Chapter 2Toward understanding Late Devonian global events: few answers, many questions

doi:10.1016/S0920-5446(05)80002-0

Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy

Volume 20, 2005, Pages 5-36

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-5446(05)80002-0 Get rights and content

Abstract

The Late Devonian was an epoch of dramatic evolutionary and environmental changes linked primarily with the Frasnian-Famennian (F-F) mass extinction. Current data and ideas support a prolonged, multi-causal nature of the biodiversity crisis, which favor Earth-bound mechanisms rather than a global cosmic catastrophe. The better under-standing of the Late Devonian ocean-climate-biosphere system leads to several questions, and provides an agenda for future research. (1) Magnitude and rank of biotic changes: more detailed biodiversity studies are needed to place the end-Frasnian extinction in its Late Devonian context. In particular, the emerging severity of the end-Givetian and end-Famennian extinctions contrasts with the current overemphasis on the stepwise F-F crisis. (2) Timing of the key boundaries: a lack of radioisotopic dates hampers any estimation of true biodiversity dynamics, and the integrated comparison with reported ages of impact craters and magmatic events. (3) Marine vs. terrestrial events: insight into global ecosystem changes and correlation should be strengthened by chemostratigraphy, exemplified by the carbon isotope link between marine- and land-derived organic materials. (4) High-resolution (bio)geochemical patterns: isotope secular trends are poorly known at the intra-zonal and inter-basin scales, exemplified by prominent carbon isotope shifts across the Lower-Middle Frasnian passage. Further evidence is also awaited to verify cooling (vs. anoxia) pulses as the main stress factor in the F-F and end-Famennian marine settings, as well as climatic feedback with evolving weathering regimes on land and nutrient dynamic in marine realm. (5) Near-equatorial vs. high-latitude domains: refined data from extratropical successions, e.g. from the Kolyma Block, are still awaited. (6) Tectonic and volcanic-activity: an integrated analysis of tectonic and igneous events, possibly triggered by superplume activity. will serve to evaluate any possible link with the Late Devonian biospheric perturbations. (7) Cyclostratigraphical perspective: includes growing research on refined magnetosusceptibility (MS) and various sea-level signatures to test whether they result from variation in Milankovitch frequency orbital variability. In addition, eustatic sea-level trends and their assumed glacioeustatic forcing have only recently been subject to discussion.

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The Hangenberg Event was one of the most significant mass extinctions accompanied by large-scale climate changes at the end of the Devonian period. Lack of precise and accurate geochronological constraints in the eastern Paleotethys has hindered a high-resolution global correlation of the Hangenberg Event. Here, we report the U–Pb dates of zircons from the bentonite samples intercalated with strata recording the Hangenberg Event in the Muhua region, Guizhou, South China, using both sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) and chemical abrasion - isotope dilution - thermal ionization mass spectrometry (CA-ID-TIMS) methods. A bentonite within the Hangenberg Event strata in the Muhua area was dated at 360.47 ± 0.68 Ma by CA-ID-TIMS, which is more precise than the results obtained by SHRIMP methods (361.5 ± 2.9 Ma and 359.8 ± 1.5 Ma). Thus, we propose that the Hangenberg Event took place at 360.47 ± 0.68 Ma in South China, based on the first precise CA-ID-TIMS zircon age from the Daposhang section. The age obtained from South China for the Devonian–Carboniferous boundary overlaps with that in Geologic Time Scale 2020, within the total uncertainties.
The role of tectonic inheritance in the development of an Andean retroarc foreland basin system: The Acre Basin (NW Brazil)
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The Andes, located on the western edge of the South American platform, corresponds to a classic example of subduction, which results in one of the most extensive mountain ranges on Earth. However, little is still understood about the area of influence of the fold-thrust belt in the deformation of the distal retroarc region to the east, close to the craton. In this context, Acre Basin is one of the least understood provinces, located in the Peruvian flat slab, a region that involves one of the greatest deformations in the Andes. Therefore, this research aims to understand the tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the Acre Basin and its relationships with the sub-Andean basins through 2D seismic lines and exploration wells. The definition and mapping of six seismic units aged between the Devonian and the Neogene, confirmed by restoration, indicated a tectonic history compatible with the main events recorded in the sub-Andean basins, marked by an intercalation between extensional rift and compressional regimes, with an important role of basement and structural inheritance in deposition and in the structural style of deformation. Seismic units representative of the Famatinian, Gondwanide, Juruá and Andean orogenies, and the Pangea breakup were identified. The current positioning of the forebulge was conditioned by a locally non-elastic mechanism of forebulge uplift related to the upper Jurassic basement high (Envira High Arch), Cenozoic reactivation of Triassic rift faults and by the uplift of intraforeland basement blocks in thick-skinned tectonics during the Miocene. Thus, in addition to placing the Acre Basin in the context of sub-Andean basins, these deposits help to understand the geodynamic mechanisms and the complexity of Andean deformation even in regions distal to the fold-thrust belt.
Appalachian Basin mercury enrichments during the Late Devonian Kellwasser Events and comparison to global records
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The Late Devonian Kellwasser Events are two major biodiversity crises recorded at and just below the Frasnian-Famennian stage boundary for which the ultimate cause or causes of diversity depletion remain unclear. The discovery of anomalous mercury (Hg) enrichments in Upper Kellwasser Event (UKE) strata has led to increased interest in a potential volcanic trigger for one or both events. However, UKE Hg anomalies are found mainly on the continental shelves of the Palaeotethys Ocean, and Hg isotope values from at least one distal basin indicate a non-volcanic Hg source. These findings suggest volcanism during the UKE may have had regional rather than global impacts. In comparison to the UKE, few works have investigated the sedimentary Hg record of the Lower Kellwasser Event (LKE). Here, we contribute new Hg data from the LKE of the Appalachian Basin and compare this to a compilation of global Hg data from both events. The Appalachian Basin contains no sedimentary Hg enrichments consistent with massive volcanism during the LKE, and Hg concentrations are strongly correlated with total organic carbon. We argue that organic matter drawdown exerted a primary control upon Hg concentration in the Appalachian Basin. While basins more proximal to the Palaeotethys Ocean preserve potentially volcanogenic LKE Hg anomalies, the absence of such anomalies here reflects volcanism during the LKE that was at most only regionally significant, as hypothesized for the UKE. Volcanism is therefore an unlikely trigger of the global Kellwasser diversity depletions. Broader sampling of the Kellwasser record will assist in the development of an extinction model that accounts for variations in global Hg concentrations, as the depressed origination rates, prolonged background environmental stress, and variations in intra-basinal expression that characterize both events may indicate that the trigger of diversity loss in this interval is unique among the “Big Five” mass extinctions.
Oceanic anoxic events, photic-zone euxinia, and controversy of sea-level fluctuations during the Middle-Late Devonian
2023, Earth-Science Reviews
This paper reviews global records of anoxic events of the Middle Devonian – earliest Mississippian, as well as the possible triggers and controls of these events. These “anoxic events” are complex multistage paleoenvironmental disturbances manifested in multiple proxies, which we showcase with the Horn River Group (HRG) – a succession of basinal organic-rich shales and cherts deposited during the latest Eifelian – earliest Late Frasnian (∼386–373 My ago) on the western continental margin of Laurentia near the paleo-equator. Four major events imprinted in the HRG are the Kačák, Frasnes, basal punctata, and late punctata events, but positive δ¹³C excursions (measured on organic matter) are more numerous and can potentially be matched to other global events. The Kačák event in the base of the HRG manifests as a regional switch from carbonate-platform to anoxic sedimentation. Three major events of the latest Givetian – Middle Frasnian display repeating sequences characterized by: (1) an early shift to heavier δ¹³C values coupled with siliciclastic enrichment and mercury enrichment spikes of up to 0.48 ppm; (2) late-stage δ¹³C reversal to background values coincident with the onset of severe anoxia (buildup of authigenic U, Mo, V) and attenuation of siliciclastic supply. Devonian anoxic sediments, including HRG, display widespread presence of chlorobi biomarkers, which indicates episodes of photic-zone euxinia in the water column. Most of these sediments were deposited under open ocean conditions, precluding a Black Sea water-column stratification scenario. These observations indicate Devonian anoxic events are similar to classical Mesozoic oceanic anoxic events (OAEs), consistently with growing evidence for a volcanic trigger for these events (e.g. spikes in Hg and negative ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os anomalies). Oxygen minimum zones in a greenhouse ocean, such as the one recorded in basinal HRG, were prone to expansion under volcanic CO₂ reinforcement. This volcanic press-pulse also intensified the hydrological cycle, which resulted in a boost of weathering and eutrophication of shelfal seas. These factors, amplified by deoxygenation and acidification of the habitable upper ocean, drove extinctions of various magnitude. As a proxy for the input of land-plant detritus, the oxygen index from pyrolysis data shows zero response to anoxic events in the HRG, which aligns with broader evidence that counters expanding vascular vegetation to be the driver of the marine biotic crises. Finally, our review highlights how controversial the evidence of high-frequency (3rd to 5th orders) sea-level fluctuations is in the Devonian. In particular, none of the geochemical proxies usually employed to interpret sea-level changes translates unequivocally into transgressions and regressions in the greenhouse world. This sea-level puzzle clearly calls for new scrutiny and justifies scepticism in the validity of the classical “eustatic sea-level curve of the Devonian”, as well as estimates of eustatic amplitudes in excess of ∼25 m for 3rd and 4th order cycles.
Astronomical climate changes trigger Late Devonian bio- and environmental events in South China
2022, Global and Planetary Change
One of the five great mass extinctions of the Phanerozoic is the Frasnian–Famennian (FF) mass extinction, for which the causes have not yet been identified. In this study, cyclostratigraphic analysis of two FF transition sections was carried out in South China: the Yangdi section, a marine slope facies, and the Lali section, a marine basin facies. Paleoclimate proxy data collected at high resolution along these sections include magnetic susceptibility and X-ray fluorescence geochemistry (Ca and Fe concentrations). Time series analysis and modeling of the proxy data reveal that frequencies comparable to those of the Earth's long and short orbital eccentricity, obliquity, and precession index characterize the two successions. Metronomic 405-kyr long orbital eccentricity cycles identified along the two sections were used to construct a floating astronomical time scale across the FF transition, revealing that 1000 kyr separates the Lower and Upper Kellwasser horizons (LKH and UKH), and ~1600 kyr separates the maximum values of the LKH and UKH δ¹³C excursions. The estimated duration of the UKH is 150 kyr, during which the first, second, and third extinctions of the FF biotic crisis lasted 120 kyr, 20 kyr, and 10 kyr, respectively. Sedimentary noise models of the magnetic susceptibility and Ca concentration time series indicate that changes in sedimentary noise correspond to sea level variations. Modeling suggests that the long orbital eccentricity cycles controlled sea surface temperatures, and that third-order eustatic changes were forced by the combined orbital eccentricity and obliquity variations. Finally, we propose an “astronomical climate change” model as a defining mechanism of the FF biotic crisis.
Isotopic and biogenic silica evidence for eutrophic conditions in South China during the Frasnian-Famennian biotic crisis
2022, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
The Late Devonian Frasnian-Famennian (FF) transition at ca. 367 Ma was a key event in Phanerozoic Eon involving a massive biotic crisis, which coincided with a positive carbon isotope anomaly and large climate changes associated with eustatic fluctuations. The details underpinning the initiation of the mass extinction, however, remain problematic. To better understand this scientific issue, we conducted a time series of biogeochemical studies that included CN isotopes and biogenic silica (BSi) from the FF transition in the Yangdi section, South China. The carbon isotope data accurately constrain the Upper Kellwasser Horizon (UKH) and Lower Kellwasser Horizon (LKH) in this section. A short-term decrease in carbon isotope fractionation in the FF transition indicates a decreased pCO₂ level in the LKU and UKH, while the increased fractionation in the uppermost UKH was caused by the rapidly negative δ¹³C_org excursion, likely as the result of enhanced inputs from chemoautotrophs. On the other hand, the nitrogen isotope data suggest that the surface water had limited availability of dissolved N before and after the FF boundary due to enhanced benthic denitrification; these conditions led to a supply of external nitrogen that was likely driven by persistent diazotrophy. Increased sedimentary δ¹⁵N (up to +7.3‰) during the UKH suggests a rapidly amplified nitrate pool associated with water column denitrification, implying intensification of marine productivity and expansion of dysoxic-anoxic conditions linked to intensified oceanic circulation. In addition, BSi in sediments has the potential to evaluate historic changes in primary productivity of oceans and the maxima of BSi mass values (up to 1.96%) are clearly documented in the upper part of the UKH. Insofar as the elevated abundance of biolimited nitrogen coincided with strongly increased marine phytoplankton productivity at the FF boundary, we speculate that the nutrient-driven eutrophic conditions in surface waters associated with attendant redox changes may have been the main killing mechanism in the mass extinction.

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Chapter 2Toward understanding Late Devonian global events: few answers, many questions

Abstract

The intensity, occurrence, and duration of superplume events and eras over geological time

J. Geodyn.

Prospects for an upper Givetian substage

Mitt. Mus. Nat. Kd. Berl. Geowiss. Reihe

Brachiopods and bryozoans in a crisis situation over the Frasnian-Famennian age boundary in Late Devonian [in Russian]

The Devonian and Carboniferous of the Moscow Syneclise (Russian Platform): stratigraphy and sea-level changes

Tectonophysics

The late Devonian marine P cycle and the origin of widespread black shales: enhanced rates of upwelling or chemical weathering?

Geol. Soc. Am., Abstr. Pr.

Late Devonian oceanic anoxic events and biotic crises: ‘rooted’ in the evolution of vascular plants?

GSA Today

The role of soils as an interface between terrestrial and marine ecosystems: the Middle to Late Devonian

Geol. Soc. Am., Abstr. Pr.

Comparing the evidence relevant to impact and flood basalt at times of major mass extinctions

Astrobiology

Extinction and radiation of bivalves in the Late Devonian

Late Famennian Gastropoda from south-west England

Palacontology

Kola alkaline province in the Palaeozoic: evaluation of primary mantle magma composition and magma generation conditions

Russ. J. Earth Sci.

Mountain building-enhanced continental weathering and organic carbon burial as major causes for climatic cooling at the Frasnian-Famennian boundary(c. 376 Ma)?

Terra Nova

Frasnian-Famennian brachiopod extinction and recovery in southern Poland

Acta Palaeontol. Pol

Energetics in the global marine fauna: a connection between terrestrial diversification and change in the marine biosphere

Geobios

Origination, extinction, and mass depletions of marine diversity

Paleobiology

Petrogenesis of Devonian lamprophyre and carbonatite minor intrusions, Kandalaksha Gulf (Kola Peninsula, Russia)

Lithos

Growth and demise of Permian biogenic chert along northwest Pangea: evidence for end-Permian collapse of thermohaline circulation

Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palacoecol.

Sea-level changes in the Upper Devonian of the Canning Basin, Western Australia

Cour. Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg

Thermal maturation and burial history from Conodont colour alternation data, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Cour. Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg

The rise of trees and their effects on Paleozoic atmospheric CO2 and O2

C.R. Geosci.

Devonian vertebrate biochronology and global marine/non-marine correlation. Stuttgart. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung (Nägele u.Obermiller)

Sources, geodynamic setting of formation, and diamond-bearing potential of kimberlites from the northern margin of the Russian Plate: a Sr-NdIsotopic and ICP-MS geochemical study

Petrology

Extent and duration of marine anoxia during the Frasnian-Famennian (Late Devonian) mass extinction in Poland, Germany, Austria and France

Geol. Mag.

Gamma-ray spectrometry across the Upper Devonian basin succession at Kowala in the Holy Cross Mountains (Poland)

Acta Geol. Pol.

Provenance and geochemistry of sedimentary components in the Volcano-Sedimentary Complex, Iberian Pyrite Belt: discrimination between thesill-sediment-complex and volcanic-pile models

J. Geol. Soc. Lond.

Biochemostratigraphy of the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary Global Stratotype Section and Point, Griotte Formation, La Serre, Montagne Noire,France

Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol.

Clathrate eustasy: methane hydrate melting as a mechanism for geologically rapid sea-level fall

Geology

Osmium isotopes and the Upper Devonian “Kellwasser” event

Brachiopoda

The global Frasnian-Famennian “Kellwasser Event”

Geol. Rundsch.

Whole-rock carbon isotope analysis (δ13C) of Devonian to Permian sediments

Terra Nostra

Summary of the state of correlation in the Devonian of the Ardennes (Belgium-NE France) resulting from the decisions of the SDS

Cour. Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg

Conodont succession and biofacies in upper Frasnian for-mations (Devonian) from the southern and central parts of the Dinant Synclinorium (Belgium): timing of facies shifting and correlation with late Frasnian events

Bull. Inst. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belg., Sci. Terre

Ordovician-Permian palaeogeography of Central Eurasia: development of Palaeozoic petroleum-bearing basins

J. Petrol. Geol.

Late Devonian conodont fauna of the Gümüşali Formation, the Eastern Taurides, Turkey

Turk. J. Earth Sci.

Devonian-Carboniferous Hangenberg mass extinction event, widespread organicrich mudrock and anoxia: causes and consequences

Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol.

Ostracods from the late Frasnian of the Neuville railway section (Dinant Synclinorium. Belgium): relation to the Kellwasser Event

Bull. Soc. Géol. France

Ostracods prove that the Frasnian/Famennian boundary mass extinction was a major and abrupt crisis

Stress-induced changes in plate density, Vail sequences, epeirogeny, and short-lived global sea level fluctuations

Tectonics

The Frasnian-Famennian mass extinction: insights from high-resolution sequence stratigraphy and cyclostratigraphy in South China

Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol.

Palaeokarst and its implication for the extinction event at the Frasnian-Famennian boundary (Guilin, South China)

J. Geol. Soc. Lond.

The Late Devonian Frasnian-Famennian (F/F) biotic crisis: insights from δ13Ccheck δ13Corg and 87Sr/86Sr isotopic systematics

Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.

The rise of trees and their effects on Paleozoic atmospheric CO₂ and O₂

Whole-rock carbon isotope analysis (δ¹³C) of Devonian to Permian sediments

The Late Devonian Frasnian-Famennian (F/F) biotic crisis: insights from δ¹³C_check δ¹³C_org and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr isotopic systematics

SIMS U-Pb zircon ages for the Upper Devonian Snobs Creek and Cerberean Volcanics from Victoria, with age uncertainty based on UO₂/UO v. UO/U precision