Abstract
This paper examines the effect of multimarket contact in afirst price sealed bid government procurement auction market. It investigates whether bidprices in the highway construction industry are related to conditions that favor the formation of a cartel.Repeated contacts among firms are found to have a significantly positive effect on the winning low bidwhich leads to higher profit. Further, rivalry among few firms tends to exacerbate the multimarket effect.The results in this study additionally support the recent theoretical predictions that collusion isbetter sustainable during economic downturns.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alexander, D. L. (1985) ‘An Empirical Test of the Mutual Forebearance Hypothesis: The Case of Bank Holding Companies’, Southern Economic Journal, 52, 122–140.
Bajari, P. (1997) Econometrics of the First Price Auction with Asymmetric Bidders, mimeo, Harvard University.
Baldwin, L. H., R. C. Marshall, and J. F. Richard (1997) ‘Bidder Collusion at Forest Service Timber Auctions’, Journal of Political Economy, 105, 657–666.
Bernheim, B. D., and M. D. Whinston (1990) ‘Multimarket Contact and Collusive Behavior’, RAND Journal of Economics, 21, 1–26.
Beutel, P. A. (1991) ‘A Comment on Competition and “Bidding Behavior”: Some Evidence from Rice Market’, Economic Inquiry, XXIX, 389–393.
Brannman, L. (1996) ‘Potential Competition and Possible Collusion in Forest Service Timber Auctions’, Economic Inquiry, XXXIV, 730–745.
Brannman, L. and L. Froeb (2000) ‘Mergers, Cartels, Set-Asides and Bidding Preferences in Asymmetric Second-Price Auctions’, Review of Economics and Statistics, 82, 283–290.
Brannman, L., J. D. Klein, and L. W. Weiss (1987) ‘The Price Effects of Increased Competition in Auction Markets’, Review of Economics and Statistics, 69, 24–32.
Breshnahan, T. F. (1981) Competition and Collusion in the American Automobile Industry: The 1955 Price War, mimeo, Stanford University.
Breshnahan, T. F., and P. C. Reiss (1991) ‘Entry and Concentration in Concentrated Markets’, Journal of Political Economy, 99, 977–1009.
Comanor, W. S., and M. A. Schakerman (1976) ‘Identical Bids and Cartel Behavior’, Bell Journal of Economics, 7, 281–286.
Edwards, C. D. (1955) ‘Conglomerate Bigness as a Source of Market Power’, Business Concentration and Price Policy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Evans, W., L. Froeb, and G. Werden (1993) ‘Endogeneity in Concentration-Price Relationship: Causes, Consequences, and Cures’, Journal of Industrial Economics, 41, 1–8.
Evans, W. N., and I. N. Kessides (1994) ‘Living by the “Golden Rule”: Multimarket Contact in the U.S. Airline Industry’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, CIX, 341–366.
Feinstien, J. S., M. K. Block, and F. C. Nold (1985) ‘Asymmetric Information and Collusive Behavior in Auction Markets’, American Economic Review, 75, 441–460.
Froeb, L. M. (1994) ‘Bid Rigging against the Government’, Owen Manager.
Froeb, L. M., R. A. Koyak, and G. J. Werden (1993) ‘What is the Effect of Bid-Rigging on Price’, Economic Letters, 42, 419–423.
Haskel, J., and C. Martin (1992) ‘Margins, Concentration, Unions, and the Business Cycle: Theory and Evidence for Britain’, International Journal of Industrial Organization, 10, 611–632.
Heggestad, A., and A. Rhoads (1978) ‘Multi-Market Interdependence and Local Market Competition in Banking’, Review of Economics and Statistics, LX, 523–532.
Hendricks, K., and R. H. Porter (1989) ‘Collusion in Auctions’, Annales d'Economie et de Statistique, 15/16, 217–230.
Jans, I., and D. Rosenbaum (1996) ‘Multi-Market Contact and Pricing: Evidence from the U.S. Cement Industry’, International Journal of Industrial Organization, 15, 391–412.
Laffont, J. J., H. Ossard, and Q. Voung (1995) ‘Econometrics of First-PriceAuctions’, Econometrica, 63, 953–980.
Lang, K., and R. Rosenthal (1991) ‘The Contractors' Game’, Rand Journal of Economics, 22, 329–338.
Lanzilloti, R. F. (1996) ‘The Great School Milk Conspiracies of the 1980s’, Review of Industrial Organization, 11, 413–458.
McAfee, R. P., and J. McMillan (1987) ‘Auctions and Bidding’, Journal of Economic Literature, 25, 708–747.
McClave, J., T. Rothrock, and J. P. Ailstock (1978) ‘Computerized Economic and Statistical Investigation of the Florida School Bread Market’, Southeastern Anti-Trust Review, 1, 13–54
Mcmillan, J. (1991) ‘Dango: Japan’s Price Fixing Conspiracies’, Economics and Politics, 3, 201–218.
Mester, L. J. (1987) ‘Multiple Market between Savings and Loans’, Journal of Money Credit and Banking, 19, 538–549.
Pilloff, S. J. (1999) ‘Multimarket Contact in Banking’, Review of Industrial Organization, 14, 163–182.
Porter, H. R. (1983) ‘A Study of Cartel Stability: The Joint Economic Committee, 1880–1886’, Bell Journal of Economics, 14, 301–314.
Porter, H. R. (1985) ‘On the Incidence of Duration of Price Wars’, Journal of Industrial Economics, 33, 415–426.
Porter, H. R., and J. D. Zona (1993) ‘Detection of Bid Rigging in Procurement Auctions’, Journal of Political Economy, 101, 518–538.
Porter, H. R., and J. D. Zona (1999) ‘Ohio School Milk Markets: An Analysis of Bidding’, Rand Journal of Economics, 30, 263–288.
Reiss, P. C., and P. T. Spiller (1989) ‘Competition and Entry in Small Airline Markets’, Journal of Law and Economics, 32, 179–202.
Rhoades, S. A., and A. A. Heggestad (1985) ‘Multimarket Interdependence and Performance in Banking: Two Tests’, The Antitrust Bulletin, XXX, 975–995.
Riley, J. G., and W. F. Samuelson (1971) ‘Optimal Auctions’, American Economic Review, 71, 381–392.
Rotemberg, J. J., and G. Saloner (1986), ‘A Supergame-Theoretic Model of Price Wars during Booms’, American Economic Review, 76, 390–407.
Rotemberg, J. J., and M. Woodford (1992) ‘Oligopolistic Pricing and the Effects of Aggregate Demand on Economic Activity’, Journal of Political Economy, 100, 1153–1207.
Scott, J. T. (1991) ‘Multimarket Contact among Diversified Oligopolists’, International Journal of Industrial Organization, 9, 225–238.
Slade, M. E. (1987) ‘Interfirm Rivalry in a Repeated Game: An Empirical Test of Tacit Collusion’, Journal of Industrial Economics, XXXV, 499–516.
Spagnolo, G. (1999) ‘On Interdependent Supergames: Multimarket Contact, Concavity, and Collusion’, Journal of Economic Theory, 89, 127–139.
Stigler, G. J. (1964) ‘A Theory of Oligopoly’, Journal of Political Economy, 72, 44–61.
Whalen, G. (1996) ‘Non-Local Concentration, Multimarket Linkages, and Interstate Banking’, The Antitrust Bulletin, XLI, 365–397.
Zona, J. D. (1986) Bid-Rigging and the Competitive Bidding Process: Theory and Evidence, His Unpublished Work, Ph.D. Dissertation, State University of New York at Stony Brook.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gupta, S. The Effect of Bid Rigging on Prices: A Study of the Highway Construction Industry. Review of Industrial Organization 19, 451–465 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012568509136
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012568509136