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{{Infobox settlement
| official_name
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| | nicknames
▲| settlement_type = City<!--For Town or Village (leave blank for the default City)-->
▲| nicknames = Mother of Norias ({{lang|ar|أم النواعير}})<br /> City of [[Abulfeda]] ({{lang|ar|مدينة أبي الفداء}})
▲<!-- images and maps ----------->| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
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| photo2a = Noria and houses in Hama, Syria.JPG
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▲| pushpin_map = Syria <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map -->
▲| pushpin_label_position = bottom
▲| pushpin_mapsize = 250
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▲| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Syria
<!-- Location ------------------>| coordinates
| subdivision_type
| subdivision_name =
| subdivision_type1
| subdivision_name1
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| subdivision_name3
| established_title
| established_date = 1500 [[Anno
| government_type
| government_footnotes
| leader_title
| leader_name = Mahmoud Zanubua<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sana.sy/en/?p=278311|title=President al-Assad issues decrees on appointing new governors for eight Syrian provinces|website=[[Syrian Arab News Agency]]|date=20 July 2022|access-date=15 August 2022}}</ref>
<!-- Area --------------------->| unit_pref
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'''Hama''' ({{lang-ar|حَمَاة}} ''{{
The city is renowned for [[Norias of Hama|its seventeen norias]] used for watering the gardens, which are locally claimed to date back to 1100 BC. Though historically used for purpose of [[irrigation]], the [[noria]]s exist today as an almost entirely aesthetic traditional show.
==History==
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===Neolithic===
The stratigraphy is very generalized, which makes detailed comparison to other sites difficult. Level M ({{convert|6|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} thick) contained both white ware (lime-plaster) and true pottery. It may be contemporary with [[Ugarit|Ras Shamra V]] (6000–5000 BC).
===Chalcolithic===
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===Bronze Age===
====
Although the town appears to be unmentioned in [[cuneiform]] sources before the first millennium BC,<ref name="Hawkins, J.D 1975">Hawkins, J.D. "Hamath." ''Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie'', Vol. 4. Walter de Gruyter, 1975.</ref> the site appears to have been prosperous around 1500 BC, when it was presumably an [[Amorite]] dependency of [[Mitanni]], an empire along the [[Euphrates]] in northeastern Syria.<ref name="Ring1"/>
====Hittite
By around 1350 BC, Mitanni was overthrown by the [[Hittites]], who controlled all of northern Syria.
In the south, the Hittites were in conflict with the Egyptians. Hamath became an important urban center. The conflict culminated in the famous [[Battle of Kadesh]] against [[Ancient Egypt]] under [[Ramesses II]] near [[Homs]] in 1285 BC.
In early 19th century, [[Johann Ludwig Burckhardt]] was the first to discover Hittite or [[Anatolian hieroglyphs|Luwian hieroglyphic]] script at Hama.<ref>[http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/hittite.htm The Decipherment of Hittite] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031184739/http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/hittite.htm |date=31 October 2018 }} James Norman (Schmidt), Ancestral Voices: Decoding Ancient Languages, Four Winds Press, New York, 1975.</ref>
===Iron Age===
The Fall of the Hittite Empire saw the Neo-Hittite/[[Arameans|Aramaean]] Hama attested as the capital of one of the prosperous [[Syro-Hittite states]] known from the [[Hebrew Bible]] as Hamath ([[Aramaic language|Aramaic]]: ''Ḥmt''; [[Hittite language|Hittite]]: ''Amatuwana'';<ref name="Hawkins, J.D 1975"/> {{lang-
====Assyrian inscriptions====
When the Assyrian king [[Shalmaneser III]] (858–824 BC) conquered the north of [[Aramea]], he reached Hamath (
An Aramaic inscription of [[Zakkur]], dual king of Hamath and [[Luhuti]], tells of an attack by a coalition including [[Sam'al]] under [[Ben-Hadad III]], son of [[Hazael]], king of Aram-Damascus. Zakir was besieged in his fortress of [[Tell Afis|Hazrak]], but saved by intervention of the God [[Baalshamin]]. Later on, the state of [[Sam'al]] came to rule both Hamath and Aram. {{Citation needed|reason=No historical evidence for this claim|date=December 2016}}
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====Destruction under Sargon II====
After the fall of the [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|northern kingdom of Israel]], Hamath's king [[Yahu-Bihdi|Ilu-Bi'di]] (Jau-Bi'di) led a failed revolt of the newly organized Assyrian provinces of [[Arpad,
Styling himself the "Destroyer of Hamath," [[Sargon II]] razed the city c. 720 BC,<ref>"Hamath Wrecked to Terrify Small Opponents of Assyria" ''The Science News-Letter''. 39:13 (29 March 1941:205–206.)</ref> recolonized it with
Displaced persons from Hamath subsequently comprised an important part of the multi-ethnic Aramaean community at [[Elephantine]] and Syene (now [[Aswan]]) in Egypt starting in 700 BCE, where alongside similarly displaced [[Jews]] they produced a large corpus of materials in [[Imperial Aramaic]] known as the [[Elephantine papyri and ostraca]].<ref name="Toorn2019">{{cite book | author = Karel van der Toorn | date = 24 September 2019 | title = Becoming Diaspora Jews: Behind the Story of Elephantine | publisher = Yale University Press | pages = 54–59 | isbn = 978-0-300-24949-1 | oclc = 1117508771 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mpKsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54|quote=In the fifth century BCE, the Persian army in southern Egypt employed Arameans from Syria, Arameans from Babylonia, and Jews. The latter identified themselves as Arameans too. Their language was Aramaic, and their literary and religious culture bore an Aramean slant. [...] One of the two groups that constituted the Aramean colony of Syene had its roots in Hamath. This is the Bethel group.}}</ref>
▲Styling himself the "Destroyer of Hamath," [[Sargon II]] razed the city c. 720 BC,<ref>"Hamath Wrecked to Terrify Small Opponents of Assyria" ''The Science News-Letter''. 39:13 (29 March 1941:205–206.)</ref> recolonized it with 6,300 Assyrians, and removed its king to be flayed alive in Assyria.<ref name="Hawkins, J.D 1975"/> He also carried off to [[Nimrud]] the ivory-adorned furnishings of its kings.<ref>The ivories were found there by Layard. One of the ivory panels found at "Fort Shalmaneser" is inscribed "Hamath." (R. D. Barnett, "Hamath and Nimrud: Shell Fragments from Hamath and the Provenance of the Nimrud Ivories." ''Iraq''. 25:1. [Spring 1963:81–85.])</ref>
====Hamath in the Bible====
The few [[Bible|Biblical]] reports state that Hamath was the capital of a [[Canaan]]ite kingdom ({{
Assyria's defeat of Hamath made a profound impression on [[Isaiah]] ({{
===Persian, Hellenistic and Roman history===
In 539 BC, [[Cyrus the Great]], King of [[Achaemenid Empire]], took Syria as part of his empire, to be known as [[Eber-Nari]]. In July 522 BC, [[Cambyses II]] died at a location called Agbatana, which is most likely the modern city of Hama.{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}}
In the second half of the 4th century BC the modern region of Syria came under the influence of Greco-Roman culture, following long lasting semitic and Persian cultures. [[Alexander the Great]]'s campaign from 334 to 323 BC brought Syria under [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenic]] rule. Since the country lay on the trade routes from Asia to Greece, Hama and many other Syrian cities again grew rich through trade. After the death of Alexander the Great his Near East conquests were divided between his generals, and [[Seleucus Nicator]] became ruler of Syria and the founder of the [[Seleucid dynasty]]. Under the Seleucids there was a revival in the fortunes of Hama. The Aramaeans were allowed to return to the city, which was renamed '''Epiphaneia'''<ref name="Hawkins, J.D 1975"/> ({{lang-grc|Ἐπιφάνεια}}),<ref name="Stephanus of Byzantium">
The [[Roman Empire|Romans]] took over original settlements such as ''Hama'' and made them their own. They met little resistance when they invaded Syria under [[Pompey]] and annexed it in 64 BC, whereupon Hama became part of the [[Syria (Roman province)|Roman province of Syria]], ruled from Rome by a proconsul. Hama was an important city during the Greek and Roman periods, but very little archaeological evidence remains.<ref name="Ring2"/> As Syria became part of the Roman Empire, five hundred Hamian archers, known as "''Cohors Prima Hamiorum Sagittaria''", were stationed at [[Magnis (Carvoran)|Magnis]] on [[Hadrian's Wall]] in northern [[Roman Britain|Britain]] starting from AD 120. The same unit or another one was later renamed to "''Numerus Syrorum Saggitariorum''" and located at [[Derventio Brigantum]] ([[Malton, North Yorkshire|Malton]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.portalstothepast.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Roman-Hamian-Archer.pdf |title=Hamian Archers: Roman auxiliaries from Syria in Britain. 2nd Century A.D. |website=portalstothepast.co.uk }}</ref> The garrison unit was transferred to [[Bar Hill Fort]] on the [[Antonine Wall]] in [[Scotland]] in AD 142–157, then back to Magnis in AD 163–166, during the early reign of [[Marcus Aurelius]]. They might have also stationed at [[Housesteads Roman Fort|Housesteads]], as a tombstone of an archer was located there. However, the cohort's presence in Britain was proven by military diplomas, found in [[Stannington, Northumberland|Stannington]] (AD 122) and [[Ravenglass]] (AD 124), in addition to altars dedicated to Syrian Goddesses discovered at [[Catterick, North Yorkshire|Catterick]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.romanarmy.net/images/Pages/Military/hamians.htm |title=The Hamians |website=romanarmy.net }}</ref>{{sfn|Bruce|1867|pp=243–244}}
In AD 330, the capital of the Roman Empire was moved to [[Byzantium]], and the city continued to prosper. In [[Byzantine]] days, Hama was known as '''Emath''' or '''Emathoùs''' (''Εμαθούς'' in [[Greek language|Greek]]). Roman rule from Byzantium meant the [[Christian religion]] was strengthened throughout the Near East, and churches were built in Hama and other cities. The Byzantine historian [[John of Epiphania]] was born in Hama in the 6th century.<ref name="Ring2"/>
[[File:Alley in Hama.jpg|left|thumb|An alley in
Eustathius of Epiphaneia ({{lang-grc|Εὐστάθιος Ἐπιφανεύς}}) was a Greek historian. All his works lost. The most famous was the "Brief Chronicle" ({{lang-grc|Χρονικὴν ἐπιτομὴν}}).<ref>[https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/epsilon/3746 Suda Encyclopedia, § eps.3746]</ref>▼
▲Two main personalities from Hama were documented during Greek-Roman times. The first is Eustathius of Epiphaneia ({{lang-grc|Εὐστάθιος Ἐπιφανεύς}}), who was a Greek historian
===Muslim rule===
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It came under the control of the [[Hamdanid]] rulers of [[Aleppo]] in the 10th century and was consequently drawn into the orbit of that city where it remained until the 12th century.<ref name="DSA163"/> These were considered the "dark years" of Hama as the local rulers of northern and southern Syria struggled for dominance in the region. The Byzantines under emperor [[Nikephoros II Phokas|Nicephorus Phocas]] raided the town in 968 and burned the [[Great Mosque of Hama|Great Mosque]]. By the 11th century, the [[Fatimid]]s gained suzerainty over northern Syria and during this period, the [[Mirdasid]]s sacked Hama.<ref name="DSA163"/> [[Persian people|Persian]] geographer [[Nasir Khusraw]] noted in 1047 that Hama was "well populated" and stood on the banks of the Orontes River.<ref>le Strange, 1890, p.357.</ref>
[[File:Hama, Life on the streets, Syria.jpg|thumb|The gate in the old city of Hama, Mamluk architecture]]
[[Tancred, Prince of Galilee]], took it in 1108,<ref name="britannica"/> but in 1114 the [[Crusaders]] lost it definitively to the [[Great Seljuq Empire|Seljuk]]s,{{sfn|Whitaker|2008|p=163}} during the reign of [[Toghtekin]], atabeg of Damascus.
Hama grew prosperous during the Ayyubid period, as well as the Mamluk period. It gradually expanded to both banks of the Orontes River, with the suburb on the right bank being connected to the town proper by a newly built bridge. The town on the left bank was divided into upper and lower parts, each of which was surrounded by a wall. The city was filled with palaces, markets, mosques, ''[[madrasa]]s'', and a hospital, and over thirty different sized [[noria]]s (water-wheels). In addition, there stood a massive citadel in Hama.<ref name="DSA163"/> Moreover, a special aqueduct brought drinking water to Hama from the neighboring town of [[Salamiyah]].<ref name="DSA163"/>
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===Ottoman rule===
[[File:AlAzamPalace at Hama1.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Azm Palace (Hama)|Azem Palace]] in Hama was built in 1742]]
The prosperous period of Mamluk rule came to an end in 1516, when the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turks]] conquered Syria from the Mamluks after defeating them at the [[Battle of Marj Dabiq]] near Aleppo. Hama, and the rest of Syria, came under Ottoman rule from [[Constantinople]].<ref name="Ring3">Ring, 1996, p.318.</ref> Under the Ottomans, Hama gradually became more important in the administrative structure of the region. It was first made capital of one of the ''[[Liwa (Arabic)|liwa]]s'' ("districts") of the ''[[
Then in the 18th century, it became a part of the holdings of the governor of Damascus.<ref name="DSA163"/> The governors of Damascus at this time were the Azems, who also ruled other parts of Syria, for the Ottomans. They erected sumptuous residences in Hama, including the [[Azm Palace (Hama)|Azem Palace]] and Khan As'ad Pasha which were built by [[As'ad Pasha al-Azm|As'ad Pasha al-Azem]], who governed Hama for a number of years until 1742.<ref name="Ring3"/> By then, there were 14 caravansaries in the city, mostly used for the storage and distribution of seeds, cotton, wool, and other commodities.<ref>Reilly, 2002, p.72.</ref> After the passing of the Vilayet Law in 1864, Hama became the capital of the Sanjak of Hama (gaining the city more administrative powers), part of the larger [[vilayet of Sham]].<ref name="DSA163"/>
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During the French Mandate, the district of Hama contained within its bounds the municipality of Hama and 114 villages. By an estimate in 1930, only four of these villages were owned outright by local cultivators, while sharing ownership of two villages with a notable family. Thus, the hinterland was owned by landowning elites.<ref name="DSA164">Dumper, Stanley, and Abu-Lughod, 2007, p. 164.</ref> Starting in the late 1940s, significant class conflict erupted as agricultural workers sought reform in Hama.
Syria gained full independence from France in 1946. [[Akram al-Hawrani]], a member of an impoverished notable family in Hama, began to agitate for land reform and better social conditions. He made Hama the base of his [[Arab Socialist Party]], which later merged with another socialist party, the [[Ba'ath Party|Ba'ath]]. This party's ascent to power in 1963
In the early 1980s, Hama had emerged as a major source of opposition to the Ba'ath government during the Sunni armed [[Islamic uprising in Syria|Islamist uprising]], which had begun in 1976. The city was a focal point for bloody events in the [[April 1981 Hama massacre|1981 massacre]] and the most notable [[1982 Hama massacre]].<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Larbi Sadiki]] |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/07/201173113293285318.html |title=In Syria, the government is the real rebel – Opinion |publisher=Al Jazeera English |access-date=31 July 2011}}</ref> The most serious insurrection of the
In 2018, archaeologists revealed a Byzantine mosaic painting of a church that dates back to the fifth century AD. The painting, which was decorated with geometric shapes and inscriptions in Latin, was unearthed in the [[Tell
==Climate==
Its climate is classified as [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]] (BSk) in [[Köppen-Geiger climate classification system|Köppen-Geiger system]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=M. Kottek|author2=J. Grieser |author3=C. Beck |author4=B. Rudolf |author5=F. Rubel |title=World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated|journal=Meteorol. Z.|volume=15|pages=259–263|url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pics/kottek_et_al_2006.gif|doi=10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130|access-date=1 August 2013|year=2006|issue=3 |bibcode=2006MetZe..15..259K }}</ref> Hama's inland location ensures that it receives no softening coastal influences and breezes from the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. As a result, the city has a much hotter and drier climate than nearby [[Homs]].
{{Weather box
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Most of the residents are [[Sunni Muslim]]s (including mostly [[Arabs]], [[Kurds in Syria|Kurds]], and [[Syrian Turkmen|Turkmen]]), although some districts of the city are exclusively Christian.<ref name="DSA162">Dumper, Stanley, and Abu-Lughod, 2007, p.162.</ref> Hama is reputed to be the most conservative Sunni Muslim city in Syria since French Mandate times. During that period there was an old saying reflecting this characteristic: "In Damascus, it takes only three men to make a political demonstration, while in Hama it takes only three men to get the town to pray."<ref name="DSA164"/> The Christian population mostly adheres to the [[Greek Orthodox Church]] or the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]].<ref name="SandH232"/>
The city also contains a [[Palestinian refugee camp]], known as [[Hama camp]].
===Ecclesiastical status===
The Greek Orthodox Church has a prelacy in Hama under the [[Patriarch of Antioch]].<ref name="SandH232">Schaff and Herzog, 1911, p.232.</ref> Hama is still a Roman Catholic [[titular see]] (referred to as "Hamath" or Amath"), [[suffragan]] of [[Apamea (Syria)|Apamea]]. It is as "Epiphania" that it is best known in ecclesiastical documents. [[Lequien]] mentions nine Greek bishops of Epiphania.<ref>''Oriens Christianus'', II, pp.915–918.</ref> The first of them, whom he calls Mauritius, is the Manikeios whose signature appears in the [[First Council of Nicaea]].<ref>[[Heinrich Gelzer|Gelzer, Heinrich]], ''Patrum Nicaenorum Nomina''. p.lxi.</ref> Currently, it has two Catholic archbishops, a [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church|Greek Melkite]] and a Syrian, the former residing at [[Labroud]], the latter at Homs, reuniting the titles of [[Homs|Homs (Emesus)]] and Hamah.<ref>''Missiones Catholicae''. pp.781–804.</ref>
'''Titular bishopric of the Roman Church'''
*Vartan Hunanian (28 Jan 1675 - 24 Oct 1681) <ref>http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/d2e34.html Epiphania in Syria (Titular See). Catholicheirachy.org</ref>
*[[Franz Anton von Harrach zu Rorau]] (21 Nov 1701 - 7 Jan 1702, [[bishop of Vienna]])
*Giovanni Domenico Xiberras, (1 Oct 1727 - 5 Oct 1751)
*Giovanni Battista Albrici Pellegrini (5 Oct 1751 - 21 Jul 1760, [[Bishop of Como]])
*Tommaso Vespoli (22 Nov 1762 - 1768 )
*Johann Nepomuk Augustin von Hornstein zu Hohenstoffen (16 May 1768 - 16 Dec 1805)
*[[Francis Alphonsus Bourne]] (23 Mar 1896 - 1 May 1897)
*Pierre Feghali (23 Feb 1919 - 20 Jul 1944)
*Pietro Sfair (11 Mar 1953 - 11 Mar 1960)
*[[Volodymyr Malanczuk]], (22 Jul 1960 - 29 Sep 1990)
===Neighborhoods===
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a location to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦--->
*[[Kazo, Hama|Kazo]]
==Main sights==
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|total_width = 300
|image1=Noria in Hama 01.jpg|width1=2755|height1=1892|caption1=The Orontes River and [[Norias of Hama]]
|image2=Norias of Hama
|image3=Hama-noria.jpg|width3=2048|height3=1536|caption3=[[Norias of Hama]]
}}
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*''al-Hasanain'' mosque, also rebuilt by Nur ad-Din after the aforementioned earthquake.
*The [[Great Mosque of Hama|Great Mosque]]. Destroyed in the 1982 bombardment, it has been rebuilt in its original forms. It has elements dating from the ancient and Christian structures existing in the same location. It has two minarets, and is preceded by a portico with an elevated treasury.
== Notable people ==
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
*Adnan al-Bakkour, former Attorney General
== See also ==
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*[[Outline of Syria]]
*[[Cities of the ancient Near East]]
*[[Hama massacre (disambiguation)|Hama massacre]]
*[[Short chronology timeline]]
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==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{Catholic |wstitle=Hamatha}} [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07120c.htm CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Hamatha]
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = Cambyses II | last = Dandamayev | first = Muhammad A. | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cambyses-opers | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 7 | pages = 726–729 | year = 1990 }}
*{{Citation|title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&q=Cities+of+the+Middle+East|first1=Michael|last1=Dumper|first2=Bruce E.|last2=Stanley|first3=Janet L.|last3=Abu-Lughod|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2007|isbn=9781576079195}}.
*{{Citation|last=Bruce|first=John Collingwood|author-link=John Collingwood Bruce|title=The Roman Wall: a historical, topographical, and descriptive account of the barrier of the lower isthmus, extending from the Tyne to the Solway, etc. With plates and maps|publisher=Longmans & Company|year=1867}}.
*{{Citation|title=Syria: An Outline History|first=John D.|last=Grainger|publisher=Pen and Sword|year=2016|isbn=9781473860834}}.
*{{Citation|title=The new Schaff-Herzog encyclopedia of religious knowledge: embracing Biblical, historical, doctrinal, and practical theology and Biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical biography from the earliest times to the present day|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=amYAAAAAMAAJ&q=Hamah+Christian+population&pg=PA232|first1=Johann Jakob|last1=Herzog|first2=Phillip|last2=Schaff|year=1911|publisher=Funk and Wagnalls Company}}.
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*[https://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=7008617875&ref=ts The Official City's Group on facebook] {{in lang|ar}} – {{in lang|en}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070216061403/http://e.sy/ e.sy] Governmental online services
*[http://www.hama.ws Official site of Hama governorate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612074439/http://hama.ws/ |date=12 June 2019 }} {{in lang|ar}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20180823133201/http://www.hamabook.com/ Hama city community on the net] {{in lang|ar}}
*[http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsMiddEast/SyriaHamath.htm Ancient Hama king list] historyfiles.co.uk
{{Cities of Syria}}
{{Hama Governorate|hama}}
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[[Category:Hittite cities]]
[[Category:Aramean cities]]
[[Category:Aramean states]]
[[Category:Syro-Hittite states]]
[[Category:Canaanite cities]]
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