constitution, and shall take effect upon its ratification by a
majority
of the votes cast in such plebiscite.cralaw:red
Adopted: October 15, 1986
Cecilia Munoz Palma
President
Attested:chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
Flerida Ruth P. Romero
Secretary General
MEMBERSOF THECONSTITUTIONAL
COMMISSION[CON COM]WHICH DRAFTED THE1987 CONSTITUTION
OF
THE PHILIPPINES
Cecilia
Munoz Palma
President
Ambrosio
B. Padilla
Vice-President
Napoleon
G. Rama
Floor
Leader
Ahmad
Domocao
Alonto
Assistant
Floor Leader
Jose
D. Calderon
Assistant
Floor Leader
Yusuf
R. Abubakar
Felicitas
S. Aquino
Adolfo
S. Azcuna
Teodoro
C. Bacani
Jose
F. S. Bengzon, Jr.
Ponciano
L. Bennagen
Joaquin
G. Bernas
Florangel
Rosario Braid
Crispino
M. de Castro
Jose
C. Colayco
Roberto
R. Concepcion
Hilario
G. Davide, Jr.
Vicente
B.
Foz
Edmundo
G. Garcia
Jose
Luis Martin C. Gascon
Serafin
V.C. Guingona
Alberto
M. K. Jamir
Jose
B. Laurel, Jr.
Eulogio
R. Lerum
Regalado
E. Maambong
Christian
S. Monsod
Teodulo
C. Natividad
Ma.
Teresa F. Nieva
Jose
N. Nolledo
Blas
F. Ople
Minda
Luz M. Quesada
Florenz
D. Regalado
Rustico
F. de los Reyes, Jr.
Cirilo
A. Rigos
Francisco
A. Rodrigo
Ricardo
J. Romulo
Decoroso
R. Rosales
Rene
V. Sarmiento
Jose
E. Suarez
Lorenzo
M. Sumulong
Jaime
S. L. Tadeo
Christine
O. Tan
Gregorio
J. Tingson
Efrain
B.
Trenas Lugum
L. Uka
Wilfrido
V. Villacorta
Bernardo
M. Villegas
Attested
by :chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
Flerida
Ruth P. Romero
Secretary-General
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