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Russia’s Relations with the European Court of Human Rights in the Aftermath of the Markin Decision: Debating the “Backlash”

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Abstract

Russia’s relations with the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) since the time of Russia’s accession to the Council of Europe (CoE) have received a lot of attention on the part of academic scholars, practitioners, and media. Research on the ECtHR became especially important in the context of the twentieth anniversary of Russia’s acceptance of ECtHR jurisdiction that coincided with the unprecedented worsening of relations between Russia and the European countries due to the 2014 Crimea annexation. With voices that consistently advocate Russia’s exit from the CoE (and, consequently, withdrawal from the ECtHR jurisdiction), we believe it necessary to examine Russia-ECtHR relations as they are (re)presented in the academic narrative. Drawing mostly on Russian-language sources, we want to highlight the variety of overarching themes and arguments relating to the crisis caused by the 2015 Constitutional Court Decision. We would like to examine various dimensions of this “crisis,” in order to be able to conclude whether Russia’s reaction to the Markin case and cases of non-compliance that followed was indeed part of a broader strategy of “backlash against international courts” we are currently witnessing worldwide. In the conditions when Russia’s exit from the Council of Europe is as likely as ever, the possibility of the “snowball effect” on the part of other member states threatens undermine the very raison d’être of the European human rights protection system.

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Notes

  1. Gestrin-Hagner M. Finland medlare då Ryssland riskerar sparkas ur Europarådet. 08 November 2018 https://www.hbl.fi/artikel/finland-medlare-da-ryssland-riskerar-sparkas-ur-europaradet. Accessed on 02 September 2019.

  2. In 2014, for example, Vladimir Putin, in his meeting with Russia’s parliamentary representatives, criticized the ECtHR for being “an instrument of political pressure” and deliberated on the possibility of Russia’s withdrawal. http://www.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/46451. Accessed on 01 September 2019.

  3. Russia will pay its Council of Europe membership dues—foreign ministry. TASS information agency. 04 July 2019. https://tass.com/politics/1067110. Accessed on 01 September 2019.

  4. Keynote Speech by ICTY President, Judge Carmel Agius Launch of the International Institute for Justice Excellence. ICTY Press Release. The Hague, 14 November 2017. http://www.icty.org/x/file/Press/Statements%20and%20Speeches/President/171116-president-agius-address-pr1717-en.pdf. Accessed on 02 September 2019.

  5. We would like to refer the reader to the Global State of Democracy Indices that “depict democratic trends at the country, regional and global levels across 28 aspects of democracy from1975–2018,” https://www.idea.int/data-tools/tools/global-state-democracy-indices. Accessed on 01 November 2019.

  6. Venezuela to withdraw from OAS as deadly protests continue. BBC News. 27 April 2017. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-39726605. Accessed on 03 October 2019.

  7. John Bolton threatens war crimes court with sanctions in virulent attack. The Guardian. 10 September 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/sep/10/john-bolton-castigate-icc-washington-speech. Accessed on 21 October 2019; The United States Withdraws From UNESCO. U.S. State Department Press Statement. 12 October 2017. https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2017/10/274748.htm. Accessed on 12 October 2019.

  8. The possibility of constitutional control over international acts was envisaged, however, already in 1994 by Federal Constitutional Law №1 (21 July 1994) “On the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation.” For more, see Khudolej 2017, p. 457.

  9. Though, of course, an interesting research question might be “why does the Russian Federation bother complying at all?”, in the words of C. Hillebrecht, quoted Mälksoo 2017, p. 17.

  10. See, for instance, the details of Greece’s withdrawal: Resolution 361 (1968) of the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe (31 January 1968); Recommendation 547 (1969) of the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe (30 January 1969).

  11. Rankin J. Azerbaijan revelations spark “great concern” at Council of Europe. The Guardian. 05 September 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/05/azerbaijan-revelations-could-herald-shake-up-at-council-of-europe. Accessed on 13 March 2019.

  12. Medvedev: Reshenie Strasburgskogo suda po delu Vasiliya Kononova – politicheskoe [Medvedev: the ECtHR Kononov decision is political]. Baltinfo News Agency. 28 May 2010. www.baltinfo.ru/2010/05/28/Medvedev-Reshenie-Strasburgskogo-suda-po-delu-Vasiliya-Kononova%2D%2D-politicheskoe-145889. Accessed on 02 September 2019; MID RF: reshenie ESPCH po delu Kononova - “opasnyj precedent” [Russia’s Foreign Ministry: ECtHR Kononov decision is “a dangerous precedent”]. RIA News. 17 May 2010. https://www.vedomosti.ru/library/news/2010/05/17/mid_rossii_nazval_reshenie_espch_po_delu_kononova_opasnym_precedentom. Accessed on 02 September 2019.

  13. See country statistics: https://rm.coe.int/russian-factsheet/1680764748. Accessed on 02 September 2019.

  14. Constitutional Court news release. 06 December 2013. http://www.ksrf.ru/ru/News/Pages/ViewItem.aspx?ParamId=3137. Accessed on 02 September 2019.

  15. Harding L Russia delegation suspended from Council of Europe over Crimea. The Guardian. 10 April 2014. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/10/russia-suspended-council-europe-crimea-ukraine. Accessed on 22 September 2019.

  16. Citing Ukraine, PACE renews sanctions against Russian delegation. 28 January 2015. http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/News/News-View-en.asp?newsid=5410&lang=2. Accessed on 21 September 2019.

  17. Constitutional Court news release. 14 July 2015. http://www.ksrf.ru/ru/News/Pages/ViewItem.aspx?ParamId=3244. Accessed on 02 September 2019.

  18. Balmforth T. Russian High Court Says European Court’s Rulings Can Be Ignored. July 14, 2015. https://www.rferl.org/a/russian-high-court-european-court-rulings-can-be-ignored/27127452.html. Accessed on 05 September 2019.

  19. KS: reshenie ESPCH po delu ob uchastii v vyborah v RF zaklyuchennyh mozhno ispolnit’ chastichno [Constitutional Court: ECtHR decision on participation in elections can be partially enforced]. TASS News Agency. 19 April 2016. https://tass.ru/politika/3218221. Accessed on 01 September 2019; Pushkarskaya A. Konstitucionnyj sud vpervye razreshil ne ispolnyat’ reshenie ESPCH [Constitutional Court for the first time allowed not to enforce ECtHR decisions]. Kommersant news agency. 19 April 2016. www.kommersant.ru/doc/2967775. Accessed on 01 September 2019.

  20. Beschluss des Zweiten Senats vom 14. Oktober 2004. 2 BvR 1481/04, Entscheidungen des Bundesverfassungsgerichts (BVerfGE). 2004.

  21. Bowcott O. Council of Europe accepts UK compromise on prisoner voting rights. The Guardian. 07 December 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/dec/07/council-of-europe-accepts-uk-compromise-on-prisoner-voting-rights. Accessed on 02 September 2019.

  22. See separate opinions to the Constitutional Court Decision of 19.04.2016 N 12-П. http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_197028/ Accessed on 02 September 2019.

  23. In less than a decade, out of 15 states that had this ban, only 7 still maintain it (Vajpan 2016).

  24. Resolution CM/ResDH(2019)240 Execution of the judgments of the European Court of Human Rights. Two cases against Russian Federation. https://hudoc.exec.coe.int/eng#{%22EXECIdentifier%22:[%22001-196634%22]}. Accessed on 29 October 2019.

  25. 1355th meeting (September 2019) (DH) - Action report (27/06/2019) - Communication from the Russian Federation concerning the Anchugov and Gladkov group of cases v. Russian Federation (Application No. 11157/04). https://search.coe.int/cm/Pages/result_details.aspx?ObjectId=090000168095777a. Accessed 29 October 2019.

  26. Valery Zorkin, the Constitutional Court Chairman, criticized the ECtHR for violating the principle of subsidiarity and that recommending legislative changes goes beyond the ECtHR competence, Zor’kin V. Predel ustupchivosti [The Compliance Limit]. Rossijskaya gazeta. 29 October 2019. https://rg.ru/2010/10/29/zorkin.html. Accessed 02 September 2019. The Deputy-Chairman, Sergey Mavrin, suggested that there could be two ways of amending the law on military service: either to deprive women in the military of the right to parental leave or to provide men with this right. But from the point of view of security, this decision would be unwise since women frequently occupy secondary positions in the military, while men are charged with very difficult tasks like supervision of atomic weapons in remote locations. Mavrin S.P. Resheniya Evropejskogo Suda i rossijskaya pravovaya sistema [ECtHR decisions and the Russian legal system]. http://www.ksrf.ru/ru/news/Documents/Mavrin.pdf. Accessed 02 September 2019.

  27. One of our respondents noted that, “I know that many judges regard the question of Russia’s withdrawal from the CoE as a negative development. I personally think that in case of withdrawal, there should be another mechanism that people could use to defend their rights. After all, the right to apply to an international body exists, it is guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.” Interview, August 20, 2019. On file with the authors.

  28. Interview, November 01, 2019, Tyumen. On file with the authors.

  29. See more about the ECtHR reform: https://www.echr.coe.int/Pages/home.aspx?p=basictexts/reform&c= Accessed 01 September 2019.

  30. Copenhagen Declaration on the reform of the European Convention on Human Rights system. https://www.coe.int/en/web/human-rights-rule-of-law/-/copenhagen-declaration-on-the-reform-of-the-european-convention-on-human-rights-system. Accessed 02 September 2019.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Modern History and World Politics, Institute of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Tyumen, Tyumen, Russia

    Galina A. Nelaeva

  2. Department of Criminal Law and Procedure, Institute of State and Law, University of Tyumen, Volodarskogo str.6, Tyumen, Russia, 625003

    Elena A. Khabarova

  3. Department of Criminal Law and Procedure, Institute of State and Law, University of Tyumen, Tyumen, Russia

    Natalia V. Sidorova

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  1. Galina A. Nelaeva
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  2. Elena A. Khabarova
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  3. Natalia V. Sidorova
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Nelaeva, G.A., Khabarova, E.A. & Sidorova, N.V. Russia’s Relations with the European Court of Human Rights in the Aftermath of the Markin Decision: Debating the “Backlash”. Hum Rights Rev 21, 93–112 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12142-019-00577-7

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