Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Olive oil history, production and by-product management

  • Review Paper
  • Published:
Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this review paper, the history of the olive tree and the development of the main olive oil extraction systems employed in the past are presented. Furthermore, the management techniques employed from antiquity until today for the treatment of olive mill wastewater (OMW), which constitutes the most important by-product of olive oil production, are addressed and compared. Reference is also made to global olive oil production, the environmental impacts of the uncontrolled disposal of OMW, and to the legal framework concerning its management in the main olive oil producing countries. Other by-products of olive processing are also discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Diagram 1
Diagram 2
Fig. 3
Diagram 3
Fig. 4
Diagram 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adhoum N, Monser L (2004) Decolourization and removal of phenolic compounds from olive mill wastewater by electrocoagulation. Chem Eng Proc 43(10):1281–1287

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Malah K, Azzam MOJ, Abu-Lail NI (2000) Olive mills effluent (OME) wastewater post-treatment using activated clay. Sep Purif Tech 20:225–234

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alexakis AS (1998) To Elaiolado kai I Paragogi tou. (Olive Oil and its Production). M. Sideris Publ., Athens, p 188 (in Greek)

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexiou St (1964) Minoikos Politismos. (Minoan Civilisation). Sp. Alexiou Sons (ed.), p 250 (in Greek)

  • Alvarado CA (1998) Environmental performance in the olive oil industry: comparing technologies using environmental performance indicators. MSc Thesis in Environmental Management and Policy, Lund University

  • Ammar E, Ben Rouina B (1999) Potential horticultural utilization of olive oil processing wastewater. Acta Hort 474:741–744

    Google Scholar 

  • Andreozzi R, Longo G, Majone M, Modesti G (1998) Integrated treatment of olive oil mill effluents (OME): study of ozonation coupled with anaerobic digestion. Wat Res 32(8):2357–2364

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andrich G, Balzini S, Zinnai A, Silvestri S, Fiorentini R (1992) Effect of olive oil wastewater irrigation on olive plant products. Agr Med 122:97–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Angelidaki I, Ahring BK (1997) Modelling anaerobic codigestion of manure with olive oil mill effluent. Wat Sci Tech 36(6–7):263–270

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Angelidaki I, Ahring BK, Deng H, Schmidt JE (2002) Anaerobic digestion of olive oil mill effluents together with swine manure in UASB reactors. Wat Sci Tech 45(10):213–218

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Antoniou Th (2001) Comparative evaluation of basidiomata in the reduction of polyphenolic load and phytotoxicity of olive mill wastewater. MSc Thesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Iraklio, Crete

  • Assas N, Ayed L, Marouani L, Hamdi M (2002) Decolorization of fresh and stored-black olive mill wastewaters by Geotrichum candidum. Proc Biochem 38:361–365

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atanassova D, Kefalas P, Petrakis Ch, Mantzavinos D, Kalogerakis N, Psillakis E (2005) Sonochemical reduction of the antioxidant activity of olive mill wastewater. Env Int 31(2):281–287

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ayed L, Hamdi M (2003) Fermentative decolorization of olive mill wastewater by Lactobacillus plantarum. Proc Biochem 39:59–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Balatsouras G (1986) Elaiolado, Sporelaia, Lipi. (Olive oil, seed oil and fats). Karaberopoulos, Athens, Greece, (in Greek)

    Google Scholar 

  • Balatsouras G (1997a) To Elaiodentro. (Olive Tree), vol I. Athens, Greece (in Greek)

  • Balatsouras G (1997b) To Elaiolado. (Olive oil), vol II, Athens, Greece (in Greek)

  • Balatsouras G (1999) I Elaiourgia. (The olive mill), vol IV. Athens, Greece (in Greek)

  • Baourakis G, Kalogeras N, Stamataki E, Tsagarakis KP (2000) The management of wastewater discharged by olive οil mills. Research for Olivia-Technology in Greece. Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania. Department of Economic and Management Sciences

  • Bazoti FN, Gikas E, Skaltsounis AL, Tsarbopoulos A (2006) Development of a liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI MS/MS) method for the quantification of bioactive substances present in olive oil mill wastewaters. Anal Chim Acta 573–574:258–266

    Google Scholar 

  • Beccari M, Bonemazzi F, Majone M, Riccardi C (1996) Interaction between acidogenesis and methanogenesis in the anaerobic treatment of olive mill effluents. Wat Res 30(1):183–189

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beltran-Heredia J, Torregrosa J, Dominguez JR, Garcia J (1999) Treatment of black-olive wastewaters by ozonation and aerobic biological degradation. Wat Res 34(14):3515–3522

    Google Scholar 

  • Beltran-Heredia J, Torregrosa J, Dominguez JR, Garcia J (2000) Aerobic biological treatment of black table olive washing wastewaters: effect of an ozonation stage. Proc Biochem 35:1183–1190

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beltran-Heredia J, Torregrosa J, Garcia-Araya J, Dominguez-Vargas JR, Tierno JC (2001) Degradation of olive mill wastewater by the combination of Fenton’s reagent and ozonation with an aerobic biological treatment. Wat Sci Tech 44(5):103–108

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ben Rouina B, Taamallah H, Ammar E (1999) Vegetation water used as a fertilizer on young olive plants. In: Metzidakis IT, Voyiatzis DG (eds) Proc. 3rd ISHS symp. on olive growing, vol 1. Acta Hort. 474, ISHS, 1999

  • Benitez FJ, Beltran-Heredia J, Torregrosa J, Acero JL, Cercas V (1997) Chemical pretreatment by ozone of wastewater from olive oil mills. Tech Env Chem 60:97–109

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertin L, Majone M, Di Gioia D, Fava F (2001) An aerobic fixed-phase biofilm reactor system for the degradation of the low-molecular weight aromatic compounds occurring in the effluents of anaerobic digestors treating olive mill wastewaters. J Biotech 87:161–177

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bertin L, Berselli S, Fava F, Petrangeli-Papini M, Marchetti L (2004) Anaerobic digestion of olive mill wastewaters in biofilm reactors packed with granular activated carbon and “Manville” silica beads. Wat Res 38(14–15):3167–3178

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonari E, Macchia M, Angelini LG, Ceccarini L (1993) The wastewaters from olive oil extraction: their influence on the germinative characteristics of some cultivated and weed species. Agr Med 123:273–280

    Google Scholar 

  • Borja R, Alba J, Banks Ch (1996) Anaerobic digestion of wash waters derived from purification of virgin olive oil using a hybrid reactor combining a filter and a sludge blanket. Proc Biochem 31(3):219–224

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borsani R, Ferrando B (1996) Ultrafiltration plant for olive vegetation waters by polymeric membrane batteries. Desalination 108:281–286

    Google Scholar 

  • Boskou D (1996) In: Boskou D (ed) History and characteristics of the olive tree. Olive oil: chemistry and technology. AOCS Press, Champaign, Illinois, pp 1–11

  • Bourbou C, Bourbos V (1997) Harvest technology and exploitation of olive-fruit in antiquity. 1st Int. conf. on Ancient Greek technology. Macedonina Studies Inc., Salonica, Greece, pp 259–268, September 1997

  • Briccoli-Bati C, Lombardo N (1990) Effects of olive oil wastewater irrigation on young olive plants. Acta Hort 286:489–491

    Google Scholar 

  • Cabrera F, Lopez R, Martinez-Bordiu A, Dupuy de Lome E, Murillo JM (1996) Land treatment of olive oil mill wastewater. Int Biodet Biodegr 38(3–4):215–225

    Google Scholar 

  • Canepa P, Marignetti N, Gagliardi A (1987) Trattamento delle acque di vegetazione mediante processi a membrana. (Treatment of olive oil manufacturing wastewater by membrane processes). Inquinamento 5:73–77 (In Italian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Canepa P, Marignetti N, Rognoni U, Calgari S (1988) Olive mill wastewater treatment by combined membrane processes. Wat Res 22(12):1491–1494

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caputo AC, Scacchia F, Pelagagge PM (2003) Disposal of by-products in olive oil industry: waste-to-energy solutions. Appl Thermal Eng 23:197–214

    Google Scholar 

  • Casa R, D’Annibale A, Pieruccetti F, Stazi SR, Giovannozzi Sermanni G, Lo Cascio B (2003) Reduction of the phenolic components in olive-mill wastewater by an enzymatic treatment and its impact on durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) germinability. Chemosphere 50(8):959–966

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cato Marcus Porcius. 234–149 BC (1962) De agricultura, ad fidem Florentini codicis deperditi. In: Mazzarino A (ed) Bibliotheca Scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana, Lipsiae, 1962 (in Italian)

  • Cereti CF, Rossini F, Federici F, Quaratino D, Vassilev N, Fenice M (2004) Reuse of microbially treated olive mill wastewater as fertiliser for wheat (Triticum durum Desf.). Biores Tech 91:135–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Chazau-Gillig S (1994) The civilisation of olive trees and cereals. Olivae 53:14

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen G (2004) Electrochemical technologies in wastewater treatment. Sep and Purific Tech 38:11–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Coppa-Zuccari G (1962) Aspectos y problemas de la olivicultura en Italia. (Aspects and problems in oliviculture in Italy). Grasas y Aceites 13(6):253–256 (In Italian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox L, Celis R, Hermosin MC, Becker A, Cornejo J (1997) Porosity and herbicide leaching in soils amended with olive-oil wastewater. Agric Ecosyst Environ 65:151–161

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curi K, Velioglu SG, Diyanmandoglu V (1980) Treatment of olive oil production wastes. In: Curi K (ed) Proc. of the 3rd Turkish-German environmental engineering symposium. Treatment and disposal of liquid and solid industrial wastes. Istanbul, Turkey, pp 189–205

  • D’Annibale A, Crestini C, Vinciguerra V, Sermanni GG (1998) The biodegradation of recalcitrant effluents from an olive mill by a white rot fungus. J Biotechnol 61(3):209–218

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D’Annibale A, Ricci M, Quaratino D, Federici F, Fenice M (2004a) Panus tigrinus efficiently removes phenols, color and organic load from olive-mill wastewater. Res Microbiol 155:596–603

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D’Annibale A, Casa R, Pieruccetti F, Ricci M, Marabottini R (2004b) Lentinula edodes removes phenols from olive-mill wastewater: impact on durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) germinability. Chemosphere 54(7):887–894

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D’Annibale A, Quaratino D, Federici F, Fenice M (2006) Effect of agitation and aeration on the reduction of pollutant load of olive mill wastewater by the white-rot fungus Panus tigrinus. Biochem Eng J 29:243–249

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dalis D (1989) Anaerovia viologiki epeksergasia igron apovliton elaiourgion pros paragogi vioaeriou. (Anaerobic biological treatment of olive mill wastewater for biogas production). Olive Mill Wastewater Management, GEOTEE, Iraklio, Crete, 31 March, pp 42–52 (in Greek)

  • Dalis D, Lopez A, Letsiou I (1994) Anaerovia viologiki epeksergasia kai aksiopoiisi elaiourgikon apovliton se pilotiki egkatastash dio stadion (vioantidrastires statheras klinis kai up-flow). (Anaerobic biological reatment and exploitation of olive mill wastewater in a two-stage pilot plant). Int. meeting on olive mill wastewater management, Sitia, Lassithi, Greece, 16–17 June, pp 75–90 (in Greek)

  • Dalis D, Anagnostidis K, Lopez A, Letsiou I, Hartmann L (1996) Anaerobic digestion of total raw olive-oil wastewater in a two-stage pilot-plant (up-flow and fixed-bed bioreactors). Biores Tech 57:237–243

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dar Sh (1996) The oil press at Sumaka. In: Eitam D, Heltzer M (eds) Olive oil in antiquity. Israel and neighbouring countries from the neolithic to the early Arab period. Padova, Italy, pp 157–166

    Google Scholar 

  • Davaras K (1976) Guide to Cretan Antiquities. Noyes Press, NJ, pp xiv, 370

  • Dhouib A, Aloui F, Hamad N, Sayadi S (2006) Pilot-plant treatment of olive mill wastewaters by Phanerochaete chrysosporium coupled to anaerobic digestion and ultrafiltration. Proc Biochem 41:159–167

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Di Giacomo G, Brandani V, Del Re G (1991) Evaporation of olive oil mill vegetation waters. Desalination 81(1–3):249–259

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Di Giovacchino L, Basti C, Constantini N, Surricchio G (1997) Olive vegetable water spreading and soil fertilization. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 586: IV international symposium on olive growing

  • Di Giovacchino L (2000) In: Hardwood J, Aparicio R (eds) Technological aspects. Handbook of olive oil. Analysis and properties. Aspen Publications, pp 17–59

  • Drouiche M, Le Mignot V, Lounici H, Belhocine D, Grib H, Pauss A, Mameri N (2004) A compact process for the treatment of olive mill wastewater by combining OF and UV/H2O2 techniques. Desalination 169(1):81–88

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Economou D, Koutsaftakis A, Stefanoudaki E, Metzidakis G, Androulakis I, Iniotakis N (1994) Aksiopoiisi apovliton elaiourgiou me technologia membranon. (Exploitation of olive mill wastewater with membrane technology). Int. meeting on olive mill wastewater management, Sitia, Lassithi, Greece, 16–17 June, pp 156–167 (in Greek)

  • Erguder TH, Guven E, Demirer GN (2000) Anaerobic treatment of olive mill wastes in batch reactors. Process Biochem 36:243–248

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eroglu E, Eroglu I, Gunduz I, Turker L, Yucel M (2006) Biological hydrogen production from olive mill wastewater with two-stage processes. Int J Hydrogen Energy 31:1527–1535

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • EU (1991) Council Directive concerning Urban Wastewater Treatment. 91/271 EEC of May 21, 1991, OJ NO L135/40 of May 30, 1991

  • Eusebio A, Mateus M, Baeta-Hall L, Almeida-Vara E, Duarte JC (2005). Microflora evaluation of two agro-industrial effluents treated by the JACTO jet-loop type reactor system. Wat Sci Tech 51(1):107–112

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fadil K, Chaclaoui A, Ouahbi A, Zaid A, Borja-Padilla R (2003) Aerobic biodegradation and detoxification of wastewaters from the olive mill industry. Int Biodet Biodegr 51(1):37–41

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faure P (1976) I Kathimerini Zoi sti Kriti ti Minoiki Epochi. (The daily life in Crete during Minoan Times). Papadima Publishers, Greece (in Greek)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiestas Ros de Ursinos JA (1953) Estudio del alpechin para su aprove-chamiento industrial j. concentracion delos azicares y damas substancias quellare en emulcion y disolucion por tratamiento con oxido de calcio. Gracas y Aceites 4(2):63–67 (in Spanish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiestas Ros de Ursinos JA, Borja-Padilla R (1991) Tratamientos de alpechines mediante procesos biologicos. (Treatment of olive mill wastewater with biological processes). Int. symp. On treatment of olive mill wastewater. Cordoba, Spain, 31 May–1 June (in Spanish)

  • Fiorino P, Nizzi Griffi F (1992) The spread of olive farming. Olivae 44:9

    Google Scholar 

  • Fountoulakis MS, Dokianakis SN, Kornaros ME, Aggelis GG, Lyberatos G (2002) Removal of phenolics in olive mill wastewaters using the white-rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus. Wat Res 36:4735–4744

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fragkaki EK (1969) Simvoli is tin Dimodin orologian ton Fiton. (Contribution on the Orology of Plants). Athens, p 240 (in Greek)

  • Frankel R, Avitsur S, Ayalon E (1994) In: Ayalon E (ed) History and technology of olive oil in the Holy Land. Olearius Editions, p 208

  • Frankel R (1999) Wine and oil production in antiquity in Israel and other Mediterranean countries. Sheffield Academic Press, p 230

  • Galili E, Stanley DJ, Sharvit J, Weinstein-Evron M (1997) Evidence for earliest olive-oil production in submerged settlements off the Carmel coast, Israel. J Arch Sci 24:1141–1150

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Ortiz A, Beltran G, Gonzalez P, Ordonez R, Giraldez JV (1999) Vegetation water (alpechin) application effects on soils and plants. Acta Hort 474:749–752

    Google Scholar 

  • Gernjak W, Maldonado MI, Malato S, Cáceres J, Krutzler T, Glaser A, Bauer R (2004) Pilot-plant treatment of olive mill wastewater (OMW) by solar TiO2 photocatalysis and solar photo-Fenton. Solar Energy 77(5):567–572

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Georgakakis D (1989) Efarmogi tis anaerovias choneusis stin epeksergasia ton katsigaron kai dinatotites diathesis ton telikon igron. (Use of anaerobic digestion for olive mill wastewater treatment and possibilities for disposal of the final effluents). Olive Mill Wastewater Management, GEOTEE, Iraklio, Crete, 31 March, pp 53–74 (in Greek)

  • Geronymakis KI (1998) I Kriti sto Prosfato Parelthon. (Crete in the Recent Past). Biblioekdotiki S.A., Athens, p 196, (in Greek)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez-Vila FJ, Verdejo T, Del Rio JC, Martin F (1995) Accumulation of hydrophobic compounds in the soil lipidic and humic fractions as result of a long term land treatment with olive oil mill effluents (alpechin). Chemosphere 31(7):3681–3686

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gotsi M, Kalogerakis N, Psillakis E, Samaras P, Mantzavinos D (2005) Electrochemical oxidation of olive oil mill wastewaters. Wat Res 39:4177–4187

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Graaff J, Eppink LAAJ (1999) Olive oil production and soil conservation in southern Spain, in relation to EU subsidy policies. Land Use Policy 16:259–267

    Google Scholar 

  • Hadjisavvas S (1992) Olive oil processing in Cyprus (From the Bronze Age to the Byzantine period). Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology, XCIX, Nicosia, Cyprus, p 133

    Google Scholar 

  • Halet F, Belhocine D, Grib H, Lounici H, Pauss A, Mameri N (1997) Treatment of oil mill washing water by ultrafiltration. 3rd Int. symp on environmental biotechnology, Oostende, Belgium, 21–24 April, II, pp 369–372

  • Halvadakis K (2000) Ereuna gia tin anaptiksi olokliromenou shediou diaheirisis apobliton elaiourgion tis nisou Lesvou. (Study for the development of an integrated management plan for OMW for the Island of Lesvos). Final Report. Aegean University, Lesvos, Greece (in Greek)

  • Hamdi M (1996) Anaerobic digestion of olive mill wastewaters. Proc Biochem 31(2):105–110

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herold D, Neskakis A, Wagner L (2000) Experimental olive oil wastewater treatment plant in Crete. 1st World Water Congress of the Int. Water Association, Paris, France, 3–7 July 2000

  • Hytiris N, Kapellakis IE, La Roij de R, Tsagarakis KP (2004) The potential use of olive mill sludge in solidification process. Resour Conserv Recycling 40:129–139

    Google Scholar 

  • Isager S, Skydsgaard JE (1995) Ancient Greek agriculture, 2nd edn., Routledge, London, UK, pp x, 234

  • Kapellakis IE, Tsagarakis KP, Avramaki, Ch, Crowther J, Hytiris N (2002) Potential for olive mill wastewater reuse: the case of Messara Basin in Crete. In: Angelakis AN et al (eds) Proc. of IWA-regional symposium on water recycling in Mediterranean Region, Iraklion, vol 1, Greece, 26–29 September 2002, pp 515–524

  • Kapellakis IE, Tsagarakis KP, Avramaki, Ch, Crowther JM, Hytiris N, Faitaki EK, Angelakis, ΑΝ (2003) Olokliromeni diachirisi ygron apovliton elaiotrivion. (Integrated olive mill wastewater management). Int. conf. on environmental technology, HELECO 2003, vol B, 30 January–2 February, Athens, Greece, pp 104–112 (in Greek)

  • Kapellakis IE, Tsagarakis KP, Angelakis, AN (2004) The use of constructed wetlands on olive mill wastewater treatment. 9th Int. IWA specialist conf. on wetlands systems for water pollution control, vol 1, Palais Des Papes, Avignon, France, 27–30 September, pp 113–122

  • Kapellakis IE, Tsagarakis KP, Avramaki Ch, Angelakis AN (2006) Olive mill wastewater management in river basins: a case study in Greece. Agr Wat Manag 82(3):354–370

    Google Scholar 

  • Karidis C (1983) Agrotika tis Kritis. Palaia kai Sighrona. (Agricultural of Crete. Old and modern). Cultural Folkloric Association of Oropedio Lasithi, Lasithi, p 198 (in Greek)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiourellis A (2005) I Tehnologia Paragogis Elaioladou sti Lesvo kata tin Arhaiotita. (The Technology of Olive Oil Production in the Island of Lesvos in Antiquity). Prefecture of Lesvos, p 148

  • Kiritsakis P (1998) Olive oil. From the Tree to the Table, 2nd edn

  • Kissi M, Mountadar M, Assobhei O, Gargiulo E, Palmieri G, Giardina P, Sannia G (2001) Roles of two white rot basidiomycete fungi in decolorisation and detoxification of olive mill wastewater. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 57(1–2):221–226

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Komilis DP, Karatzas E, Halvadakis CP (2005) The effect of olive mill wastewater on seed germination after various pretreatment techniques. J Envron Manage 74(4):339–348

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Konstas S, Dalis D, Georgakakis D, Psaroudakis L (1994) Apoikodomisi apovliton elaiourgion me anaerovia choneusi. Monada efarmogis-Peiramatika apotelesmata-Paragogiki monada. (Degradation of olive mill wastewater with anaerobic digestion). Int. meeting on olive mill wastewater management, Sitia, Lassithi, Greece, 16–17 June, pp 47–74 (in Greek)

  • Kopaka K (2005) Sintomi istoriki anadromi tis arhaiologikis ereunas sto elaiolado kai to krasi stin Kriti kata tin periodo tou Halkou. (A brief historical review of archaeological research on olive oil and wine in Crete in the Bronze Age). Ariadne 11:9–37 (in Greek)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kotsou M, Mari I, Lasaridi K, Chatzipavlidis I, Balis C, Kyriacou A (2004) The effect of olive oil mill wastewater (OMW) on soil microbial communities and suppressiveness against Rhizoctonia solani. Appl Soil Ecol 26:113–121

    Google Scholar 

  • Koutsaftakis A, Stefanoudaki E (1994) Apotelesmata dokimon leitourgikotitas ton 2-phaseon decanter Flottweg Z4D-4/441, Pieralisi Jumbo 2, Kallis L140E Decanters. (Results obtained on Testing 2-phase Flottweg Z4D-4/441, Pieralisi Jumbo 2, Kallis L140E Decanters). National Agricultural Research Foundation, Chania, Crete, Greece, p 23 (in Greek)

    Google Scholar 

  • Levi-Minzi R, Saviozzi A, Riffaldi R, Falzo L (1992) Land application of vegetable water: effects on soil properties. Olivae 40:20–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Liphschitz N, Gophna R, Hartman M, Biger G (1991) The beginning of olive (Olea europaea) cultivation in the old world: a reassessment. J Arch Sci 18:441–453

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopez R, Martinez-Bordiu A, Dupuy de Lome E, Cabrera F, Sanchez MC (1996) Soil properties after application of olive mill wastewater. Fresenius Envir Bull 5:49–54

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loukas M, Krimbas CM (1983) History of olive cultivars based on their genetic distances. J Hort Sci 58:121

    Google Scholar 

  • Markakis NA (1998) Ta palaia hronia. I Zoi, ta Ithi, ta Ethima. (The old years. Life-ethos-customs). Typostyl Express, Chania, p 208, (in Greek)

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsilio V, Di Giovacchino L, Lombardo N, Briccoli-Bati C (1990) First observations on the disposal effects of olive mills vegetation waters on cultivated soil. Acta Hort 286:493–498

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin M, Borja R, Garcia I, Fiestas JA (1991) Kinetics of methane production from olive mill wastewater. Proc Biochem 26:101–107

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Massignan L, de Leo P, Traversi D, Aveni A (1988) Use of membrane technology for processing wastewater from olive oil plants with recovery of useful components. In: Cecille L, Toussaint JC (eds) Proc. symp. Future industrial processes. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, Belgium, pp 179–189

  • Mechichi T, Sayadi S (2005) Evaluating process imbalance of anaerobic digestion of olive mill wastewaters. Proc Biochem 40(1):139–145

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Melena J (1983) Olive oil in the Mycenaean tablets. Minos 18:99

    Google Scholar 

  • Michelakis N, Koutsaftakis A (1989) To provlima ton apovliton ton elaiourgion. Diskolies kai prooptikes gia tin antimetopisi tou. (Olive mill wastewater problems. Difficulties and perspectives). Olive Mill Wastewater Management, GEOTEE, Iraklio, Crete, 31 March, pp 9–25 (in Greek)

  • Michelakis N (1991) Diaxeirisi igron apovliton elaiourgeion stin Kriti. Ifistameni katastasi kai paragontes pou epireazoun tin epilogi methodon epeksergasias. (Olive mill wastewater management in Crete. State of the art and factors affecting the selection of treatment methods). In: Int. seminar on olive mill wastewater, IOOC, Chania, 09–10 May, pp 11–17 (in Greek)

  • Ministry of Public Health (1965) Nomothesia gia ti Dimosia Igeia. (Health Arrangement Action). No E1b/221/65. Athens, Greece (in Greek)

  • Ministry of Public Health (1997) Periorismoi kai Sinthikes gia tin Epeksergasia ton Astikon Ygron Apovliton. Limits and conditions for the treatment of municipal wastewaters. L5673/400/97 (13 March), Athens, Greece (in Greek)

  • Miranda MA, Galindo F, Amat AM, Arques A (2001) Pyrylium salt-photosensitised degradation of phenolic contaminants present in olive oil wastewaters with solar light. Part II. Benzoic acid derivatives. Appl Catal B: Environ, 30:437–444

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Molina Alcaide E, Nefzaoui A (1996) Recycling of olive oil by-products: Possibilities of utilization in animal nutrition. Int Biodet Biodegr 38(3–4):227–235

    Google Scholar 

  • Morisot A (1979) Utilisation des margines per epandage. L’Olivier 19:8–13 (in French)

    Google Scholar 

  • Morisot A, Tournier JP (1986) Repercussions agronomiques de l’epandage d’effluents et dechets de moulins a huile d’olive. (Agronomic effects of land disposal of waste from olive oil crushers). Agronomie 6:235–241 (in French)

    Google Scholar 

  • Niaounakis M, Halvadakis CP (2004) Olive mill waste management. Literature Review and Patent Survey. Typothito-George Dardanos. Athens, Greece, pp xiv, 430

  • Niaounakis M, Halvadakis CP (2006a) Olive mill wastewater management in antiquity. 1st IWA International symposium on water and wastewater technologies in Ancient civilisations, 28–30 October, Iraklio, Greece, pp 367–380

  • Niaounakis M, Halvadakis CP (2006b) Olive oil processing waste management: literature review and patent survey, 2nd edn. Waste Management Series, vol 5. Elsevier

  • Oukili O, Chaouch M, Rafiq M, Hadji M, Hamdi M, Benlemlih M (2001) Bleaching of olive mill wastewater by clay in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Ann Chim Sci Mat 26(2):45–53

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Panizza M, Cerisola G (2006) Olive mill wastewater treatment by anodic oxidation with parallel plate electrodes. Wat Res 40:1179–1184

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paredes MJ, Moreno E, Ramos-Cormezana A, Martinez J (1987) Characteristics of soil after pollution with wastewaters from olive oil extraction plants. Chemosphere 16(7):1557–1564

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paredes C, Ceggara J, Roing A, Sánchez-Monedero MA, Bernal MP (1999) Characterization of olive mill wastewater (alpechin) and its sludge for agricultural purposes. Biores Tech 67:111–115

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Psilakis N, Psilaki M, Kastanas I (1999) To Elaiolado. (Olive oil). Greek Academy of Taste. Karmanor, Greece (in Greek)

    Google Scholar 

  • Psilakis N, Psilaki M, Kastanas I (2003) O Politismos tis Elias. To Elaiolado. (The culture of olive. Olive oil). History-Folklore-Health-Nutrition. Karmanor Publ., Iraklio, p 416 (in Greek)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajkumar D, Palanivelu K (2004) Electrochemical treatment of industrial wastewater. J Haz Mat B 113:123–129

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riffaldi R, Levi-Minzi R, Saviozzi A, Vanni G, Scagnozzi A (1993) Effect of the disposal of sludge from olive oil processing on some oil characteristics: Laboratory experiments. Wat Air Soil Pollut 69(3–4):257–264

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rinaldi M, Rana G, Introna M (2003) Olive-mill wastewater spreading in southern Italy: effects on a durum wheat crop. Field Crops Res 84:319–326

    Google Scholar 

  • Rivas FJ, Beltran FJ, Gimeno O, Frades J (2001). Treatment of olive oil mill wastewater by Fenton’s reagent. J Agric Food Chem 49(4):1873–1880

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rozzi A, Malpei F (1996) Treatment and disposal of olive mill effluents. Int Biodet Biodegr 38(3–4):135–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Rozzi A, Passino R, Limoni M (1989) Anaerobic treatment of olive mill effluents in polyurethane foam bed reactors. Proc Biochem 26:68–74

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabbah I, Marsook T, Basheer S (2004) The effect of pretreatment on anaerobic activity of olive mill wastewater using batch and continuous systems. Proc Biochem 39(12):1947–1951

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarakomenos DS (1930) I Elliniki Elaia. (The greek olive), vol II. Pyrsos Publ., Athens, Greece (in Greek)

    Google Scholar 

  • Saviozzi A, Riffaldi R, Levi-Minzi R, Scagnozzi A, Vanni G (1993) Decomposition of vegetation-water sludge in soil. Biores Tech 44:223–228

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schink B (2002) Anaerobic digestion: concepts, limits and perspectives. Wat Sci Tech 45(10):1–8

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sierra J, Martý E, Montserrat G, Cruanas R, Garau MA (2001) Characterisation and evolution of a soil affected by olive oil mill wastewater disposal. Sci Total Env 279:207–214

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sifounakis N (1994) Viomichanika Ktiria sti Lesvo: Elaiotrivia-Saponopoieia. (Industrial buildings in Lesvos island: Olive mills-Soap factories). 2nd edn. Kastaniotis Publishers, Athens, Greece, (in Greek)

    Google Scholar 

  • Siggelakis Ch (1982) Elaiodentro: Ellinikes kai Ksenes Poikilies. (Olive tree: Greek and foreign varieties), 6th edn. Elaiourgiki Co., pp 34 (in Greek)

  • Tamburino V, Zimbone SM, Quattrone P (1999) Storage and land application of olive oil wastewater. Olivae 76:36–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomati U, Galli E (1992) The fertilizing value of wastewaters from the olive processing industry. In: Kubat J (ed) Humus, its structure and role in agriculture and environment, Elsevier Science, pp 117–126

  • Tsonis S (1991) Anaerovia epeksergasia fisikochimika proepeksergasmenon freskon apovliton elaiotrivion. (Anaerobic treatment of physico-chemical pretreated olive mill wastewater). Int. meeting on olive mill wastewater management. Chania, Crete, 6–10 May, pp 156–165 (in Greek)

  • Tsougarakis D (1990) I Vizantini Kriti. (The Byzantine Crete). Vikelaia Municipal Library, Crete, p 126, (in Greek)

  • Turano E, Curcio S, Paola MG de, Calabro V, Iorio G (2002) An integrated centrifugation-ultrafiltration system in the treatment of olive mill wastewater. J Membrane Sci 109:519–531

    Google Scholar 

  • Vassilev N, Fenice M, Federici F, Azcon R (1997) Olive mill waste water treatment by immobilised cells of Aspergillus niger and its enrichment with soluble phosphate. Proc Biochem 32(7):617–620

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Voreadou K (1994) Igra apovlita ton elaiotrivion-Epiptoseis sta fisika idatina oikosistimata tis Kritis- Simerini diaheirisi ton apovliton kai prooptikes gia to mellon. (Olive mill wastewater-impacts on natural water ecosystems in Crete. Current management practices and future perspectives). Int. meeting on olive mill wastewater management, Sitia, Lassithi, Greece, 16–17 June, pp 9–14 (in Greek)

  • Wang TSC, Yang TK, Chuang TT (1967) Soil phenolic acids as plant growth inhibitors. Soil Sci 103:239–246

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WWF (2001) EU policies for olive farming. Unsustainable on all Counts. WWF & BirdLife Joint Report, p 16

  • Zemman G, Sanders W, Wang KY, Lettinga G (1997) Anaerobic treatment for complex wastewater and waste activated sludge-application of an upflow anaerobic solid removal (UASR) reactor for removal and prehydrolyzed of suspended COD. Wat Sci Tech 35:121–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Zouari N (1998) Decolorization of olive oil mill effluent by physical and chemical treatment prior to anaerobic digestion. J Chem Tech Biotech 73(3):297–303

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Figures are courtesy of the authors, unless indicated. The second author was sponsored by the Greek National Scholarships Institute, when this paper was under preparation.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Agricultural Research Foundation, Iraklio, 713 07, Greece

    Iosif Emmanouil Kapellakis

  2. Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania, 73100, Greece

    Konstantinos P. Tsagarakis

  3. School of the Built and Natural Environment, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK

    John C. Crowther

Authors
  1. Iosif Emmanouil Kapellakis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Konstantinos P. Tsagarakis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. John C. Crowther
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Iosif Emmanouil Kapellakis.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kapellakis, I.E., Tsagarakis, K.P. & Crowther, J.C. Olive oil history, production and by-product management. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol 7, 1–26 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-007-9120-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-007-9120-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation