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Line 1: {{~~short~~Short description\|De2011–2012 de facto government of Libya ~~from 2011 to 2012~~}} {{~~about~~About\|the Libyan government\|the Congolese entity\|National Transitional Council (Congo)\|the Chadian entity\|National Transitional Council (Chad)}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=September 2020}} {{Infobox country \| conventional_long_name = Libya~~<ref>http://www.iso.org/iso/nl_vi-11_name_change_for_libya.pdf</ref>~~ \| common_name = Libya▼ ~~\|native_name = {{lower\|0.2em\|<big>ليبيا</big>}}~~ \| government_type = [[Unitary state\|Unitary]] [[Provisional government\|~~Transitional~~transitional government]]▼ ▲\|common_name = Libya \| p1 = Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya{{!}}Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ▲\|government_type = [[Unitary state\|Unitary]] [[Provisional government\|Transitional government]] \|p1 flag_p1 = ~~Libyan~~Flag ~~Arab~~of ~~Jamahiriya~~Libya (1977-2011).svg \|~~flag_p1~~ s1 = ~~Flag~~State of Libya ~~(1977-2011).svg~~ \|s1 flag_s1 = ~~State~~Flag of Libya.svg \|~~flag_s1~~ image_flag = Flag of Libya.svg \|~~image_flag~~ image_coat = ~~Flag~~Seal of the National Transitional Council (Libya).svg \| capital = [[Tripoli, Libya\|Tripoli]] \| largest_city = capital \| religion = [[Islam]] \| national_motto = \| national_anthem = [[Libya, Libya, Libya]] \| official_languages = [[Arabic language\|Arabic]] \| legislature = National Transitional Council \| title_leader = Chairman \| leader1 = [[Mustafa Abdul Jalil]] \| year_leader1 = 2011–2012 \| deputy1 = [[Mahmoud Jibril]] \| deputy2 = [[Abdurrahim El-Keib]] \| year_deputy1 = 2011 \| year_deputy2 = 2011-2012 \| era = 2011 Libyan civil war \| event_start = Establishment \| date_start = 527 February ~~March~~ \| year_start = 2011 \| event1 = [[Battle of Tripoli (2011)\|~~Battle~~Fall of Tripoli]] \| date_event1 = 28 August 2011 \| event2 = [[Death of Muammar Gaddafi]] \| date_event2 = 20 October 2011 \| event_end = Handover of power to the elected [[General National Congress]] \| date_end = 8 August \| year_end = 2012 \| stat_year1 = \| stat_area1 = \| stat_pop1 = \| currency = [[Libyan dinar]] \| currency_code = LYD \| image_map = Libya (orthographic projection).svg \| demonym = \| area_km2 = \| area_rank = \| GDP_PPP = \| GDP_PPP_year = \| HDI = \| HDI_year = \| today = }} {{Infobox organization \| name = National Transitional Council <br />{{lang\|ar\| المجلس الوطني الانتقالي }} <br />''{{~~transl~~transliteration\|ar\|al-majlis al-waṭanī al-intiqālī}}'' \| image = ~~\| image = Seal of the National Transitional Council (Libya).svg~~ \| image_border = \| size = <!-- default 200px --> \| alt = <!-- alt text; see [[WP:ALT]] --> \| caption = Seal \| map = <!-- optional --> \| msize = <!-- map size, optional, default 250px --> \| malt = <!-- map alt text --> \| mcaption = <!-- optional --> \| map2 = \| abbreviation = NTC \| motto = \| predecessor = [[General People's Congress (Libya)\|General People's Congress]] of the [[History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi#Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011)\|Libyan Arab Jamahiriya]] \| successor = [[General National Congress]] of Libya \| formation = 27 February 2011 \| extinction = <!-- Please do not change this parameter name, or the datum will not display -->8 August 2012 <ref name="Gnan-6-Aug-Meet">{{Citation \|first=Michel \|last=Cousins \|title=National Congress to meet on 8 August: NTC \|newspaper=Libya Herald \|date=24 July 2012 \|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/national-congress-to-meet-on-8-august/ \|access-date=26 July 2012 }}</ref> \| type = [[Provisional government\|Provisional authority]] \| purpose = [[Deliberative assembly]]/ [[deliberative democracy]] \| headquarters = [[Tripoli, Libya\|Tripoli]] \| location = [[Libya]] \| region_served = \| membership = \| language = [[Standard Arabic\|Arabic]] \| general = <!-- Secretary General --> \| leader_title = Chairman \| leader_name = [[Mustafa Abdul Jalil]] \| leader_title2 = Vice Chairman \| leader_name2 = [[Mustafa Honi]] \| leader_title3 = Prime Minister \| leader_name3 = [[Abdurrahim El-Keib]] <br /> [[Mahmoud Jibril]] \| leader_title4 = \| leader_name4 = \| key_people = \| affiliations = <!-- if any --> \| budget = \| num_staff = \| num_volunteers = \| website = {{URL\|http://www.ntc.gov.ly}} \| remarks = \| former name = }} {{Politics of Libya}} The '''National Transitional Council ~~of Libya~~''' (~~{{lang-ar\|المجلس الوطني الإنتقالي}}~~ ''~~{{transl\|ar\|ALA-LC\|al-[[majlis]] al-waṭanī al-intiqālī}}~~'NTC' ~~), sometimes known as the~~ ''~~'Transitional~~) ~~National~~was ~~Council''',<ref>{{cite~~a ~~news\|url=http://www.wsws.org/articles/2011/jul2011/pers-j20.shtml\|publisher=~~[[World Socialist Web Site]]\|title=The US recognises Libya's Transitional National Council\|date=20 July 2011\|access-date=29 July 2011\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724153337/http://www.wsws.org/articles/2011/jul2011/pers-j20.shtml\|archive-date=24 July 2011\|url-status=live}}</ref> was the ''de facto''transitional government ~~of [[Libya~~]] ~~for~~established ~~a period during and after~~in the [[Libyan ~~Civil~~civil ~~War~~war (2011)\|2011 Libyan ~~Civil~~civil ~~War~~war]],. ~~in which~~The [[anti-Gaddafi forces\|rebel forces]] overthrew the [[Libyan Arab Jamahiriya]] of [[Muammar Gaddafi]]. The ~~'''~~NTC~~'''~~ governed Libya for a period of ten months after the end of the war, holding [[2012 Libyan General National Congress election\|elections]] to a [[General National Congress]] on 7 July 2012, and handing power to the newly elected assembly on 8 August.<ref>[https://www.boston.com/news/world/middle-east/2012/08/08/libya-transitional-rulers-hand-over-power/uMPkXd9vTSSHg589mU9ykJ/story.html Libya's transitional rulers hand over power] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208121751/http://www.boston.com/news/world/middle-east/2012/08/08/libya-transitional-rulers-hand-over-power/uMPkXd9vTSSHg589mU9ykJ/story.html \|date=8 December 2012 }}, ''Boston.com'', 8 August 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.wsws.org/articles/2011/jul2011/pers-j20.shtml\|publisher=[[World Socialist Web Site]]\|title=The US recognises Libya's Transitional National Council\|date=20 July 2011\|access-date=29 July 2011\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724153337/http://www.wsws.org/articles/2011/jul2011/pers-j20.shtml\|archive-date=24 July 2011\|url-status=live}}</ref> The formation of the NTC was announced in the city of [[Benghazi]] on 27 February 2011 with the purpose to act as the "political face of the revolution". On 5 March 2011, the council issued a statement in which it declared itself to be the "only legitimate body representing the people of Libya and the Libyan state".<ref name="news.com.au">{{cite news \|title=Ferocious Battles in Libya as National Council Meets for First Time \|url=http://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/ferocious-battles-in-libya-as-national-council-meets-for-first-time/story-e6frfku0-1226016536676 \|date=6 March 2011 \|access-date=6 March 2011 \|publisher=[[NewsCore]] (via [[news.com.au]]) \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822083631/https://www.news.com.au/world/ferocious-battles-in-libya-as-national-council-meets-for-first-time/news-story/77a9c3d6f7ffdb00ee111056a8447ac8 \|archive-date=22 August 2019 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">The Interim Transitional National Council Decree 3. 5 March 2011.</ref><ref name="ntclibya_founding" /> An executive board, chaired by [[Mahmoud Jibril]], was formed by the council on 23 March 2011 after being ''de facto'' assembled as an "executive team" since 5 March 2011. The NTC issued a [[Libyan interim Constitutional Declaration\|Constitutional Declaration]] in August 2011 in which it set up a road-map for the transition of the country to a [[constitutional democracy]] with an elected government. The council gained [[International recognition of the National Transitional Council\|international recognition]] as the legitimate governing authority in Libya<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFLDE76E0W120110715\|publisher=[[Reuters]]\|date=15 July 2011\|access-date=25 July 2011\|title=Excerpts from Libya Contact Group Chair's Statement\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725211340/http://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFLDE76E0W120110715\|archive-date=25 July 2012\|url-status=~~live~~dead}}</ref> and occupied the country's seat at the [[United Nations]].<ref name="unga_144">{{cite news\|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/news/ci_18910663\|work=San Jose Mercury News\|first=Edith\|last=Lederer\|title=UN approves Libya seat for former rebels\|date=16 September 2011\|access-date=16 September 2011\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123034247/http://www.mercurynews.com/news/ci_18910663\|archive-date=23 November 2011\|url-status=live}}</ref> In referring to the Libyan state, the council used simply "Libya". The UN formally recognized the country as "Libya" in September 2011,<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://unterm.un.org \|title=United Nations interoffice memorandum dated 16 September 2011 from Desmond Parker, Chief of Protocol, to Shaaban M. Shaaban, Under-Secretary-General for General Assembly and Conference Management, attaching memorandum from Stadler Trengove, Senior Legal Officer \|publisher=[[United Nations Multilingual Terminology Database\|Unterm.un.org]] \|access-date=2013-02-05 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122071953/http://unterm.un.org/ \|archive-date=22 January 2013 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> based on a request from the Permanent Mission of Libya citing the [[Libyan interim Constitutional Declaration]] of 3 August 2011. In November 2011, the [[ISO 3166-1]] was altered to reflect the new country name "Libya" in English, "Libye (la)" in French.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.iso.org/iso/nl_vi-11_name_change_for_libya.pdf \|access-date=13 December 2011 \|date=8 November 2011 \|title=ISO 3166-1 Newsletter VI-11: Name change for Libya \|publisher=International Organization for Standardization \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117170551/http://www.iso.org/iso/nl_vi-11_name_change_for_libya.pdf \|archive-date=17 January 2012 \|url-status=live }}</ref> ==Background== Line 97 ⟶ 107: ===Uprising and civil war=== {{Main\|2011 Libyan civil war}} After [[Arab Spring\|popular movements]] overturned the rulers of [[Tunisian revolution\|Tunisia]] and [[2011 Egyptian revolution\|Egypt]], Libya's immediate neighbours to the west and east, Libya experienced a full-scale [[uprising]] beginning in February 2011.<ref>{{cite web \|url= http://blogs.aljazeera.net/middle-east/2011/02/17/live-blog-libya \|title= Live Blog  – Libya \|publisher= [[Al Jazeera English\|Al Jazeera]] \|date= 17 February 2011 \|access-date= 23 February 2011 \|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110223072304/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/middle-east/2011/02/17/live-blog-libya \|archive-date= 23 February 2011 \|url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://archive.libyafeb17.com/category/newsfeed/ \|title=News \| Libya February 17th \|publisher=Libyafeb17.com \|access-date=23 February 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030012821/http://archive.libyafeb17.com/category/newsfeed/ \|archive-date=30 October 2012 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> By 20 February, the unrest had spread to Tripoli. Much of Libya had slipped out of Gaddafi's control, falling to anti-Gaddafi forces. [[Cyrenaica\|Eastern Libya]], centered around the second largest city and vital port of Benghazi, was firmly under the control of the opposition. The opposition began to organise themselves into a functioning government.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/02/25/world/middleeast/map-of-how-the-protests-unfolded-in-libya.html\|work=[[The New York Times]]\|title=Map of How the Protests Unfolded in Libya\|date=25 February 2011\|access-date=26 February 2011\|author1=Burgess, Joe\|author2=Fahim, Kareem\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228085818/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/02/25/world/middleeast/map-of-how-the-protests-unfolded-in-libya.html\|archive-date=28 February 2011\|url-status=live}}</ref> Anti-Gaddafi forces marched on [[Sirte]] ([[Muammar Gaddafi\|Gaddafi]]'s hometown) on 28 September 2011. [[Armed forces of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya\|Gaddafi loyalists]] delayed the attack with the use of their snipers. The [[Battle of Sirte (2011)\|fight for Sirte]] ended on 20 October with the capture of the town and the death of Colonel Gaddafi.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15389550\|publisher=[[BBC News]]\|title=Libya's Col Muammar Gaddafi killed, says NTC\|date=20 October 2011\|access-date=20 October 2011\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020145228/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15389550\|archive-date=20 October 2011\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>http://www.iso.org/iso/nl_vi-11_name_change_for_libya.pdf {{Bare URL PDF\|date=March 2022}}</ref> ===Early efforts to form a government=== Line 103 ⟶ 114: On 24 February 2011, politicians, former military officers, tribal leaders, academics and businessmen held a meeting in the eastern city of [[Bayda, Libya\|Bayda]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/spotlight/libya/ \|title=Spotlight Libya \|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English]] \|access-date=25 March 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319100552/http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/spotlight/libya/ \|archive-date=19 March 2011 \|url-status=live }}</ref> The meeting was chaired by former justice minister [[Mustafa Abdul Jalil]], who [[List of Libyan officials who protested or resigned during 2011 protests\|quit the Jamahiriya government]] a few days before. The delegates discussed proposals for interim administration with many delegates asking for UN intervention in Libya.<ref>{{cite news \| author = Staff \| date = 25 February 2011 \| title = Discussions Under Way for Provisional Government in Libya \| url = http://maltastar.com/pages/r1/ms10dart.asp?a=14356 \| work = Malta Star \| access-date = 17 August 2011 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111003071612/http://maltastar.com/pages/r1/ms10dart.asp?a=14356 \| archive-date = 3 October 2011 \| url-status = dead }}</ref> The podium at the meeting displayed the pre-Jamahiriya flag.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news \| publisher = [[NPR]] \| date = 23 February 2011 \| url = https://www.npr.org/2011/02/23/134003954/New-Government-Forms-In-Eastern-Libya \| title = New Government Forms in Eastern Libya \| access-date = 3 April 2018 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180513000630/https://www.npr.org/2011/02/23/134003954/New-Government-Forms-In-Eastern-Libya \| archive-date = 13 May 2018 \| url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|work=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]] \|date=25 February 2011 \|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-02-25/libya-s-eastern-rebels-long-time-qaddafi-foes-driving-revolt.html \|title=Libya's Eastern Rebels Long Time Qaddafi Foes Driving Revolt \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228232031/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-02-25/libya-s-eastern-rebels-long-time-qaddafi-foes-driving-revolt.html \|archive-date=28 February 2011 }}</ref> On 25 February, [[Al Jazeera English\|Al Jazeera]] TV reported that talks were taking place between "personalities from eastern and western Libya" to form an interim government for the post-Gaddafi era.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The following day, former justice minister Mustafa Abdul Jalil was announced to be leading the process of forming an interim body, to be based in Benghazi.<ref>{{cite news \| publisher = [[CBN News]] \| date = 26 February 2011 \| url = http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/global-filipino/world/02/26/11/terror-tripoli-pressure-builds-yemen \| title = Terror in Tripoli as pressure builds in Yemen \| access-date = 8 August 2012 \| agency = Agence France-Presse \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121004104249/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/global-filipino/world/02/26/11/terror-tripoli-pressure-builds-yemen \| archive-date = 4 October 2012 \| url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|work=[[Al Jazeera English\|Al Jazeera]] \|title=Live Blog \|url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/live/africa/live-blog-libya-feb-26 \|date=26 February 2011 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301015859/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/live/africa/live-blog-libya-feb-26 \|archive-date=1 March 2011 \|access-date=5 March 2011 }}</ref> Jalil stated that "Gaddafi alone bore responsibility for the crimes that have occurred" in Libya; he also insisted on the unity of Libya and that Tripoli was the national capital.<ref>{{cite news\| publisher = lse.co.uk\| title = Ex-Libyan Minister Forms Interim Government: report\| agency = Reuters\| url = http://www.lse.co.uk/FinanceNews.asp?ArticleCode=77c8l0riig2uluz&ArticleHeadline=Ex_Libyan_minister_forms_interim_govtreport\| date = 26 February 2011\| access-date = 8 August 2012\| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110513045506/http://www.lse.co.uk/FinanceNews.asp?ArticleCode=77c8l0riig2uluz&ArticleHeadline=Ex_Libyan_minister_forms_interim_govtreport\| archive-date = 13 May 2011\| url-status = live}}</ref> The efforts to form an alternative government have been supported by the Libyan ambassador in the United States, [[Ali Suleiman Aujali]].<ref>{{cite news \| publisher = [[Reuters]] \| url = https://af.reuters.com/article/energyOilNews/idAFN2613766620110226 \| title = Update 1-Exclusive-Libya Envoy to U.S. Backs Interim Government \| date = 26 February 2011 \| access-date = 8 August 2012 \| author = Arshad Mohammed \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120725175410/http://af.reuters.com/article/energyOilNews/idAFN2613766620110226 \| archive-date = 25 July 2012 \| url-status = ~~live~~dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|work=[[Al Jazeera English\|Al Jazeera]] \|title=Live Blog – Libya \|date=27 February 2011 \|url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/live/africa/live-blog-libya-feb-27 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110308080819/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/live/africa/live-blog-libya-feb-27 \|archive-date=8 March 2011 }}</ref> The Libyan deputy ambassador to the United Nations, [[Ibrahim Omar Al Dabashi]], stated that he supported a new alternative government "in principle".<ref>{{cite news\|date=27 February 2011\|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/02/201122702915408866.html#\|title=Interim Libyan Govt Wins Support\|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English\|Al Jazeera]]\|access-date=17 August 2011\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629083820/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/02/201122702915408866.html\|archive-date=29 June 2011\|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Establishment of a national council=== {{History of Libya}} A National Transitional Council was formed on 27 February to act as "the political face of the revolution".<ref>{{cite news\|title=Anti-Gaddafi Figures Say Form National Council\|url=https://www.reuters.com/article~~/2011/02/27~~/libya-council-revolution-idUSWEB194120110227\|publisher=Reuters\|date=28 February 2011\|author1=Abbas, Mohammed\|author2=Blair, Edmund\|name-list-style=amp\|access-date=8 August 2012\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918231150/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/27/libya-council-revolution-idUSWEB194120110227\|archive-date=18 September 2012\|url-status=live}}</ref> Its spokesman, [[Abdul Hafiz Ghoga]], made clear at the launch press conference that the national council was not a provisional government and added that the newly formed council was not in contact with foreign governments and did not want them to intervene.<ref name="AJ-LybNatCons"/> He later clarified that an airstrike mandated by the United Nations would not be considered a foreign intervention.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Libyan Rebels Said To Debate Seeking U.N. Airstrikes \|url=https://nytimes.com/2011/03/02/world/africa/02libya.html \|date=1 March 2011 \|access-date=5 March 2011 \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|first1=Kareem \|last1=Fahim \|first2=David D. \|last2=Kirkpatrick \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506215302/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/02/world/africa/02libya.html \|archive-date=6 May 2011 \|url-status=live }}</ref> An Al Jazeera journalist in Benghazi reported that a fully fledged interim government would not be formed until Tripoli was under opposition control.<ref>Reported on Al-Jazeera English TV by Hoda Abdel-Hamid{{full citation needed\|date=January 2012}}</ref> This contradicted Jalil's statement of the previous day about the formation of a provisional government. These comments were later clarified by the council as Jalil's "personal views". Line 116 ⟶ 127: ===Formation of an executive board=== On 23 March, the council established an ~~Executive~~executive ~~Board~~board to act as a transitional government for Libya. Jibril, who had served as chairman of the informal "executive team" since 5 March, was appointed as ~~Chairman~~chairman of that board, stating that council would serve as the "legislative body", and the new Executive Board would serve as the "executive body".<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/225/119.html\|script-title=he:למען מיסראתה: מטוסי המערב תקפו טנקים\|newspaper=[[Maariv]]\|date=23 March 2011\|language=he\|trans-title=For Misrata: Western planes attacked tanks\|access-date=8 January 2012\|agency=Associated Press\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917222901/http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/225/119.html\|archive-date=17 September 2011\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=airforce>{{cite news\|url= http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/03/201132316258646677.html\|title= Libyan Air Force 'No Longer Exists'\|newspaper= [[Al Jazeera English\|Al Jazeera]]\|date= 23 March 2011\|access-date= 23 March 2011\|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110324161321/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/03/201132316258646677.html\|archive-date= 24 March 2011\|url-status= live}}</ref> Jibril led the meeting and negotiations with French President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]], a meeting that resulted in France officially recognizing the council as the sole representative of the Libyan people.{{citation needed\|date=August 2012}} ===Instability in 2012=== Line 122 ⟶ 133: ===Dissolution=== In a ceremony on 8 August 2012—held in the evening due to the daytime fast of [[Ramadan]]—the NTC formally transferred power to the [[General National Congress]]. Jalil stepped down as chairman, passing the position to the GNC's oldest member, [[Mohammed Ali Salim]].<ref name=BBC88 /> The NTC was then dissolved, while the GNC members took their oath of office, led by Salim.<ref name=R88 /> Hundreds of people gathered in [[Tripoli, Libya\|Tripoli]]'s [[Martyrs' Square, Tripoli\|Martyrs' Square]] with candles symbolizing reconciliation.<ref name=BBC88 /> The date of the transfer—20 Ramadan on the [[Islamic calendar]]—had also been selected for symbolic reasons, as 20 Ramadan the previous year had fallen on 20 August, the date that the rebels attacked Tripoli, leading to Gaddafi's flight.<ref name=R88>{{cite web \|url=https://www.reuters.com/article~~/2012/08/08~~/libya-handover-idUSL6E8J8DD320120808 \|title=Libya's ruling council hands over power to new assembly \|author1=Gumuchian, Marie-Louise \|author2=Shuaib, Ali \|name-list-style=amp \|date=8 August 2012 \|publisher=Reuters \|access-date=8 August 2012 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508182836/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/08/libya-handover-idUSL6E8J8DD320120808 \|archive-date=8 May 2013 \|url-status=live }}</ref> As Jalil addressed the crowd, attendees chanted "Allahu Akbar!" or another phrase meaning "The blood of martyrs will not go wasted!"<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/08/08/world/meast/libya-power-transition/ \|title=Libya's transitional council hands over power \|date=8 August 2012 \|publisher=CNN \|access-date=8 August 2012 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810074335/http://www.cnn.com/2012/08/08/world/meast/libya-power-transition/ \|archive-date=10 August 2012 \|url-status=live }}</ref> According to [[BBC News]], the transfer was "the first [[peaceful transition of power]] in Libya's modern history",<ref name=BBC88>{{cite web \|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19183300 \|title=Libya's NTC hands power to newly elected assembly \|date=8 August 2012 \|publisher=BBC News \|access-date=8 August 2012 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808192952/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19183300 \|archive-date=8 August 2012 \|url-status=live }}</ref> meaning the history since the end of the monarchy. ==Aims and objectives== {{~~further~~Further\|Libyan interim Constitutional Declaration}} The "Declaration of the founding of the National Transitional Council" stated that the main aims of the council were as follows:<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://ntclibya.org/arabic/first-announcement/ \|script-title=ar:إعلان تاسيس المجلس الوطني الانتقالي المؤقت \| الجمهورية الليبية - المجلس الوطني الانتقالي \|language=ar \|publisher=National Transitional Council \|date=19 March 2011 \|access-date=25 March 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314192350/http://ntclibya.org/arabic/first-announcement/ \|archive-date=14 March 2011 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> Line 140 ⟶ 151: Guide the conduct of foreign policy, and the regulation of relations with other countries and international and regional organizations, and the representation of the Libyan people In another statement clarifying the goals for a post-Gaddafi Libya, the council committed itself an eight-point plan to hold free and fair elections, draft a national constitution, form political and civil institutions, uphold intellectual and political pluralism, and guarantee citizens' inalienable human rights and the ability of free expression of their aspirations. The council also emphasized its rejection of racism, intolerance, discrimination, and terrorism.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/mar/29/vision-democratic-libya-interim-national-council \|title=A vision of a democratic Libya \|date=29 March 2011 \|work=The Guardian \|access-date=8 August 2012 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921211659/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/mar/29/vision-democratic-libya-interim-national-council \|archive-date=21 September 2013 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/mritems/Documents/2011/3/29/2011329113923943811The%20Interim%20Transitional%20National%20Council%20Statement.pdf\|title=A Vision of a Democratic Libya \|date=29 March 2011 \|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English\|Al Jazeera]] \|access-date=8 August 2012 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106021050/http://www.aljazeera.com/mritems/Documents/2011/3/29/2011329113923943811The%20Interim%20Transitional%20National%20Council%20Statement.pdf \|archive-date=6 November 2012 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Article 1 further declares [[Tripoli, Libya\|Tripoli]] the state capital and [[Standard Arabic\|Arabic]] the official language while reserving the linguistic and cultural rights of ethnic minorities as well as the [[freedom of religion]] for religious minorities. The stated aim of the NTC was to form a ''de jure'' interim government based in [[Tripoli, Libya\|Tripoli]] and hold elections for a General National Congress to replace it. The GNC would then elect a prime minister, appoint a Constituent Assembly to draft a constitution subject to its approval by the Public National Conference (PNC) and by referendum, and then oversee free elections for a representative government.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.reuters.com/article~~/2011/08/31~~/libya-constitution-idUSL5E7JV2CF20110831\|~~agency~~work=Reuters\|title=Libya's new rulers set out steps to elections\|first=Robert\|last=Birsel\|date=31 August 2011\|access-date=24 October 2011\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122015132/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/31/libya-constitution-idUSL5E7JV2CF20110831\|archive-date=22 November 2011\|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Structure and membership== Line 152 ⟶ 163: \| transcription_name = \| legislature = \| coa_pic = ~~Seal of the National Transitional Council (Libya).svg~~ \| coa_res = ~~100px~~ \| coa_alt = \| house_type = Unicameral Line 185 ⟶ 196: \| session_res = \| session_alt = \| meeting_place = [[Tripoli]], [[Libya]] \| website = [http://www.ntclibya.com ntclibya.com] \| footnotes = Line 191 ⟶ 202: The National Transitional Council claimed to be, and was [[International recognition of the National Transitional Council\|widely recognized as]], the "only legitimate body representing the people of Libya and the Libyan state".<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://ntclibya.org/english/about/ \|title=Introducing the Council \| The Libyan Republic - The Interim Transitional National Council \|publisher=National Transitional Council \|access-date=10 March 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310042042/http://ntclibya.org/english/about/ \|archive-date=10 March 2011 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> Starting off at 33 members, it rose to 51,<ref name="LibyaTVARaK">{{cite news\|work=[[Libya TV]] \|url=http://english.libya.tv/2011/11/01/abdul-raheem-al-keeb-elected-libyas-interim-pm/ \|title=Abdul Raheem al-Keeb elected Libya's interim PM \|date=1 November 2011 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103211927/http://english.libya.tv/2011/11/01/abdul-raheem-al-keeb-elected-libyas-interim-pm/ \|archive-date=3 November 2011 }}</ref> with proposals to increase its size further to 75 or even 125.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.omarturbi.org/NDI-ReportOnTNC62911.pdf\|title=The National Democratic Institute Update on Libya June 29, 2011\|date=29 June 2011\|access-date=19 September 2011\|author=David Rolfes\|publisher=omarturbi.org\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619025720/http://www.omarturbi.org/NDI-ReportOnTNC62911.pdf\|archive-date=19 June 2012\|url-status=dead}}</ref> Al Jazeera English reported that each city or town under opposition control will be given five seats on the new council and that contact will be established with new cities that come under opposition control to allow them to join the council. The identities of members of the council were not disclosed at the launch conference. Human Rights lawyer [[Hafiz Ghoga]] was the spokesperson for the new council. An Al Jazeera English journalist in Benghazi stated that Mustafa Abdul Jalil still had a leadership role within the new council.<ref name="AJ-LybNatCons">{{cite news\|title=Libya Opposition Launches Council\|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/02/2011227175955221853.html\|work=[[Al Jazeera English\|Al Jazeera]]\|date=27 February 2011\|access-date=5 March 2011\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227232201/http://english.aljazeera.net//news/africa/2011/02/2011227175955221853.html\|archive-date=27 February 2011\|url-status=live}}</ref> The ~~Council~~council declared that Jalil was the head of the council.<ref name="ntclibya_founding" /> The council met formally for the first time on 5 March 2011<ref name="ntclibya_founding">{{cite web\| title = Founding Statement of the Interim Transitional National Council\| publisher = National Transitional Council\| date = 5 March 2011\| url = http://ntclibya.org/english/founding-statement-of-the-interim-transitional-national-council/\| access-date = 7 March 2011\| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110310051658/http://ntclibya.org/english/founding-statement-of-the-interim-transitional-national-council/\| archive-date = 10 March 2011\| url-status = dead}}</ref> when it was announced that the council had 33 members.<ref name="ntclibya_membership">{{cite web \| title =Council Members \| publisher =National Transitional Council \| date =5 March 2011 \| url =http://ntclibya.org/english/council-members/ \| access-date =7 March 2011 \| archive-url =https://~~www~~web.~~webcitation~~archive.org/~~5x0zNNNFG?url=~~web/20110310042031/http://ntclibya.org/english/council-members/ \| archive-date =710 March 2011 \| url-status =dead }}</ref> The names of some of the members were kept secret to prevent threats to their families that were still in Gaddafi-held areas of Libya.<ref>{{cite news\|work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)\|The National]]\|url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/council-says-its-libyas-sole-representative\|title=Council Says It's Libya's Sole Representative\|author=Rolla Scolari\|date=6 March 2011\|access-date=8 August 2012\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307224715/http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/council-says-its-libyas-sole-representative\|archive-date=7 March 2011\|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2011, some of the NTC's members were in [[Benghazi]], while some had moved to the ''de jure'' capital [[Tripoli, Libya\|Tripoli]]. On 8 September, the head of government Mahmoud Jibril became the highest-ranking NTC official yet to move to Tripoli. Prior to Jibril's relocation, Deputy Chairman Ali Tarhouni was the ''de facto'' leader of the NTC in Tripoli.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/liveblog/libya-sep-8-2011-1928\|publisher=Al Jazeera\|title=Thursday, September 8, 2011 – 17:28 GMT+3 - Libya\|date=8 September 2011\|access-date=8 September 2011\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117201408/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/liveblog/libya-sep-8-2011-1928\|archive-date=17 November 2011\|url-status=live}}</ref> ====Members==== Line 199 ⟶ 210: The members of the council included:<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.ntclibya.com/InnerPage.aspx?SSID=7&ParentID=3&LangID=1 \|title=The Libyan Interim National Council \|publisher=National Transitional Council \|access-date=2 June 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522091355/http://www.ntclibya.com/InnerPage.aspx?SSID=7&ParentID=3&LangID=1 \|archive-date=22 May 2011 \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|last=Murphy\|first=Dan\|title=The members of Libya's National Transitional Council\|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Backchannels/2011/0902/The-members-of-Libya-s-National-Transitional-Council\|access-date=19 September 2011\|newspaper=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]\|date=2 September 2011\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913174736/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Backchannels/2011/0902/The-members-of-Libya-s-National-Transitional-Council\|archive-date=13 September 2011\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=List of NTC Members 1 of 2\|language=ar\|url=http://www.twitpic.com/7x9p8z\|access-date=23 December 2011\|publisher=twitpic.com\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403021824/http://www.twitpic.com/7x9p8z\|archive-date=3 April 2012\|url-status=live}}</ref> Council ~~Members~~members: [[Mustafa Abdul Jalil]] -– ~~Chairman~~chairman of the ~~Council~~council * [[Mustafa Honi]] -– ~~Vice~~vice ~~Chairman~~chairman of the ~~Council~~council * [[Ahmed al-Senussi\|Zubeir Ahmed El-Sharif]] -– Political Prisoners representative * [[Omar El-Hariri]] -– Military Council representative City Representatives: {{div col\|colwidth=22em}} * [[Hassan Fadeel]] -– City of [[Ajdabiya]] * [[Salih Dirssi]] -– City of [[Bayda, Libya\|Bayda]] * [[Ahmed Dayikh]] -– City of [[Bayda, Libya\|Bayda]] * [[Mustafa Houni]] -– City of [[Jufra District\|Jufra]] * [[Abd al-Qadr Minsar]] -– City of [[Khoms, Libya\|Khoms]] * [[Emadaldeen Nussayr]] -– City of [[Zawiya, Libya\|Zawiya]] * [[Khaled Nassrat]] -– City of [[Zawiya, Libya\|Zawiya]] * [[AbdAllah Turki]] -– City of [[Zintan]] * [[Mukhtar Jadal]] -– City of [[Ajaylat]] * [[Ahmed Zway]] -– City of [[Kufra]] * [[Mustafa Lindi]] -– City of [[Kufra]] * [[Abdullah Al-Mayhoub\|Abdullah Moussa Al-Mayhoub]] -– City of [[Quba District (Libya)\|Quba]] * [[Taher Dyab]] -– City of [[Marj, Libya\|Marj]] * [[Mussa Balkami]] -– City of [[Ubari]] * [[Mohamed ZaynAbideen]] -– Lower [[Nafusa Mountains\|Nafusa]] * [[Fathi Baja\|Fathi Mohammed Baja]] -– City of [[Benghazi]] * [[Ahmed Al-Abbar]] -– City of [[Benghazi]] * [[Salwa El-Deghali\|Salwa Fawzi El-Deghali]] -– City of [[Benghazi]] * [[Khaled Sayih]] -– City of [[Benghazi]] * [[Mansour Mohamed El-Kikhia\|Mansour Kikhia]] -– City of [[Benghazi]] * Intisar Ageeli -– City of [[Benghazi]] * Abd al-Basset Naama -– City of [[Tarhuna]] * Ihbaybil Doii -– City of [[Jadu, Libya\|Jadu]] * [[Ashour Bourashed]] -– City of [[Derna, Libya\|Derna]] * [[Khaled Ahmed ShikShik]] -– City of [[Zliten]] * [[Othman BenSassi]] -– City of [[Zuwara]] * [[Abd al-Majeed Sayf-alNasser]] -– City of [[Sabha, Libya\|Sabha]] * [[Mohamed Rimash]] -– City of [[Sirte]] * [[Fraj Shoeib]] -– City of [[Shahhat]] * [[Ali al-Juwani]] -– City of [[Sabratha]] * [[Farhat Shirshari]] -– City of [[Sorman]] * [[Othman Mgayrhi]] -– City of [[Tobruk]] * [[Alameen Bilhaj]] -– City of [[Tripoli, Libya\|Tripoli]] * [[Abd al-Razzag Aradi]] -– City of [[Tripoli, Libya\|Tripoli]] * [[Mohamed Hrayzi]] -– City of [[Tripoli, Libya\|Tripoli]] * [[Abd al-Razzag Abuhajar]] -– City of [[Tripoli, Libya\|Tripoli]] * [[Ali Shitwi]] -– City of [[Tripoli, Libya\|Tripoli]] * [[AbdAllah Banoon]] -– City of [[Tripoli, Libya\|Tripoli]] * [[Abd al-Nasser Salem]] -– City of [[Tripoli, Libya\|Tripoli]] * [[Abd al-Basset Abadi]] -– City of [[Tripoli, Libya\|Tripoli]] * [[Abd al-Nasser Nafaa]] -– City of [[Tripoli, Libya\|Tripoli]] * [[Salih Darhub]] -– City of [[Tripoli, Libya\|Tripoli]] * [[Osama AbuKraza]] -– City of [[Tripoli, Libya\|Tripoli]] * [[Milad Oud]] -– City of [[Tripoli, Libya\|Tripoli]] * [[Ali Manaa]] -– City of [[Ghadames]] * [[Idris AbuFayid]] -– City of -– [[Gharyan]] * [[Jamal Issa]] -– City of [[Kabaw]] * [[Ali Gamma]] -– City of [[Murzuk]] * [[Abd al-Hadi Shaweesh]] -– City of [[Murzuk]] * [[Ramadan Khaled]] -– City of [[Msallata]] * [[Ibrahim BenGhasheer]] -– City of [[Misrata]] * [[Suleiman Fortia\|Suleiman Al-Fortia]] -– City of [[Misrata]] * [[Mohamed ~~Al-Muntasir~~Elmuntasser]] -– City of [[Misrata]] * [[Salem Gnan]] -– City of [[Nalut]] * [[Hassan Sghayir]] -– City of [[Wadi al Shatii District\|al Shatii]] * [[Saad Nasr]] -– City of [[Wadi al Shatii District\|al Shatii]] * [[Abd al-Razzaq Madi]] -– City of [[Yafran]] * [[Mubarak al-Futmani]] -– City of [[Bani Walid]] {{div col end}} Line 269 ⟶ 280: ===Executive Board=== On 5 March 2011, a crisis committee was set up to act as the executive arm of the council. An Executive Board was announced on 23 March 2011.<ref name=airforce/><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/03/2011322193944862310.html#\|title=Libyan Rebels Form 'Interim Government'\|publisher=Al Jazeera\|date=22 March 2011\|access-date=25 March 2011\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324195130/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/03/2011322193944862310.html\|archive-date=24 March 2011\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="board">[http://www.ntclibya.com/InnerPage.aspx?SSID=8&ParentID=3&LangID=1] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727183717/http://www.ntclibya.com/InnerPage.aspx?SSID=8&ParentID=3&LangID=1 \|date=27 July 2011 }}. National Transitional Council.</ref> It originally had 15 members, but a minor reorganisation apparently removed the post of Military Affairs from the council proper and created a successor position for Defence on the board, expanding the bureau to 16 members.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/08/08/161430.html\|publisher=[[Al Arabiya]]\|date=8 August 2011\|access-date=9 August 2011\|title=Libyan Rebel Leader Sacks Executive Branch of Transitional Council\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102194554/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/08/08/161430.html\|archive-date=2 January 2014\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/liveblog/libya-aug-9-2011-1843\|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English\|Al Jazeera]]\|date=9 August 2011\|access-date=9 August 2011\|title=''Libya Live Blog''\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117202922/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/liveblog/libya-aug-9-2011-1843\|archive-date=17 November 2011\|url-status=live}}</ref> The ~~Executive~~executive ~~Board~~board was dismissed on 8 August 2011 due to administrative mistakes in investigating the assassination in July of Free Libyan Army commander General [[Abdul Fatah Younis\|Abdel-Fatah Younes]].<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/09/libyan-rebel-leader-sacks-cabinet\|access-date=8 August 2012\|newspaper=The Guardian\|first=Chris\|last=Stephen\|title=Libyan rebel leader sacks entire cabinet\|date=9 August 2011\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930192347/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/09/libyan-rebel-leader-sacks-cabinet\|archive-date=30 September 2013\|url-status=live}}</ref> Chairman Mahmoud Jibril, the only designated member of the ~~Executive~~executive ~~Board~~board who was not fired, was tasked with forming a new Board.<ref name="fired">{{cite news\|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/08/20118819142699446.html\|publisher=Al Jazeera\|date=8 August 2011\|access-date=8 August 2011\|title=Libyan Opposition Dissolves Leadership Board\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809124057/http://english.aljazeera.net//news/africa/2011/08/20118819142699446.html\|archive-date=9 August 2011\|url-status=live}}</ref> ====Members (March–August 2011)==== Prior to the re-shuffle in August 2011, the board members were:<ref name=board/> {{div col}} [[Mahmoud Jibril]] – [[List of heads of government of Libya\|Chairman]] and ~~Head~~head of ~~International~~international ~~Affairs~~affairs [[Ali Abd-al-Aziz al-Isawi\|Ali Al-Issawi]] – ~~Vice~~vice-~~Chairman~~chairman Ahmed Hussein Al-Darrat – Internal Affairs and Local Government [[Jalal al-Digheily]] – Defence (formerly Military Affairs) Line 285 ⟶ 296: Hania Al-Gumati – Social Welfare Abdullah Shamia – Economic [[Ali Tarhouni]] – [[Ministry of Finance (Libya)\|Finance and Oil]] [[Anwar Fituri]] – Transportation and Communications Abulgassim Nimr – Environment Line 297 ⟶ 308: A new cabinet was unveiled in early October 2011, though not all of its members were announced at once. Individuals confirmed to be part of the new board included<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/10/2011102181154543584.html\|publisher=Al Jazeera\|title=New cabinet takes shape in Libya\|date=2 October 2011\|access-date=2 October 2011\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002231518/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/10/2011102181154543584.html\|archive-date=2 October 2011\|url-status=live}}</ref> Mahmoud Jibril as prime minister, [[Ali Tarhouni]] as deputy prime minister, and [[Jalal al-Digheily]] as defence minister. On 23 October, Jibril resigned as Mustafa Abdul Jalil declared an end to the Libyan civil war,<ref name="declib">{{cite news\|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/f459749a-fd86-11e0-a9db-00144feabdc0.html?ftcamp=rss#axzz1bdQwjJL8\|title=Libya declares liberation after Gaddafi's death\|date=23 October 2011\|access-date=23 October 2011\|first=Borzou\|last=Daragahi\|work=Financial Times}}</ref> and [[Abdurrahim El-Keib]] succeeded him as prime minister on 31 October.<ref name="LibyaTVARaK"/> The executive board was dissolved on 22 November 2011 as per the Interim constitution which stated that the ~~Executive~~executive board must be dissolved upon the formation of the Interim Government.{{citation needed\|date=August 2012}} ===Interim government=== Line 305 ⟶ 316: [[Mustafa A.G. Abushagur]]- Deputy Prime Minister [[Hamza Abu Faris]] – Minister of Awqaf & Islamic Affairs [[Ali Ashour (politician)\|Ali Ashour]] – Minister of Justice [[Anwar Fituri]] – Minister of Communications and Information Technology [[Mustafa Rugibani]] – Minister of Labor Line 318 ⟶ 329: [[Mabrouka Jibril]] – Minister of Social Affairs [[Abdulrahman Ben Yezza]] – Minister of Oil [[Hasan Zaglam]] – [[Ministry of Finance (Libya)\|Minister of Finance]] [[AbdulHamid BuFruja]] – Minister of Agriculture [[Mahmoud Fetais]] – Minister of Industry Line 341 ⟶ 352: The council established the following commercial bodies to manage its financial affairs: The Central Bank of Benghazi – to act as the "monetary authority competent in monetary policies in Libya"<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://ntclibya.org/english/meeting-on-19-march-2011/ \|title=Meeting Outcomes of the Interim National Council Held on 19 March 2011 \|publisher=National Transitional Council \|date=19 March 2011 \|access-date=25 March 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110326080308/http://ntclibya.org/english/meeting-on-19-march-2011/ \|archive-date=26 March 2011 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> * Libyan Oil Company – to act as the "supervisory authority on oil production and policies in the country"<ref>{{cite web \|author=Varner, Bill \|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-21/libyan-rebel-council-sets-up-oil-company-to-replace-qaddafi-s.html \|title=Libyan Rebel Council Forms Oil Company To Replace ~~Qaddafi’s~~Qaddafi's \|work=[[Bloomberg L.P.\|Bloomberg]] \|date=21 March 2011 \|access-date=25 March 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324143637/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-21/libyan-rebel-council-sets-up-oil-company-to-replace-qaddafi-s.html \|archive-date=24 March 2011 \|url-status=live }}</ref> ==Armed forces== {{~~main~~Main\|National Liberation Army (Libya)\|Free Libyan Air Force\|Libyan National Army}} The [[anti-Gaddafi forces]] were Libyan armed forces which were constituted during the 2011 war by defected military members and armed citizens in order to engage in battle against remaining members of the [[Armed Forces of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya\|Jamahiriya's armed forces]], hired mercenaries and paramilitary loyal to the rule of [[Muammar Gaddafi]]. The [[National Liberation Army (Libya)\|National Liberation Army]], formerly known as the Free Libyan Army, was the NTC's military arm, with the small [[Free Libyan Air Force]] operating assets including captured and defected fighter jets and helicopters. [[Omar El-Hariri]] was the first military affairs minister the NTC named, holding that position from 23 March 2011 forward. By 19 May 2011, however, [[Jalal al-Digheily]] had replaced El-Hariri.<ref name="economist">{{cite news\|url=http://www.economist.com/node/18713650?story_id=18713650&fsrc=rss\|~~work~~newspaper=[[The Economist]]\|date=19 May 2011\|access-date=6 August 2011\|title=Libya: The Colonel Feels the Squeeze\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203203339/http://www.economist.com/node/18713650?story_id=18713650&fsrc=rss\|archive-date=3 February 2014\|url-status=live}}</ref> Then on 8 August 2011, Digheily along with 14 other members of the ~~Executive~~executive ~~Board~~board were fired and the position left vacant, but was reappointed in early October 2011 after continuing in the role of interim defense minister for almost two months.<ref name="newcab">{{cite news\|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/10/2011103124138235256.html\|work=Al Jazeera\|title=Jibril vows to quit after Libya 'liberation'\|date=3 October 2011\|access-date=3 October 2011\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101163706/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/10/2011103124138235256.html\|archive-date=1 November 2011\|url-status=live}}</ref> Then on 22 November 2011, the ~~Executive~~executive ~~Board~~board was dissolved for the formation of the Interim Government and [[Osama al-Juwali]] became the new Defense Minister. On 1 April 2011, [[Abdul Fatah Younis]] was announced as commander of the NTC's forces, in an attempt to form an organized fighting structure due to a string of failures. Younis was killed in an attack on 29 July 2011 which was variously blamed on pro-Gaddafi agents,<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2011/07/28/libya-rebel-head-abdel-fattah-younis-killed-115875-23304284\|title= Rebel head Abdel-Fattah Younis Killed\|work=[[Daily Mirror]]\|date=28 July 2011\|access-date=8 August 2012}}</ref> rogue rebel militiamen, and the NTC itself.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://news.sky.com/story/870718/libyan-rebel-military-leader-is-killed \|title=Libyan Rebel Military Leader Is Killed \|date=29 July 2011 \|publisher=Sky News \|access-date=8 August 2012 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017074217/http://news.sky.com/story/870718/libyan-rebel-military-leader-is-killed \|archive-date=17 October 2012 \|url-status=live }}</ref> [[Suleiman Mahmoud]], Younis's top lieutenant, replaced him as army commander.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2011-07-29-libya-rebel-chief-slain_n.htm\|work=USA Today\|agency=Associated Press\|date=29 July 2011\|access-date=29 July 2011\|title=Officer accuses fellow rebels in Libya killing\|first=Rami\|last=Al-Shaheibi\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110731044153/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2011-07-29-libya-rebel-chief-slain_n.htm\|archive-date=31 July 2011\|url-status=live}}</ref> Line 358 ⟶ 369: {{Legend\|#C10000\|Countries that formally opposed recognition of the NTC at the UN}} {{Legend\|#FF5555\|Countries that voted against the transfer of Libya's UN seat to the NTC}}]] {{~~main~~Main\|Foreign relations of Libya\|International recognition of the National Transitional Council}} In July 2011, the [[Libya Contact Group]] of representatives of many nations announced its participants' agreement to deal with the National Transitional Council as the "legitimate governing authority in Libya".<ref>{{cite news\|url= https://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFLDE76E0W120110715\|title= Excerpts from Libya Contact Group Chair's Statement\|agency= [[Reuters]]\|work= Reuters Africa\|date= 15 July 2011\|access-date= 16 July 2011\|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120725211340/http://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFLDE76E0W120110715\|archive-date= 25 July 2012\|url-status= ~~live~~dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/15/libyan-rebels-international-recognition-leaders\|title=Libyan Rebels Win International Recognition as Country's Leaders\|date=15 July 2011\|work=[[The Guardian]]\|author=[[Ian Black (journalist)\|Black, Ian]]\|access-date=16 July 2011\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911044903/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/15/libyan-rebels-international-recognition-leaders\|archive-date=11 September 2013\|url-status=live}}</ref> The council also received the backing of the [[Arab League]]<ref>{{cite news \|agency=Agence France-Presse \|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/world/view/20110313-325099/Libyan-regime-lost-legitimacyArab-League \|title=Libyan Regime 'Lost Legitimacy'—Arab League \|~~work~~newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] \|date=13 March 2011 \|access-date=25 March 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314010323/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/world/view/20110313-325099/Libyan-regime-lost-legitimacyArab-League \|archive-date=14 March 2011 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[European Union]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.msz.gov.pl/Foreign,Minister,Radoslaw,Sikorski,visits,Benghazi,43100.html \|title=Foreign Minister Radosław Sikorski Visits Benghazi \|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Poland)\|Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] \|date=11 May 2011 \|access-date=20 May 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322004924/http://www.msz.gov.pl/Foreign%2CMinister%2CRadoslaw%2CSikorski%2Cvisits%2CBenghazi%2C43100.html \|archive-date=22 March 2012 \|url-status=live }}</ref> On 16 September 2011, the [[United Nations General Assembly]] voted to award Libya's [[United Nations\|UN]] seat to the NTC.<ref name="unga_144"/> On 20 September 2011, the [[African Union]] officially recognised the NTC as the legitimate representative of Libya.<ref>{{cite news\|title=African Union officially recognises Libya's new leadership\|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h2NflCTWlrw96Cs-Ts7A7Xcem2dA?docId=CNG.a8a1185f4a08d2928999ea8643dc5bd9.501\|date=20 September 2011\|access-date=8 January 2012\|agency=Agence France-Presse~~\|publisher=Google News~~\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120184724/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h2NflCTWlrw96Cs-Ts7A7Xcem2dA?docId=CNG.a8a1185f4a08d2928999ea8643dc5bd9.501\|archive-date=20 November 2011\|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mohammed El Senussi]], the [[pretender]] to the [[House of Senussi\|throne of Libya]], also voiced his support for the NTC.<ref name="Libya's 'exiled prince' urges world action" >{{cite news \|agency=Agence France-Presse \|date=9 March 2011 \|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle09.asp?xfile=data/international/2011/March/international_March491.xml&section=international \|title=Libya's 'Exiled Prince' Urges World Action \|work=[[Khaleej Times]] \|access-date=10 March 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713151457/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle09.asp?xfile=data%2Finternational%2F2011%2FMarch%2Finternational_March491.xml&section=international \|archive-date=13 July 2011 \|url-status=live }}</ref> While NTC forces were working to secure military victory on the ground, the NTC's chairman, Mustafa Abdul Jalil, was working to foster good diplomatic relations overseas. Before Gaddafi was killed Abdul Jalil negotiated a deal with the British government to pay millions in compensation to victims of [[Provisional Irish Republican Army\|IRA]] attacks that used Jamahiriya-supplied arms.<ref>{{cite news\|title=UK and new Libyan leaders agree deal for IRA victims\|url=http://www.exaronews.com/articles/4117/uk-and-new-libyan-leaders-agree-deal-for-ira-victims\|date=20 October 2011\|work=[[Exaro ~~news~~News]]\|access-date=30 January 2012\|author=O’Cleirigh, Fiona\|archive-url=https://~~web.~~archive.~~org/web~~today/~~20120426005818~~20120730064529/http://www.exaronews.com/articles/4117/uk-and-new-libyan-leaders-agree-deal-for-ira-victims\|archive-date=2630 ~~April~~July 2012\|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Military intervention===<!-- Is this subsection currently needed or necessary? --> Line 377 ⟶ 388: ==External links== {{~~wikinews~~Wikinews\|France first to recognise Libyan rebels as "legitimate representatives of the people"}} *[http://www.libyanmission-un.org libyamission-un.org], official website of Libya's mission to the United Nations {{National Transitional Council}} {{Libyan institutional transition}} {{LibyanLegislatures}} {{Arab Spring}} {{Libyan civil war}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Government of Libya]] [[Category:Members of the National Transitional Council\| ]] [[Category:First Libyan Civil War ~~(2011)~~]] [[Category:2011 establishments in Libya]] [[Category:2012 disestablishments in Libya]] [[Category:Organizations of the Arab Spring]] [[Category:Provisional governments]]