Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Tooth, skin, hair and eye colour interrelationships in Greek young adults

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Odontology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible interrelationships of teeth, skin, eye and hair colour. A portable colorimeter (Shade Eye NCC/Shofu) was used to record the colour in the CIELAB system of the upper right incisors in 150 dental school students, along with their skin colour at three different areas. Natural hair and eye colour was classified into several categories by a trained examiner (ICC 0.93–0.99). One-way ANOVA and correlation tests were used to statistically analyse the data. Skin was found to have significantly higher L*, b* but lower a* values than teeth (p < 0.05). A significant correlation (p < 0.05) of teeth to skin L* and a*colour coordinate was found, but not to b* coordinate (p > 0.05). Hair tones were not correlated to teeth L* or b*, but only to a*coordinate. Teeth and eye colour coordinates were not correlated (p > 0.05). Eye and hair tones were found to have the highest significant correlation (ρ = 0.369). In conclusion, teeth of this cohort were found to be lighter, less red and yellow than the skin. Teeth colour was not related to eye colour, but lighter teeth were found to be associated with lighter skins, and redder lateral incisors to lighter hair. Darker facial skins or yellower forehead areas were also associated with darker hair and vice versa. The clinical relevance of the study is that the investigated facial characteristics are inter-correlated weakly to moderately, and for this reason predicting the colour parameters of one facial characteristic by another would not be accurate, but helpful for a rough colour selection as associations show.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Bridgeman I. The nature of light and its interaction with matter. In: McDonald R, editor. Colour physics for industry. Huddersfield: H Charlesworth & Co Ltd; 1987. p. 1–34.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Joiner A. Tooth color: a review of the literature. J Dent. 2004;32:3–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Τen Bosch JJ, Coops JC. Tooth color and reflectance as related to light scattering and enamel hardness. J Dent Res. 1995;74:374–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Hasegawa A, Ikeda I, Kawaguchi S. Color and translucency of in vivo natural central incisors. J Prosthet Dent. 2000;83:418–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Giesel M, Gegenfurtner KR. Color appearance of real objects varying in material, hue, and shape. J Vis. 2010;10:1–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Goodkind RJ, Schwabacher WB. Use of a fiber-optic colorimeter for in vivo color measurements of 2830 anterior teeth. J Prosthet Dent. 1987;58:535–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Gibb RD, Zhou X, Sagel PA, Gerlach RW. Demographic variables and tooth color: evidence from eleven randomized clinical trials. In: 30th Annual Meeting of the AADR, March 7–10; 2001.

  8. Jahangiri L, Reinhardt SB, Mehra RV, Matheson PB. Relationship between tooth shade value and skin color: an observational study. J Prosthet Dent. 2002;87:149–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Esan TA, Olusile AO, Akeredolu PA. Factors influencing tooth shade selection for completely edentulous patients. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2006;7:80–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Azad AA, Salman A, Majid Z, Mubashir S. Relationship of age, gender and skin tone to shades of permanent maxillary central incisors. Pak Oral Dent J. 2007;27:119–25.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Gozalo-Diaz D, Johnston WJ, Wee AG. Estimating the color of maxillary central incisors based on age and gender. J Prosthet Dent. 2008;100:93–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Zarb GA, Bolender CL, Hickey JC, Carlsson GE. Bouchers Prosthodontic treatment for edentulous patients. St Louis: The C.V. Mosby Co.; 1990. p. 338–40.

  13. Zhu H, Lei Y, Liao N. Color measurements of 1,944 anterior teeth of people in southwest of Chinadescription. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2001;36:285–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Zhou JP, Chen LP, Dong HB, Zhang FQ. The fluctuation of anterior teeth coloration during the period of growth puberty in children and adolescents. Shanghai Kou Qiang Yi Xue. 2003;12:338–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Odioso LL, Gibb RD, Gerlach RW. Impact of demographic, behavioral, and dental care utilization parameters on tooth color and personal satisfaction. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2000;29(suppl):S35–41.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Hassel AJ, Nitschke I, Dreyhaupt J, Wegener I, Rammelsberg P, Hassel JC. Predicting tooth color from facial features and gender: results from a white elderly cohort. J Prosthet Dent. 2008;99:101–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Golonzhka O, Metzger D, Bornert JM, Bay BK, Gross MK, Kioussi C, Leid M. Ctip2/Bcl11b controls ameloblast formation during mammalian odontogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106:4278–83. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900568106.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Quevedo WC, Fitzpatrick TB, Jimbow K. Human skin color: origin, variation and significance. J Hum Evol. 1985;14:43–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Valenzuela RK, Henderson MS, Walsh MH, Garrison NA, Kelch JT, Cohen-Barak O, Erickson DT, Meaney JF, et al. Predicting phenotype from genotype: normal pigmentation. J Forensic Sci. 2010;55:315–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Jablonski NG, Chaplin G. The evolution of human skin coloration. J Hum Evol. 2000;39:57–106.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Norton HL, Kittles RA, Parra E, McKeigue P, Mao X, Cheng K, Canfield VA, Bradley DG, McEvoy B, Shriver MD. Genetic evidence for the convergent evolution of light skin in Europeans and East Asians. Mol Biol Evol. 2007;24:710–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Spichenok O, Budimlija ZM, Mitchell AA, Jenny A, Kovacevic L, Marjanovic D, Caragine T, Prinz M, Wurmbach E (2010) Prediction of eye and skin color in diverse populations using seven SNPs. Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2011;5:472–8.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Dummett CO, Sakumura JS, Barens G. The relationship of facial skin complexion to oral mucosa pigmentation and tooth color. J Prosthet Dent. 1980;43:392–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Sulem P, Gudbjartsson DF, Stacey SN, Helgason A, Rafnar T, Magnusson KP, Manolescu A, Karason A, Palsson A, Thorleifsson G, Jakobsdottir M, Steinberg S, Pálsson S, Jonasson F, Sigurgeirsson B, Thorisdottir K, Ragnarsson R, Benediktsdottir KR, Aben KK, Kiemeney LA, Olafsson JH, Gulcher J, Kong A, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stefansson K. Genetic determinants of hair, eye and skin pigmentation in Europeans. Nat Genet. 2007;39:1443–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Vaughn M, van Oorschot R, Baindur-Hudson S. Hair color measurement and variation. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2008;137:91–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Harkey MR. Anatomy and physiology of hair. Forensic Sci Int. 1993;63:9–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Shekar SN, Duffy DL, Frudakis T, Montgomery GW, James MR, Sturm RA, Martin NG. Spectrophotometric methods for quantifying pigmentation in human hair-influence of MC1R genotype and environment. Photochem Photobiol. 2008;84:719–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Mengel-From J, Wong TH, Morling N, Rees JL, Jackson IJ. Genetic determinants of hair and eye colours in the Scottish and Danish populations. BMC Genet. 2009;10:88. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-10-88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Steggerda M. Change in hair color with age. J Hered. 1941;32:402–3.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Wielgus AR, Sarna T. Melanin in human irides of different color and age of donors. Pigment Cell Res. 2005;18:454–64.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Imesch PD, Wallow IH, Albert DM. The color of the human eye: a review of morphologic correlates and of some conditions that affect iridial pigmentation. Surv Ophthalmol. 1997;41(suppl 2):S117–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Eiberg H, Mohr J. Assignment of genes coding for brow n eye colour [BEY2) and brown hair colour [HCL3) on chromosome 15q. Eur J Hum Genet. 1996;4:237–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. McKusick, Victor A. Mendelian inheritance in man: a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders, 12th ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press; 1998.

  34. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Fundamentals and principles of ophthalmology. Basic and clinical science course 1995–1996. San Francisco: American Academy of Ophthalmology; 1995.

  35. Prota G, Hu DN, Vincensi MR, McCormick SA, Napolitano A. Characterization of melanins in human irides and cultured uveal melanocytes from eyes of different colors. Exp Eye Res. 1998;67:293–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Wang H, Lin S, Liu X, Kang SB. Separating reflections in human iris images for illumination estimation. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision. 2005. http://www.computer.org/portal/web/csdl/doi/10.1109/ICCV.2005.215

  37. Over LM, Andres CJ, Moore BK, Goodacre CJ, Munoz CA. Using a colorimeter to develop an intrinsic silicone shade guide for facial prostheses. J Prosthodont. 1998;7:237–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Curd FM, Jasinevicius TR, Graves A, Cox V, Sadan A. Comparison of the shade matching ability of dental students using two light sources. J Prosthet Dent. 2006;96:391–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Franssen L, Coppens JE, van den Berg TJTP. Grading of iris color with an extended photographic reference set. J Optom. 2008;1:36–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Park JH, Lee YK, Lim BS. Influence of illuminants on the color distribution of shade guides. J Prosthet Dent. 2006;96:402–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Russell MD, Gulfraz M, Moss BW. In vivo measurement of colour changes in natural teeth. J Oral Rehabilit. 2000;27:786–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Little MA, Wolff ME. Skin and hair reflectance in women with red hair. Ann Hum Biol. 1981;3:231–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Shriver MD, Parra EJ. Comparison of narrow-band reflectance spectroscopy and tristimulus colorimetry for measurements of skin and hair color in persons of different biological ancestry. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2000;112:17–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Melgosa M, Rivas MJ, Gomez L, Hita E. Towards a colorimetric characterization of the human iris. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2000;20:252–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Hu X, Johnston WM, Seghi RR. Measuring the color of maxillofacial prosthetic material. J Dent Res. 2010;89:1522–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Tung FF, Goldstein GR, Jang S, Hittelman E. The repeatability of an intraoral dental colorimeter. J Prosthet Dent. 2002;88:585–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Douglas RD. Precision of in vivo colorimetric assessments of teeth. J Prosthet Dent. 1997;77:464–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Bentley C, Leonard RH, Nelson CF, Bentley SA. Quantitation of vital bleaching by computer analysis of photographic images. JADA. 1999;130:809–16.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Lath DL, Guan YH, Lilley TH. Comparison of colorimetry and image analysis for quantifying tooth whiteness—a preliminary study. In: Brook A, editor. Dental morphology. Sheffield: Academic Press; 2001. p. 229–37.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Takamoto T, Schwartz B, Cantor LB, et al. Measurement of iris color using computerized image analysis. Curr Eye Res. 2001;22:412–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Beard B. Bruce Beard’s hair & skin color charts; 2001. http://www.retouchpro.com/forums/html.php?file=bbcolorcharts.html.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Panagiotis E. Lagouvardos.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Lagouvardos, P.E., Tsamali, I., Papadopoulou, C. et al. Tooth, skin, hair and eye colour interrelationships in Greek young adults. Odontology 101, 75–83 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10266-012-0058-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10266-012-0058-1

Keywords

Navigation