Hair Pipes in Plains Indian Adornment

CONTENTS

• Foreword
• The hair pipe
• Aboriginal prototypes of trade hair pipes
• 17th-century tubular trade ornaments of glass
• 18th-century silver and brass hair pipes
• Shell hair pipes
  • Manufacture of shell hair pipes
  • Distribution of shell hair pipes among the Plains Indians
• Uses of hair pipes by Plains Indians prior to 1880
  • Archeological evidences of use
  • Hair pipes as ear pendants
  • Hair pipes as hair ornaments
  • Hair pipes in necklaces
  • Hair pipes as chokers
  • Hair pipes in breastplates
  • Limitations of the shell hair pipe
• The substitution of the bone hair pipe
  • Uses of hair pipes 1880-1910
  • Hair-pipe breastplates
  • Hair-pipe necklaces
  • Hair-pipe bandoliers
  • Hair-pipe ear pendants
  • Hair-pipe hair ornaments
  • Hair-pipe chokers
• Survival of the use of hair pipes
• Conclusions
• Bibliography

ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATES

• 13. Early forms of tubular trade ornaments
  • [a,b] Glass, (Susquehanna)
  • [c] Brass (Angel Site, Ind.)
  • [d] Silver (Courtesy Ohio State University)
• 14. Location of the Campbell Brothers' Wampum Factory, Park Ridge, N.J., about 1876
• 15[a]. The Campbell Brothers' Wampum Factory (1860-89)
• 15[b]. The four wampum makers (1886)
• 16. Tools used in drilling shell hair pipes
  • [a] Early form of simple bow drill
  • [b] Hair-pipe drilling machine
• 17. Stages in the manufacture of shell hair pipes
  • [a] Unworked Strombus gigas.
  • [b] Section of lip broken off.
  • [c] Pipe roughly blocked out.
  • [d] Drilled, partially shaped hair pipe.
  • [e] Long hair pipe shaped but unpolished.
  • [f] Polished and completed short hair pipe.
• 18. Hair pipes worn as ear pendants
  • [a] Osage warrior (1806)
  • [b] Kansa chief (1831)
  • [c] Wichita head chief (1834)
  • [d] Iowa war chief (1845-46)
• 19. Hair-pipe ear pendants of the Kiowa
  • [a] Specimens collected in 1891
  • [b] Worn by White Horse (1870)
• 20. Hair pipes worn as hair ornaments
  • [a]Plains Cree (1831)
  • [b]Crow (1882)
• 21. Hair pipes worn in necklaces
  • [a] Wife of Keokuk, Sauk and Fox Chief (1834)
  • [b] Sauk and Fox woman (1895-97)
• 22. Hair pipes worn in necklaces
  • [a] Comanche chief (1834)
  • [b] Wichita woman (1868)
• 23. Hair pipes worn as chokers
  • [a] Kiowa head chief (1834)
  • [b] Yankton (1867)
  • [c] Sauk and Fox (1887-93)
  • [d] Osage (1904)
  
  [p. 32]
• 24. Hair pipes worn in breastplates by Southern Plains Indians at the Medicine Lodge Treaty Council, 1867 (From painting by Hermann Stieffel.)
• 25. Hair-pipe breastplates from the Southern Plains
  • [a] Comanche specimen, collected in 1867
  • [b] Kiowa specimen, collected in 1891
• 26. Hair pipes worn in breastplates
  • [a] Powder Face and child, Northern Arapaho (1869)
  • [b] Tabiyuna, Moache Ute (1872)
• 27. Hair pipes worn in breastplates
  • [a] High Wolf, Oglala (1872)
  • [b] White Eagle, Ponca head chief (1877)
• 28. Change from dentalium-shell to hair-pipe breastplates. White Thunder, Brule, on visits to Washington
  • [a] White Thunder, Brule: 1872
  • [b] White Thunder, Brule: 1877
• 29. Shell hair pipes used in decoration of containers. [Left to right]
  • a. Awl case, Mandan (1869)
  • b. Kiowa toilet case (1890's)
  • c. Awl case, Cheyenne (1888)
• 30. Development of the bone hair pipe.
  • a and b, Corncob pipe with bone stem.
  • c and d, Cattle metacarpal bone and finished bone hair pipe. Side and end views.
• 31. Hair pipes worn in breastplates
  • Teton Dakota (before 1900)
  • Ojibwa (1911)
• 32. Famous wearers of hair-pipe breastplates
  • [a] Quannah Parker, Comanche
  • [b] Spotted Tail, Brule
  • [c] Red Cloud, Oglala
  • [d] Touching the Cloud, Miniconjou
• 33. Woman's necklace of hair pipes, simple forms
  • [a] Arapaho specimen
  • [b] Oglala woman (before 1900)
• 34. Woman's necklace of hair pipes, complex type
  • [a] Specimen, Dakota type
  • [b] Teton Dakota woman (before 1900)
• 35. Hair pipes worn as bandoliers
  • [a] Oglala (1893)
  • [b] Yakima (1901)
• 36[a]. Hair-pipe necklaces worn in Oglala Omaha dance, 1893
• 36[b]. Hair-pipe breastplates worn by Assiniboin grass dancers while visiting Blood Reserve in 1893
• 37. Recent uses of hair-pipe breastplates
  • [a] Taos Indian shield dancer (1948)
  • [b] Crazy Bull, Hunkpapa (1948)

MAPS

• 1. Distribution of hair-pipe ear pendants
• 2. Distribution of hair-pipe hair ornaments
• 3. Distribution of hair-pipe necklaces
• 4. Distribution of hair-pipe chokers
• 5. Distribution of hair-pipe breastplates
• 6. Distribution of hair-pipe bandoliers

TABLES

• 1. Hair-pipe necklaces depicted in George Catlin's portraits of Indian men and women of the Woodlands and Great Plains
• 2. Early photographs showing hair-pipe breastplates worn by men of the Arapaho, Cheyenne and Southern Plains tribes