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{{short description|Country in Central America}}
{{pp-pc1|small=yes}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Republic of Nicaragua
| common_name = Nicaragua
| native_name =
| image_flag = Flag of Nicaragua.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Nicaragua.svg
| national_motto = {{native phrase|es|En Dios confiamos}}<br />{{raise|0.2em|{{small|"[[In God We Trust]]"}}{{lower|0.2em|{{efn|As shown on the [[Nicaraguan córdoba|Córdoba]] (bank notes and coins).<ref>[http://bcn.gob.ni/billetes_monedas/index.html?&val=1 Banco Central de Nicaragua] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924020620/http://bcn.gob.ni/billetes_monedas/index.html?&val=1 |date=
| national_anthem = {{native name|es|[[Salve a ti, Nicaragua]]|italics=on|nolink=yes}}<br />{{small|"Hail to Thee, Nicaragua"}}<br />
| image_map = NIC orthographic.svg
| image_map2 =
| capital = [[Managua]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|12|6|N|86|14|W|type:city_region:NI-MN}}
| largest_city = capital
| official_languages = [[Nicaraguan Spanish|Spanish]]
| ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list
| 69% [[Mestizo]] (mixed [[White Latin American#Nicaragua|White]] and [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous]])
| 17% [[White Latin American#Nicaragua|White]]
Line 23:
| 5% [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous]]
}}
| ethnic_groups_year = 2023<ref>{{cite web |title=Nicaragua |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nicaragua/#people-and-society |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=4 July 2023 |language=en |date=19 June 2023 |archive-date=20 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320071255/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nicaragua#people-and-society |url-status=live }}</ref>
| demonym = {{hlist|[[Nicaraguans|Nicaraguan]]|Pinolero/Pinolera (colloquial)}}
| religion_year = 2015
| religion_ref = <ref>[http://www.prolades.com/ The Latin American Socio-Religious Studies Program / Programa Latinoamericano de Estudios Sociorreligiosos (PROLADES)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112003048/http://www.prolades.com/ |date=12 January 2018 }} PROLADES Religion in America by country</ref><ref name="Census2015">{{cite web|title=CENSO DE POBLACIÓN 2005|url=http://www.inide.gob.ni/censos2015/ResumenCensal/Resumen2.pdf|access-date=4 April 2015|date=2015}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| religion = {{unbulleted list
|
{{Tree list}}
*84.4% [[Christianity]]
**27.2% [[Protestantism]]
**2.2% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]]
{{Tree list/end}}
|14.7% [[Irreligion in Latin America|no religion]]|0.9% other}}
| government_type = Unitary [[presidential republic]] under an [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] dictatorship<ref name="Awadalla 2023 pp. 701–723">{{cite journal | last=Awadalla | first=Cristina | title=Authoritarian Populism and Patriarchal Logics: Nicaragua's Engendered Politics | journal=Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society | publisher=Oxford University Press (OUP) | volume=30 | issue=2 | date=March 23, 2023 | issn=1072-4745 | doi=10.1093/sp/jxad006 | pages=701–723| doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Córdoba 2022 h955">{{cite web | last=Córdoba | first=José de | title=U.S. Imposes Sanctions on Nicaragua's Authoritarian Regime | website=WSJ | date=October 25, 2022 | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-imposes-sanctions-on-nicaraguas-authoritarian-regime-11666657991 | access-date=September 3, 2023 | archive-date=3 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903155100/https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-imposes-sanctions-on-nicaraguas-authoritarian-regime-11666657991 | url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Freedom House 2019 j906">{{cite web | title=Nicaragua: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report | website=Freedom House | date=May 30, 2019 | url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/nicaragua/freedom-world/2023 | access-date=September 3, 2023 | archive-date=3 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903155102/https://freedomhouse.org/country/nicaragua/freedom-world/2023 | url-status=live }}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[President of Nicaragua|President]]
| leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Daniel Ortega]]}}
| leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Nicaragua|Vice President]]
| leader_name2 = [[Rosario Murillo]]
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| legislature = [[National Assembly (Nicaragua)|National Assembly]]
| sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] {{nobold|from [[Spain]], [[Mexico]] and the [[Federal Republic of Central America]]}}
| established_event1 = Declared
| established_date1 = 15 September 1821
| established_event2 = Recognized
| established_date2 = 25 July 1850
| established_event3 = from the [[First Mexican Empire]]
| established_date3 = 1 July 1823
| established_event4 = from the [[Federal Republic of Central America]]
| established_date4 = 31 May 1838
| established_event5 = Revolution
| established_date5 = 19 July 1979
| established_event6 = {{nowrap|Current constitution}}
| established_date6 = 9 January 1987<ref name=cia/>
| area_km2 = 130,375
| area_rank = 96th <!-- Area rank should match List of countries and dependencies by area -->
| area_sq_mi = 50,193 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
| percent_water = 7.14
| population_estimate = 6,359,689<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Nicaragua|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2023
| population_estimate_rank = 110th
| population_density_km2 = 51
| population_density_sq_mi = 114 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
| population_density_rank = 155th
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $51.022 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.NI">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=278,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Nicaragua) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=17 October 2023 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031115839/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=278,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year =
| GDP_PPP_rank = 115th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 129th
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $
| GDP_nominal_rank = 127th
| GDP_nominal_year =
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $2,
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 134th
| Gini = 46.2 <!--number only-->
| Gini_year = 2014
| Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=NI |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=7 March 2019 |archive-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522170529/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=NI |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Gini_rank =
| HDI = 0.
| HDI_year =
| HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| HDI_ref = <ref name="
| HDI_rank =
| currency = [[Nicaraguan córdoba|Córdoba]]
| currency_code = NIO
| time_zone = [[Central Time Zone|CST]]
| utc_offset = −6
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = [[+505]]
| cctld = [[.ni]]
<!--- ORPHANED:
|footnote_a = English and indigenous languages on Caribbean coast are also spoken.
|footnote_b = Significant proportion of information obtained from [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nicaragua/ CIA World Fact Book]
---->| regional_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[English language|English]] |[[Miskito language|Miskito]] |[[Rama language|Rama]] |[[Sumo languages|Sumo]] |{{nowrap|[[Miskito Coast Creole]]}} |[[Garifuna language|Garifuna]] |[[Rama Cay Creole]]}}
| country_code =
}}
'''Nicaragua''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Nicaragua.ogg|ˌ|n|ɪ|k|ə|ˈ|r|ɑː|ɡ|w|ə|,_|-|ˈ|r|æ|ɡ|-|,_|-|g|j|u|ə}}; {{IPA-es|nikaˈɾaɣwa|lang|ES-pe - Nicaragua.ogg}}}} officially the '''Republic of Nicaragua''',{{efn|{{Audio-es|República de Nicaragua|ES-pe - República de Nicaragua.ogg}}<!-- {{IPA-es|reˈpuβlika ðe nikaˈɾaɣwa|}}-->}} is the geographically largest [[Sovereign state|country]] in [[Central America]], comprising {{cvt|130,370|km2}}. With a population of 6,850,540 as of 2021, it is the third-most populous country in Central America after [[Guatemala]] and [[Honduras]]. Nicaragua is bordered by Honduras to the north, the [[Caribbean Sea]] to the east, [[Costa Rica]] to the south, and the [[Pacific Ocean]] and a shared maritime border with [[El Salvador]] to the west. The country's largest city and national capital is [[Managua]], the [[List of largest cities in Central America#Largest cities proper|fourth-largest city in Central America]] with a population of 1,055,247 as of 2020. Nicaragua's multiethnic population includes people of mestizo, indigenous, European, and African heritage. The country's most spoken language is [[Spanish language|Spanish]], though indigenous tribes on the [[Mosquito Coast]] speak their own languages and [[English language|English]].
Originally inhabited by various indigenous cultures since ancient times, the region was conquered by the [[Spanish Empire]] in the 16th century. Nicaragua gained independence from Spain in 1821. The Mosquito Coast followed a different historical path, being colonized by the English in the 17th century and later coming under British rule. It became an autonomous territory of Nicaragua in 1860 and its northernmost part was transferred to [[Honduras]] in 1960. Since its independence, Nicaragua has undergone periods of political unrest, dictatorship, occupation and fiscal crisis, including the [[Nicaraguan Revolution]] of the 1960s and 1970s and the [[Nicaraguan Revolution#Contra War|Contra War]] of the 1980s.
The mixture of cultural traditions has generated substantial diversity in folklore, cuisine, and music, and literature,
== Etymology ==<!--linked-->
There are two prevailing theories on how the name ''Nicaragua'' came to be. The first is that the name was coined by Spanish colonists based on the name [[Nicarao (cacique)|Nicarao]],<ref name="Ideal">{{cite news|title=¿Por qué los países de América Latina se llaman como se llaman?|url=http://www.ideal.es/sociedad/201507/29/paises-america-latina-llaman-20150727134054.html|access-date=April 12, 2017|work=Ideal|date=July 29, 2015|trans-title=Why do Latin American countries call themselves as they are called?|language=es|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225183349/https://www.ideal.es/sociedad/201507/29/paises-america-latina-llaman-20150727134054.html|url-status=live}}</ref> who was the chieftain or [[cacique]] of a powerful indigenous tribe encountered by the Spanish [[conquistador]] [[Gil González Dávila]] during his entry into southwestern Nicaragua in 1522. This theory holds that the name Nicaragua was formed from Nicarao and {{lang|es|agua}} (Spanish for 'water'), to reference the fact that there are two large lakes and several other bodies of water within the country.<ref name="Pueblo">{{cite news|last1=Sánchez|first1=Edwin|title=El origen de "Nicarao-agua": la Traición y la Paz|url=http://www.elpueblopresidente.com/noticias/ver/titulo:35129-el-origen-de-nicarao-agua-la-traicion-y-la-paz|access-date=July 3, 2017|work=El Pueblo Presidente|date=October 16, 2016|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801080334/http://www.elpueblopresidente.com/noticias/ver/titulo:35129-el-origen-de-nicarao-agua-la-traicion-y-la-paz|archive-date=2017-08-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, as of 2002, it was determined that the cacique's real name was {{lang|nci|Macuilmiquiztli}}, which meant 'Five Deaths' in the [[Nahuatl]] language, rather than Nicarao.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sánchez|first1=Edwin|title=De Macuilmiquiztli al Güegüence pasando por Fernando Silva|url=https://www.el19digital.com/articulos/ver/titulo:47267-de-macuilmiquiztli-al-gueguence-pasando-por-fernando-silva|access-date=April 12, 2017|work=El 19|date=October 3, 2016|trans-title=From Macuilmiquiztli to Güegüence through Fernando Silva|language=es|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414003323/https://www.el19digital.com/articulos/ver/titulo:47267-de-macuilmiquiztli-al-gueguence-pasando-por-fernando-silva|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Silva|first1=Fernando|title=Macuilmiquiztli|url=http://archivo.elnuevodiario.com.ni/cultural/118693-macuilmiquiztli/|access-date=April 12, 2017|work=El Nuevo Diario|date=March 15, 2003|language=es|archive-date=12 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412143935/http://archivo.elnuevodiario.com.ni/cultural/118693-macuilmiquiztli/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Sanchez">{{cite news|last1=Sánchez|first1=Edwin|title=No hubo Nicarao, todo es invento|work=El Nuevo Diario|date=September 16, 2002|trans-title=There was no Nicarao, it's all invented|language=es}}</ref><ref name="Encuentro">{{cite news|title=Encuentro del cacique y el conquistador|url=http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/especiales/44697-encuentro-cacique-conquistador/|access-date=May 17, 2017|work=El Nuevo Diario|date=April 4, 2009|trans-title=Encounter of the cacique and the conqueror|language=es|archive-date=7 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507054414/http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/especiales/44697-encuentro-cacique-conquistador/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The second theory is that the country's name comes from any of the following Nahuatl words: {{lang|nci|nic-anahuac}}, which meant '[[Anahuac (Aztec)|Anahuac]] reached this far', or 'the [[Nahuas]] came this far', or 'those who come from Anahuac came this far'; {{lang|nci|nican-nahua}}, which meant 'here are the Nahuas'; or {{lang|nci|nic-atl-nahuac}}, which meant 'here by the water' or 'surrounded by water'.<ref name="Ideal" /><ref name="Pueblo" /><ref name="Choque">{{cite web |last1=Solórzano |first1=Carla Torres |title=Choque de lenguas o el mestizaje de nuestro idioma |url=http://www.laprensa.com.ni/2010/09/18/espectaculo/38089-choque-de-lenguas-o-el-mestizaje-de-nuestro-idioma |website=La Prensa |access-date=July 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412143717/http://www.laprensa.com.ni/2010/09/18/espectaculo/38089-choque-de-lenguas-o-el-mestizaje-de-nuestro-idioma |archive-date=April 12, 2017 |trans-title=Clash of languages or the mixing of our language |language=es |date=September 18, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=La raíz nahuatl de nuestro lenguaje|url=http://archivo.elnuevodiario.com.ni/cultural/132502-raiz-nahuatl-nuestro-lenguaje/|access-date=July 3, 2017|work=El Nuevo Diario|date=August 10, 2004|trans-title=The Nahuatl root of our language|language=es|archive-date=12 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812052335/http://archivo.elnuevodiario.com.ni/cultural/132502-raiz-nahuatl-nuestro-lenguaje/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
== History ==
{{Main|History of Nicaragua}}
=== Pre-Columbian history ===
[[File:Nicaragua Ometepe pétroglyphes 1.jpg|thumb
[[Paleo-Indians]] first inhabited what is now known as Nicaragua as far back as 12,000 BCE.<ref name="Dall2005">{{cite book|last=Dall|first=Christopher|title=Nicaragua in Pictures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vUP3hLbq6DEC&pg=PA66|date=October 1, 2005|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|isbn=978-0-8225-2671-1|pages=66–67}}</ref> In later [[Pre-Columbian era|pre-Columbian]] times, Nicaragua's [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous people]] were part of the [[Intermediate Area]],<ref name="Brief">{{cite book|last1=Pérez-Brignoli|first1=Héctor|last2=translated by Sawrey A.|first2=Ricardo B.|last3=Sawrey|first3=Susana Stettri de|title=A Brief History of Central America|url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofce00pr|url-access=registration|date=1989|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0520060494|edition=2nd}}</ref>{{rp|33}} between the [[Mesoamerica]]n and [[Andes|Andean]] cultural regions, and within the influence of the [[Isthmo-Colombian Area]]. Nicaragua's central region and its Caribbean coast were inhabited by [[Macro-Chibchan languages|Macro-Chibchan language]] ethnic groups such as the [[Miskito people|Miskito]], [[Rama people|Rama]], [[Mayagna|Mayangna]], and [[Cacaopera people|Matagalpas]].<ref name="Brief" />{{rp|20}} They had coalesced in Central America and migrated both to and from present-day northern Colombia and nearby areas.<ref>[http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=40290 Gloria Helena Rey, "The Chibcha Culture – Forgotten, But Still Alive"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220131907/http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=40290 |date=2012-02-20 }}, ''Colombia'', ''Inter Press Service (IPS) News'', 30 Nov 2007, accessed 9 Nov 2010</ref> Their food came primarily from hunting and gathering, but also fishing and [[slash-and-burn]] agriculture.<ref name="Brief" />{{rp|33}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Nicaragua: VI History|encyclopedia=Encarta|date=2007-06-13}}</ref><ref name="Newson">{{cite book|last1=Newson|first1=Linda A.|title=Indian survival in colonial Nicaragua|date=1987|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|location=Norman [OK]|isbn=978-0806120089|edition=1st}}</ref>{{rp|65}}
At the end of the 15th century, western Nicaragua was inhabited by several indigenous peoples related by culture to the Mesoamerican civilizations of the [[Aztecs|Aztec]] and [[Maya peoples|Maya]], and by language to the [[Mesoamerican language area]].<ref name=LOC1>{{cite news|title=Nicaragua: Precolonial Period|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ni0013)|work=Library of Congress Country Studies|access-date=2007-06-29|archive-date=22 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922145600/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ni0013)|url-status=live}}, interpretation of statement: "the native peoples were linguistically and culturally similar to the Aztec and the Maya"</ref> The Chorotegas were [[Mangue language]] ethnic groups who had arrived in Nicaragua from what is now the Mexican state of [[Chiapas]] sometime around 800 CE.<ref name="Choque" /><ref name="Newson" />{{rp|26–33}} The [[Nicarao people]] were a branch of [[Nahuas]] who spoke the [[Nawat language|Nawat]] dialect and also came from Chiapas, around 1200 CE.<ref name="Campbell1985">{{cite book|last=Campbell|first=Lyle|title=The Pipil Language of El Salvador|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N5bmUh7jproC&pg=PA10|date=January 1, 1985|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-088199-8|pages=10–12}}</ref> Prior to that, the Nicaraos had been associated with the [[Toltec]] civilization.<ref name="Newson" />{{rp|26–33}}<ref name="Campbell1985" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Fowler|first=WR Jr.|year=1985|title=Ethnohistoric Sources on the Pipil Nicarao: A Critical Analysis|journal=Ethnohistory|volume=32|issue=1|pages=37–62|place=Columbus, Ohio|oclc=62217753|doi=10.2307/482092|jstor=482092}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Brinton|first1=Daniel G.|title=Were the Toltecs an Historic Nationality?|journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society|date=1887|volume=24|issue=126|pages=229–230|jstor=983071}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=von Humboldt, Alexander|author2=Poynter, J. Ryan |author3=Altamirano Rayo, Giorleny D |author4=Kraft, Tobias |title=Views of the Cordilleras and Monuments of the Indigenous Peoples of the Americas: A Critical Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G7Pt35axXEkC&pg=PA92|date=January 25, 2013|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-86509-6|page=92}}</ref> Both Chorotegas and Nicaraos originated in Mexico's [[Cholula (Mesoamerican site)|Cholula]] valley,<ref name="Campbell1985" /> and migrated south.<ref name="Newson" />{{rp|26–33}} A third group, the [[Subtiaba language|Subtiaba]]s, were an [[Oto-Manguean languages|Oto-Manguean]] people who migrated from the Mexican state of [[Guerrero]] around 1200 CE.<ref name="Campbell1997">{{cite book |last1=Campbell |first1=Lyle |title=American Indian languages : the historical linguistics of Native America |date=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=0-19-509427-1}}</ref>{{rp|159}} Additionally, there were trade-related colonies in Nicaragua set up by the Aztecs starting in the 14th century.<ref name="Newson" />{{rp|26–33}}
=== Spanish era (1523–1821) ===
{{Further|Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish conquest of Nicaragua}}
[[File:
[[File:06.Plaza de la Independencia de Granada.JPG|thumb|The colonial city of [[Granada, Nicaragua|Granada]] near [[Lake Nicaragua]], one of the most visited sites in [[Central America]]]]
In 1502, on his fourth voyage, [[Christopher Columbus]] became the first European known to have reached what is now Nicaragua as he sailed southeast toward the [[Isthmus of Panama]].<ref name="Brief" />{{rp|193}}<ref name="Newson" />{{rp|92}} Columbus explored the [[Mosquito Coast]] on the Atlantic side of Nicaragua<ref>{{cite news|title=Letter of Columbus on the Fourth Voyage|publisher=American Journey|url=http://www.americanjourneys.org/aj-068/summary/index.asp|access-date=2007-05-09|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403152053/http://americanjourneys.org/aj-068/summary/index.asp|archive-date=2007-04-03}}</ref> but did not encounter any indigenous people. 20 years later, the Spaniards returned to Nicaragua, this time to its southwestern part. The first attempt to conquer Nicaragua was by the conquistador [[Gil González Dávila]],<ref name=EBH>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Nicaragua: History|url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-214487/Nicaragua|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2007-08-21|archive-date=10 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610194232/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-214487/Nicaragua|url-status=live}}</ref> who had arrived in Panama in January 1520. In 1522, González Dávila ventured to the area that later became the [[Rivas Department]] of Nicaragua.<ref name="Brief" />{{rp|35}}<ref name="Newson" />{{rp|92}} There he encountered an indigenous Nahua tribe led by chief Macuilmiquiztli, whose name has sometimes been erroneously referred to as "[[Nicarao (cacique)|Nicarao]]" or "Nicaragua". The tribe's capital was Quauhcapolca.<ref name="Encuentro" /><ref name="HealyPohl1980">{{cite book|author1=Healy, Paul |author2=Pohl, Mary |title=Archaeology of the Rivas Region, Nicaragua|url=https://archive.org/details/archaeologyofriv0001heal|url-access=registration |year=1980|publisher=Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-88920-094-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/archaeologyofriv0001heal/page/21 21]}}</ref><ref name="Dyck2015">{{cite book|author1=Dyck, Erika |author2=Fletcher, Christopher |title=Locating Health: Historical and Anthropological Investigations of Place and Health|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m-c5CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA107|date=October 6, 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-32278-8|page=107}}</ref> González Dávila conversed with Macuilmiquiztli thanks to two indigenous interpreters who had learned Spanish, whom he had brought along.<ref name="Sanchez" /> After exploring and gathering gold<ref name="Encuentro" /><ref name="Brief" />{{rp|35}}<ref name="Newson" />{{rp|55}} in the fertile western valleys, González Dávila and his men were attacked and driven off by the Chorotega, led by chief [[Diriangen|Diriangén]].<ref name="Encuentro" /><ref>{{cite news|title=The Spanish Conquest|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ni0014)|work=Library of Congress|access-date=2007-08-21|archive-date=22 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922150135/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ni0014)|url-status=live}}</ref> The Spanish tried to convert the tribes to Christianity; Macuilmiquiztli's tribe was baptized,<ref name="Encuentro" /><ref name="Newson" />{{rp|86}} but Diriangén was openly hostile to the Spaniards. Western Nicaragua, at the Pacific Coast, became a port and shipbuilding facility for the Galleons plying the waters between Manila, Philippines and Acapulco, Mexico.<ref>[https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/100380/1/Peterson_Andrew_r.pdf Making the First Global Trade Route: The Southeast Asian Foundations of the Acapulco–Manila Galleon Trade, 1519-1650 (Page 163)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122328/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/100380/1/Peterson_Andrew_r.pdf |date=17 November 2021 }} Citing Andre Gschaedler, "Mexico and the Pacific, 1540 - 1565: The Voyage of Villabos and Legazpi and the Preparations Made for Them," (Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1954), 40.</ref>
The first Spanish permanent settlements were founded in 1524.<ref name=EBH/> That year, the conquistador [[Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (founder of Nicaragua)|Francisco Hernández de Córdoba]] founded two of Nicaragua's main cities: [[Granada, Nicaragua|Granada]] on [[Lake Nicaragua]], and then [[León, Nicaragua|León]], west of [[Lake Managua]].<ref name="Brief" />{{rp|35, 193}}<ref name="Newson" />{{rp|92}} Córdoba soon built defenses for the cities and fought against incursions by other conquistadors.<ref name="Newson" />{{rp|92}} Córdoba was later publicly [[Decapitation|beheaded]] for having defied his superior, [[Pedro Arias Dávila]].<ref name="Brief" />{{rp|35}} Córdoba's tomb and remains were discovered in 2000 in the [[León Viejo|ruins of León Viejo]].<ref name=ET>{{cite news|title=Nicaragua Briefs: An Historic Find|publisher=Central American University – UCA|url=http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/1418|work=Envío|access-date=2007-08-21|archive-date=12 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712083309/http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/1418|url-status=live}}</ref>
The clashes among Spanish forces did not impede their destruction of the indigenous people and their culture. The series of battles came to be known as the "War of the Captains".<ref>{{cite book|last=Duncan|first=David Ewing|title=Hernando de Soto – A Savage Quest in the Americas – Book II: Consolidation|publisher=Crown Publishers|location=New York|year=1995}}</ref> Pedro Arias Dávila was a winner;<ref name="Brief" />{{rp|35}} although he lost control of Panama, he moved to Nicaragua and established his base in León.<ref name="Whisnant2000">{{cite book|last=Whisnant|first=David E.|title=Rascally Signs in Sacred Places: The Politics of Culture in Nicaragua|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qK8TBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA30|date=November 9, 2000|publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-0-8078-6626-9|pages=30–32|access-date=24 May 2017|archive-date=5 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205140444/https://books.google.com/books?id=qK8TBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA30#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1527, León became the capital of the colony.<ref name="Newson" />{{rp|93}}<ref name="Whisnant2000" /> Through diplomacy, Arias Dávila became the colony's first governor.<ref name=ET/>
Without women in their parties,<ref name="Newson" />{{rp|123}} the Spanish conquerors took Nahua and Chorotega wives and partners, beginning the multiethnic mix of indigenous and European stock now known as "''[[mestizo]]''", which constitutes the great majority of the population in western Nicaragua.<ref name=LOC1/> Many indigenous people were killed by European [[infectious disease]]s, compounded by neglect by the Spaniards, who controlled their subsistence.<ref name=EBH/> Many other indigenous peoples were captured and transported as slaves to Panama and Peru between 1526 and 1540.<ref name="Brief" />{{rp|193}}<ref name="Newson" />{{rp|104–105}}
In 1610, the [[Momotombo]] volcano erupted, destroying the city of León.<ref name="Geomorph">{{cite book|last=Bergoeing|first=Jean Pierre|title=Geomorphology of Central America: A Syngenetic Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TWwZBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68|date=May 18, 2015|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-0-12-803185-8|pages=68–69|access-date=25 May 2017|archive-date=5 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205140445/https://books.google.com/books?id=TWwZBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> The city was rebuilt northwest of the original,<ref name="Whisnant2000" /><ref name="Geomorph" /> which is now known as the [[León Viejo|ruins of León Viejo]]. During the [[American Revolutionary War]], Central America was subject to conflict between Britain and Spain. British navy admiral [[Horatio Nelson]] led expeditions in the [[Battle of San Fernando de Omoa]] in 1779 and on the [[San Juan Expedition (1780)|San Juan River in 1780]], the latter of which had temporary success before being abandoned due to disease.
=== Independent Nicaragua from 1821 to 1909 ===
[[File:Political Evolution of Central America and the Caribbean 1830 na.png|thumb|The [[Mosquito Coast]] in 1830]]
[[File:La Pedrada de Andres Castro.jpg|thumb|A portrait of the [[Battle of San Jacinto (1856)|Battle of San Jacinto]] during the [[Filibuster War]]]]
The [[Act of Independence of Central America]] dissolved the [[Captaincy General of Guatemala]] in September 1821, and Nicaragua soon [[Central America under Mexican rule|became part]] of the [[First Mexican Empire]]. In July 1823, after the overthrow of the Mexican monarchy in March of the same year, Nicaragua joined the newly formed [[Federal Republic of Central America|United Provinces of Central America]], country later known as the Federal Republic of Central America. Nicaragua definitively became an independent republic in 1838.<ref>{{cite journal|last1= Smith|first1= RS|title= Financing the Central American federation, 1821–1838|journal= The Hispanic American Historical Review|volume= 43|issue= 4|pages= 483–510|year= 1963|doi= 10.2307/2509898|jstor= 2509898}}</ref>
The early years of independence were characterized by rivalry between the [[Constitutionalist Liberal Party|Liberal]] elite of León and the [[Conservative Party (Nicaragua)|Conservative]] elite of Granada, which often degenerated into civil war, particularly during the 1840s and 1850s. [[Managua]] rose to undisputed preeminence as the nation's capital in 1852 to allay the rivalry between the two feuding cities.<ref name="Capital">{{cite book|last= Cybriwsky|first= Roman Adrian|title= Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qb6NAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA177|date= May 23, 2013|publisher= ABC-CLIO|isbn= 978-1-61069-248-9|page= 177|access-date= 27 May 2017|archive-date= 5 February 2024|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240205140429/https://books.google.com/books?id=qb6NAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA177|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Managua|url= http://archivo.laprensa.com.ni/archivo/2006/marzo/09/servicios/guiaturistica/|access-date= May 24, 2017|work= La Prensa|date= March 9, 2006|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131111081208/http://archivo.laprensa.com.ni/archivo/2006/marzo/09/servicios/guiaturistica/|language= es|archive-date= November 11, 2013 | quote = Fue elevada a ciudad en 1846 y salomónicamente declarada capital de la República en 1852, para dirimir el viejo conflicto entre las urbes coloniales de León (occidente) y Granada (oriente) que rivalizaban por ejercer la hegemonía política de Nicaragua.}}</ref> Following the start (1848) of the [[California Gold Rush]], Nicaragua provided a route for travelers from the eastern United States to journey to [[California]] by sea, via the [[San Juan River (Nicaragua)|San Juan River]] and Lake Nicaragua.<ref name="Brief" />{{rp|81}} Invited by the Liberals in 1855 to join their struggle against the Conservatives, the American adventurer and [[Filibuster (military)|filibuster]] [[William Walker (filibuster)|William Walker]] set himself up as [[President of Nicaragua]] after conducting a farcical election in 1856; his presidency lasted less than a year.<ref name="mined">{{cite web|url= http://www.mined.gob.ni/gobernant4.php|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121009181920/http://www.mined.gob.ni/gobernant4.php|url-status= dead|archive-date= 9 October 2012|title= Gobernantes de Nicaragua|date= 9 December 2012|publisher= Ministerio de Educación}}</ref> Military forces from Costa Rica, Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Nicaragua itself united to drive Walker out of Nicaragua in 1857,<ref>{{cite book|last= Walker|first= W|title= The War in Nicaragua|publisher= S.H. Goetzel & Company|place= New York|year= 1860|url= https://archive.org/stream/warinnicaragua00walkgoog#page/n6/mode/2up}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last= Juda|first= F|title= California Filibusters: A History of their Expeditions into Hispanic America (excerpt)|journal= The Grizzly Bear|volume= XXI|issue= 4|pages= 3–6, 15, 19|year= 1919|url= http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist1/walker.html|access-date= 2011-07-20|archive-date= 2 August 2009|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090802063416/http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist1/walker.html|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last= Baker|first= CP|title= Moon Handbooks: Costa Rica|edition= 4th|chapter= The William Walker Saga|page= [https://archive.org/details/costarica00bake_2/page/67 67]|publisher= Avalon Travel Publishing|place= New York|year= 2001|isbn= 978-1-56691-608-0|chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/costarica00bake_2/page/67}}</ref> bringing three decades of Conservative rule.
Great Britain, which had claimed the [[Mosquito Coast]] as a [[protectorate]] since 1655, delegated the area to Honduras in 1859 before transferring it to Nicaragua in 1860. The Mosquito Coast remained an [[autonomous area]] until 1894. [[José Santos Zelaya]], President of Nicaragua from 1893 to 1909, negotiated the integration of the Mosquito Coast into Nicaragua. In his honor, the region became "[[Zelaya Department]]".
Throughout the late 19th-century, the United States and several European powers considered various schemes to link the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic by building a [[Nicaragua Canal|canal across Nicaragua]].<ref>
{{cite book
|last= Colquhoun|first= AR|title= The key of the Pacific: the Nicaragua canal
|publisher= Archibald Constable and Company
|place= Westminster, England|year= 1895
|url= https://archive.org/stream/keypacificnicar02colqgoog#page/n6/mode/2up
}}
</ref>
=== United States occupation (1909–1933) ===
{{See also|United States occupation of Nicaragua}}
In 1909, the United States supported the forces rebelling against President Zelaya. U.S. motives included differences over the proposed [[Nicaragua Canal]], Nicaragua's potential to destabilize the region, and Zelaya's attempts to regulate foreign access to Nicaraguan natural resources. On November 18, 1909, U.S. warships were sent to the area after 500 revolutionaries (including two Americans) were executed by order of Zelaya. The U.S. justified the intervention by claiming to protect U.S. lives and property. Zelaya resigned later that year.
In August 1912, the President of Nicaragua, [[Adolfo Díaz]], requested the secretary of war, General [[Luis Mena (Nicaraguan politician)|Luis Mena]], to resign for fear he was leading an insurrection. Mena fled Managua with his brother, the chief of police of Managua, to start an insurrection. After Mena's troops captured steam boats of an American company, the U.S. delegation asked President Díaz to ensure the safety of American citizens and property during the insurrection. He replied he could not, and asked the U.S. to intervene in the conflict.<ref>{{cite book|title=Foreign Relations of the United States|year=1912|page=1032}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Langley|first=Lester D.|title=The Banana Wars: United States Intervention in the Caribbean, 1898-1934|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xc1RBfZd3pcC&pg=PA64|year=2002|publisher=SR Books|location=Wilmington|isbn=978-0-8420-5047-0|page=64|access-date=5 February 2024|archive-date=5 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205140307/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xc1RBfZd3pcC&pg=PA64#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marines]] occupied Nicaragua from 1912 to 1933,<ref name="Brief" />{{rp|111, 197}}<ref>{{cite news|title=US violence for a century: Nicaragua: 1912–33|url=http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=12191|work=Socialist Worker|access-date=2007-08-21|archive-date=27 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927213236/http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=12191|url-status=dead}}</ref> except for a nine-month period beginning in 1925. In 1914, the [[Bryan–Chamorro Treaty]] was signed, giving the U.S. control over a proposed canal through Nicaragua, as well as leases for potential canal defenses.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Bryan–Chamorro Treaty|url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9016820/Bryan-Chamorro-Treaty|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2007-08-21|archive-date=27 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227005939/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9016820/Bryan-Chamorro-Treaty|url-status=live}}</ref> After the U.S. Marines left, another [[Nicaraguan civil war (1926–27)|violent conflict]] between Liberals and Conservatives in 1926 resulted in the return of U.S. Marines.<ref>{{cite news|title=General Augusto C. Sandino: The Constitutional War|url=http://www.vianica.com/go/specials/16-augusto-sandino.html|work=ViaNica|access-date=2007-08-21|archive-date=22 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822222208/http://www.vianica.com/go/specials/16-augusto-sandino.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:General Sandino (center) and Staff enroute to Mexico. Siglo XX., 06-1929 - NARA - 532357.tif|thumb|Rebel leader [[Augusto César Sandino]] (center) in June 1929]]
From 1927 to 1933, rebel general [[Augusto César Sandino]] led a sustained guerrilla war against the regime and then against the [[United States Marines|U.S. Marines]], whom he fought for over five years.<ref>{{cite news |last=Vukelich|first=D|title=A Disaster Foretold|publisher=The Advocacy Project|url=http://www.advocacynet.org/news_view/news_141.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070403231532/http://www.advocacynet.org/news_view/news_141.html|archive-date=April 3, 2007 |access-date=2007-05-09}}</ref> When the Americans left in 1933, they set up the ''[[National Guard (Nicaragua)|Guardia Nacional]]'' (national guard),<ref name=SY>{{cite encyclopedia|title=The Somoza years|url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-40992/Nicaragua|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2007-08-21|archive-date=19 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619204204/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-40992/Nicaragua|url-status=live}}</ref> a combined military and police force trained and equipped by the Americans and designed to be loyal to U.S. interests.
After the U.S. Marines withdrew from Nicaragua in January 1933, Sandino and the newly elected administration of President [[Juan Bautista Sacasa]] reached an agreement that Sandino would cease his guerrilla activities in return for amnesty, a land grant for an agricultural colony, and retention of an armed band of 100 men for a year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Biographical Notes |url=http://www.sandino.org/bio_en.htm |access-date=2007-05-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231171221/http://www.sandino.org/bio_en.htm |archive-date=December 31, 2006 }}</ref> However, due to a growing hostility between Sandino and National Guard director [[Anastasio Somoza García]] and a fear of armed opposition from Sandino, Somoza García ordered his assassination.<ref name=SY/><ref>{{cite news|title=History of U.S. Violence Across the Globe: Washington's War Crimes (1912–33)|date=2001-12-16|url=http://www.bulatlat.com/news/2-5/2-5-reader-arnove.html|access-date=2007-05-09|archive-date=14 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114023101/http://www.bulatlat.com/news/2-5/2-5-reader-arnove.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=T|last=Solo|title=Nicaragua: From Sandino to Chavez|date=2005-10-07|publisher=Dissident Voice|url=http://www.dissidentvoice.org/Oct05/solo1007.htm|access-date=2007-05-09|archive-date=5 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070405114858/http://www.dissidentvoice.org/Oct05/solo1007.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Sacasa invited Sandino for dinner and to sign a peace treaty at the Presidential House on the night of February 21, 1934. After leaving the Presidential House, Sandino's car was stopped by National Guard soldiers and they kidnapped him. Later that night, Sandino was assassinated by National Guard soldiers. Later, hundreds of men, women, and children from Sandino's agricultural colony were murdered.<ref name=SomozaDynasty>{{cite news|title=The Somoza Dynasty |publisher=University of Pittsburgh |url=http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/clas/nicaragua_proj/history/somoza/Hist-Somoza-dinasty.pdf |page=1 |access-date=2007-05-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110033552/http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/clas/nicaragua_proj/history/somoza/Hist-Somoza-dinasty.pdf |archive-date=November 10, 2006 }}</ref>
=== Somoza dynasty (1927–1979) ===
[[File:Trujillo-Somoza 1952.jpg|thumb|President [[Anastasio Somoza García]] (left)
[[File:Meeting with President Anastasio Somoza Debayle of Nicaragua, before State Dinner - NARA - 194723-perspective-tilt-crop.jpg|thumb|[[Anastasio Somoza Debayle]] (center) with U.S. president [[Richard Nixon]] in 1971]]
Nicaragua has experienced several military dictatorships, the longest being the hereditary dictatorship of the [[Somoza family]], who ruled for 43 nonconsecutive years during the 20th century.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Colburn|first=Forrest D.|title=Nicaragua, Forlorn|journal=World Policy Journal|issue=Spring 2012|url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/spring2012/nicaragua-forlorn|access-date=31 May 2012|date=2012-03-26|volume=29|pages=91–100|doi=10.1177/0740277512443806|archive-date=6 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506221638/http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/spring2012/nicaragua-forlorn|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Somoza family came to power as part of a U.S.-engineered pact in 1927 that stipulated the formation of the ''Guardia Nacional'' to replace the marines who had long reigned in the country.<ref>{{cite book|title=Lying for Empire: How to Commit War Crimes With a Straight Face|first=David|last=Model|publisher=Common Courage Press|year=2005}}</ref> Somoza García slowly eliminated officers in the national guard who might have stood in his way, and then deposed Sacasa and became president on January 1, 1937, in a [[Electoral fraud|rigged election]].<ref name=SY/>
In 1941, during the [[Second World War]], Nicaragua declared war on [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] (8 December), [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] (11 December), [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] (11 December), [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] (19 December), [[Kingdom of Hungary (
On September 29, 1956,<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 30, 1956|title=SOMOZA'S NATION CALLED HIS FIEF; Rule of Nicaraguan General, Beginning With 1935 Coup, Was Seldom Challenged PRESIDENT FIRST IN '37 Graduate of Business School in U.S., He Acquired Great Wealth During Regime|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1956/09/30/88469093.html|access-date=2021-11-08|website=New York Times TimesMachine|language=en|archive-date=5 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205140309/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1956/09/30/88469093.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Somoza García was shot to death by [[Rigoberto López Pérez]], a 27-year-old Liberal Nicaraguan poet. [[Luis Somoza Debayle]], the eldest son of the late president, was appointed president by the congress and officially took charge of the country.<ref name=SY/> He is remembered by some as moderate, but after only a few years in power died of a heart attack. His successor as president was [[René Schick Gutiérrez]], whom most Nicaraguans viewed "as nothing more than a puppet of the Somozas".<ref>{{cite news|last=Leonard |first=TM |title=Against all odds: U.S. policy and the 1963 Central America Summit Conference |year=2003 |publisher=Journal of Third World Studies |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3821/is_200304/ai_n9173383/pg_11 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090628115503/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3821/is_200304/ai_n9173383/pg_11 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-06-28 |page=11 |access-date=2007-05-09 }}</ref> Somoza García's youngest son, [[Anastasio Somoza Debayle]], often referred to simply as "Somoza", became president in 1967.
An [[1972 Nicaragua earthquake|earthquake in 1972]] destroyed nearly 90% of Managua,
The Somoza family was among a few families or groups of influential firms which reaped most of the benefits of the country's growth from the 1950s to the 1970s. When Somoza was deposed by the Sandinistas in 1979, the family's worth was estimated to be between $500 million and $1.5 billion.<ref>{{cite news|last=Annis|first=B|title=Nicaragua: Diversification and Growth, 1945–77|year=1993|publisher=The Library of Congress|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ni0047)|access-date=2012-09-25|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407221029/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ni0047)|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Nicaraguan Revolution (1960s–1990) ===
{{Main|Nicaraguan Revolution}}
[[File:Smoke break el serrano 1987.jpg|thumb|The U.S.–supported [[Contras|Contra]] rebels in 1987]]
[[File:10th anniversary of the Nicaraguan revolution in Managua, 1989.jpg|thumb|Celebrations of the 10th anniversary of the [[Nicaraguan Revolution]] in [[Managua]] in 1989]]
In 1961, [[Carlos Fonseca]] looked back to the historical figure of Sandino, and along with two other people, one of whom was believed to be Casimiro Sotelo, who was later assassinated, founded the [[Sandinista National Liberation Front]] (FSLN).<ref name=SY/> After the 1972 earthquake and Somoza's apparent corruption, the ranks of the Sandinistas were flooded with young disaffected Nicaraguans who no longer had anything to lose.<ref name=Grinnell2007>{{cite news|title=The Sandinistas and the Revolution|publisher=Grinnell College|url=http://web.grinnell.edu/LatinAmericanStudies/this.html|access-date=2007-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206200536/http://web.grinnell.edu/LatinAmericanStudies/this.html|archive-date=2007-02-06}}</ref>
In December 1974, a group of the FSLN, in an attempt to kidnap U.S. ambassador Turner Shelton, held some Managuan partygoers hostage after killing the party's host, former agriculture minister, Jose Maria Castillo, until the Somoza government met their demands for a large ransom and free transport to [[Cuba]]. Somoza granted the demand, and then subsequently sent his national guard out into the countryside to look for the kidnappers, who were described by opponents as terrorists.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Pamela |last1=Constable |author-link=Pamela Constable |first2=Arturo |last2=Valenzuela |year=1991 |title=A Nation of Enemies: Chile Under Pinochet |page=[https://archive.org/details/nationofenemiesc00cons/page/150 150] |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0-393-30985-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/nationofenemiesc00cons/page/150}}</ref>
On January 10, 1978, [[Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Cardenal]], the editor of the national newspaper ''[[La Prensa (Managua)|La Prensa]]'' and ardent opponent of Somoza, was assassinated.<ref name=AC>{{cite news|title=History of Nicaragua: The Beginning of the End|publisher=American Nicaraguan School|url=http://www.ans.edu.ni/Academics/history/somozatachito.html|access-date=2007-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060520223517/http://www.ans.edu.ni/Academics/history/somozatachito.html|archive-date=May 20, 2006}}</ref> It is alleged that the planners and perpetrators of the murder were at the highest echelons of the Somoza regime.<ref name=AC/>
The Sandinistas forcefully took power in July 1979, ousting Somoza, and prompting the exodus of the majority of Nicaragua's middle class, wealthy landowners, and professionals, many of whom settled in the United States.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nordheimer|first1=Jon|title=Nicaraguan Exiles Find A Place In The Sun: Miami|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/29/us/nicaraguan-exiles-find-a-place-in-the-sun-miami.html|access-date=May 27, 2017|work=The New York Times|date=July 29, 1987|archive-date=24 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024123311/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/29/us/nicaraguan-exiles-find-a-place-in-the-sun-miami.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Wilkinson|first1=Tracy|title=Families Struggle to Maintain Life Style : Sandinista Rule Not Easy on Middle Class|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1988-08-07/news/mn-373_1_middle-class-families|access-date=May 27, 2017|work=Los Angeles Times|date=August 7, 1988|archive-date=5 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205140400/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-08-07-mn-373-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Wicker|first1=Tom|title=In The Nation; The Sandinista Puzzle|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/07/29/opinion/in-the-nation-the-sandinista-puzzle.html|access-date=May 27, 2017|work=The New York Times|date=July 29, 1983|archive-date=24 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024123644/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/07/29/opinion/in-the-nation-the-sandinista-puzzle.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Carter administration decided to work with the new government, while attaching a provision for aid forfeiture if it was found to be assisting insurgencies in neighboring countries.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pastor|first=Robert|title=Exiting the Whirlpool: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America and the Caribbean|publisher=Westview Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-8133-3811-8|url=https://archive.org/details/exitingwhirlpool00past}}</ref> Somoza fled the country, and eventually ended up in [[Paraguay]], where he was assassinated in September 1980, allegedly by members of the Argentinian Revolutionary Workers' Party.<ref>{{cite web|title=Timeline: Nicaragua|publisher=Stanford University|url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/arts/nicaragua/discovery_eng/timeline/|access-date=2007-05-09|archive-date=26 April 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426233326/http://www.stanford.edu/group/arts/nicaragua/discovery_eng/timeline/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
In 1980, the [[Presidency of Jimmy Carter|Carter administration]] provided $60 million in aid to Nicaragua under the Sandinistas, but the aid was suspended when the administration obtained evidence of Nicaraguan shipment of arms to El Salvadoran rebels.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1981/04/02/world/us-halts-economic-aid-to-nicaragua.html? U.S. HALTS ECONOMIC AID TO NICARAGUA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024122802/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/04/02/world/us-halts-economic-aid-to-nicaragua.html |date=24 October 2023 }}, New York Times, 2 April 1981</ref>
===Contras===
{{Main|Contras}}
In response to the Sandinistas, various rebel groups collectively known as the "[[Contras]]" were formed to oppose the new government. The [[Presidency of Ronald Reagan|Reagan administration]] ultimately authorized the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] to [[United States and state-sponsored terrorism|help the Contra rebels]] with funding, weapons, and training.<ref name=CA>{{cite news|title=Nicaragua: Growth of Opposition, 1981–83|url=http://www.ciaonet.org/atlas/countries/ni_data_loc.html|work=Ciao Atlas|access-date=2007-08-21|archive-date=12 January 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130112154844/http://www.ciaonet.org/atlas/countries/ni_data_loc.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Contras operated from camps in the neighboring countries of Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south.<ref name=CA/>
They engaged in a systematic campaign of terror among rural Nicaraguans to disrupt the social reform projects of the Sandinistas. Several historians have criticized the Contra campaign and the [[Foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration|Reagan administration's support for the Contras]], citing the brutality and numerous human rights violations of the Contras, alleging that health centers, schools, and cooperatives were destroyed by rebels,<ref>{{cite book|author=LaRamee, Pierre |author2=Polakoff, Erica|isbn=9780333751992|title=The Undermining of the Sandinista Revolution|year=1999|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=New York|pages=141–205}}</ref> and that murder, rape, and torture occurred on a large scale in Contra-dominated areas.<ref>{{cite book|last=Chomsky|first=Noam|title=Turning the Tide|url=https://archive.org/details/turningtideusint00chom|url-access=registration|year=1985|publisher=South End Press|location=Boston, MA}}</ref> The U.S. also carried out a campaign of economic sabotage, and disrupted shipping by planting underwater mines in Nicaragua's port of [[Corinto, Nicaragua|Corinto]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Truver |first=SC |title=Mines and Underwater IEDs in U.S. Ports and Waterways... |url=http://www.mast.udel.edu/873/Spring%202007/ScottTruves.pdf |page=4 |access-date=2007-08-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080428050841/http://www.mast.udel.edu/873/Spring%202007/ScottTruves.pdf |archive-date=2008-04-28 }}</ref> an action [[Nicaragua v. United States|condemned]] by the [[International Court of Justice]] as illegal.<ref>[http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?sum=360&code=nus&p1=3&p2=3&case=70&k=66&p3=5 Summary of the Order] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107024852/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?sum=360&code=nus&p1=3&p2=3&case=70&k=66&p3=5 |date=2007-11-07 }} of the [[International Court of Justice]] of 10 May 1984</ref> The court also found that the U.S. encouraged acts contrary to humanitarian law by producing the manual ''[[Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare]]'' and disseminating it to the Contras.<ref>"...Finds that the United States of America, by producing in 1983 a manual entitled "Operaciones sicológicas en guerra de guerrillas", and disseminating it to Contra forces, has encouraged the commission by them of acts contrary to general principles of humanitarian law." As seen at: International Court of Justice 1986, (9)</ref> The manual, among other things, advised on how to rationalize killings of civilians.<ref name="ReferenceC">"In the case of shooting "a citizen who was trying to leave the town or city in which the guerrillas are carrying out armed propaganda or political proselytism," the manual suggests that the Contras "...explain that if that citizen had managed to escape, he would have alerted the enemy." As seen at: Sklar 1988, p. 179</ref> The U.S. also sought to place economic pressure on the Sandinistas, and the Reagan administration imposed a full trade embargo.<ref>{{cite news|title=US Policy: Economic Embargo: The War Goes On|publisher=Central American University – UCA|url=http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/2695|work=Envío|access-date=2007-08-21|archive-date=21 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621163831/http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/2695|url-status=live}}</ref>
The Sandinistas were also accused of human rights abuses including torture, disappearances and mass executions.<ref>Moore, John Norton (1987) ''The Secret War in Central America''. University Publications of America. p. 143. {{ISBN|978-0890939611}}</ref><ref>Miranda, Roger and Ratliff, William (1993) ''The Civil War in Nicaragua''. Transaction. p. 193. {{ISBN|9781412819688}}</ref> The [[Inter-American Commission on Human Rights]] investigated abuses by Sandinista forces, including an execution of 35 to 40 [[Miskito people|Miskitos]] in December 1981,<ref>{{Cite news|title=OAS Study Says Miskito Indians Suffered Abuse From Sandinistas|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/06/08/oas-study-says-miskito-indians-suffered-abuse-from-sandinistas/5a034db2-11ad-4142-80d8-2c4fe611c8a6/|access-date=2021-07-21|newspaper=The Washington Post|language=en|archive-date=2 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202123333/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/06/08/oas-study-says-miskito-indians-suffered-abuse-from-sandinistas/5a034db2-11ad-4142-80d8-2c4fe611c8a6/|url-status=live}}</ref> and an execution of 75 people in November 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/92eng/chap.4b.htm|title=Annual Report 1992–1993|date=1993-03-12|publisher=Inter-American Commission on Human Rights|access-date=2009-03-30|archive-date=12 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112024022/http://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/92eng/chap.4b.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
In the [[Nicaraguan general election, 1984|Nicaraguan general elections of 1984]], which were judged by at least one visiting 30-person delegation of NGO representatives to have been free and fair,<ref>{{cite news |title=NICARAGUAN VOTE:'FREE, FAIR, HOTLY CONTESTED' |page=30 |work=The New York Times |date=16 November 1984 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/11/16/opinion/l-nicaraguan-vote-free-fair-hotly-contested-089345.html |access-date=2 December 2023 |archive-date=1 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701011437/http://www.nytimes.com/1984/11/16/opinion/l-nicaraguan-vote-free-fair-hotly-contested-089345.html |url-status=live }}</ref> the Sandinistas won the parliamentary election and their leader [[Daniel Ortega]] won the presidential election.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/5/newsid_2538000/2538379.stm|title=1984: Sandinistas claim election victory|work=BBC News|date=November 5, 1984|access-date=18 May 2012|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629081613/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/5/newsid_2538000/2538379.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> The Reagan administration criticized the elections as a "sham" based on the claim that [[Arturo Cruz]], the candidate nominated by the [[Coordinadora Democrática Nicaragüense]], comprising three right wing political parties, did not participate in the elections. However, the administration privately argued against Cruz's participation for fear that his involvement would legitimize the elections, and thus weaken the case for American aid to the Contras.<ref>{{cite news|last=Taubman|first=Philip|title=KEY AIDES DISPUTE U.S. ROLE IN NICARAGUAN VOTE|work=The New York Times|page=12|date=21 October 1984|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/21/world/key-aides-dispute-us-role-in-nicaraguan-vote.html|access-date=2 December 2023|archive-date=31 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531075251/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/21/world/key-aides-dispute-us-role-in-nicaraguan-vote.html|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Martin Kriele, the results of the election were rigged.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kriele, Martin |chapter=Power and Human Rights in Nicaragua|year=1986|pages= 56–57, 63–67|title=Nicaragua: Das blutende Herz Amerikas |publisher=Piper}}</ref><ref>Leiken, Robert S. (December 5, 1985) [https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1985/12/05/the-nicaraguan-tangle/ "The Nicaraguan Tangle,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017043004/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1985/12/05/the-nicaraguan-tangle/ |date=17 October 2018 }} New York Review of Books.</ref><ref>[https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1986/06/26/the-nicaraguan-tangle-another-exchange/ "The Nicaraguan Tangle: Another Exchange,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017042951/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1986/06/26/the-nicaraguan-tangle-another-exchange/ |date=17 October 2018 }} New York Review of Books, June 26, 1986</ref><ref>Cuzan, Alfred G. (Summer 1994) Letter, Commentary, December 1985 and "The Latin American Studies Association vs. the United States," Academic Questions.</ref>
In 1983 the U.S. Congress prohibited federal funding of the Contras, but the Reagan administration illegally continued to back them by covertly selling arms to [[Iran]] and channeling the proceeds to the Contras in the [[Iran–Contra affair]], for which several members of the Reagan administration were convicted of felonies.<ref>{{cite book|last=Baker|first=D|title=The United States since 1980 (The World Since 1980)|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|page=[https://archive.org/details/unitedstatessinc00bake/page/101 101]|isbn=978-0-521-86017-8|date=2007-03-05|url=https://archive.org/details/unitedstatessinc00bake/page/101}}</ref> The [[International Court of Justice]], in regard to the case of [[Nicaragua v. United States]] in 1986, found, "the United States of America was under an obligation to make reparation to the Republic of Nicaragua for all injury caused to Nicaragua by certain breaches of obligations under customary international law and treaty-law committed by the United States of America".<ref name="icj-cij">{{cite web|title=Case concerning military and paramilitary activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), International Court of Justice, Order of 26 september 1991|url=http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/70/6483.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924063157/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/70/6483.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> During the war between the Contras and the Sandinistas, 30,000 people were killed.<ref>[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171019150641/http://www.prio.no/Global/upload/CSCW/Data/PRIObd3.0_documentation.pdf The PRIO Battle Deaths Dataset, 1946–2008, Version 3.0: Documentation of Coding Decisions] by Bethany Lacina</ref>
=== Post-war (1990–present) ===
[[File:Violeta Chamorro 1993.jpg|thumb|
[[File:Mitch-Flooding in Managua.jpg|thumb|Flooding in Lake Managua after [[Hurricane Mitch]] in 1998]]
[[File:Crowd fills street at a May 2018 protest.jpg|thumb|[[2018–2020 Nicaraguan protests|Nicaraguan protests]] in May 2018]]
In the [[Nicaraguan general election, 1990]], a coalition of anti-Sandinista parties from both the left and right of the political spectrum led by [[Violeta Chamorro]], the widow of Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Cardenal, defeated the Sandinistas. The defeat shocked the Sandinistas, who had expected to win.<ref>{{cite news|last=O'Grady |first=M |title=Ortega's Comeback Schemes Roil Nicaragua |url=http://www.mre.gov.br/portugues/noticiario/internacional/selecao_detalhe.asp?ID_RESENHA=154683&Imprime=on |access-date=2007-05-09 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
Exit polls of Nicaraguans reported Chamorro's victory over [[Daniel Ortega|Ortega]] was achieved with a 55% majority.<ref>{{cite news|title=Was February 25 a 'triumph'? National Review v. 42|publisher=Tulane University|url=http://lal.tulane.edu/RESTRICTED/CABIB/nicabib_.txt|access-date=2007-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901190113/http://lal.tulane.edu/RESTRICTED/CABIB/nicabib_.txt|archive-date=September 1, 2006}}</ref> Chamorro was the first woman president of Nicaragua. Ortega vowed he would govern ''desde abajo'' (from below).<ref>{{cite news|title=El Sandinista Daniel Ortega se convierte de nuevo en presidente de Nicaragua|date=2006-11-08|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2006/11/08/internacional/1162945503.html|work=El Mundo|access-date=2007-05-09|language=es|archive-date=1 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101160122/https://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2006/11/08/internacional/1162945503.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Chamorro came to office with an economy in ruins, primarily because of the financial and social costs of the
In [[Nicaraguan general election, 2001|the 2001 elections]], the PLC again defeated the FSLN, with Alemán's Vice President [[Enrique Bolaños]] succeeding him as president.
Nicaragua briefly participated in the [[Iraq War]] in 2004 as part of the [[Plus Ultra Brigade]], a military contingent of mixed personnel.<ref name="AP 2004-04-29">{{cite web |agency=Associated Press |title=Spanish defense minister: No more troops for Iraq |website=Deseret News |date=2004-04-29 |url=https://www.deseret.com/2004/4/29/19826018/spanish-defense-minister-no-more-troops-for-iraq |access-date=2024-01-17 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117214140/https://www.deseret.com/2004/4/29/19826018/spanish-defense-minister-no-more-troops-for-iraq |url-status=live }}</ref>
Before [[Nicaraguan general election, 2006|the general elections on November 5, 2006]], the [[National Assembly of Nicaragua|National Assembly]] passed a bill further restricting [[abortion in Nicaragua]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Frazier|first=JB|title=Nicaraguan President Signs Abortion Ban|date=2006-11-18|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/18/AR2006111800351.html|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=2007-05-25|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718132940/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/18/AR2006111800351.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result, Nicaragua is one of five countries in the world where abortion is illegal with no exceptions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/sarah-boseley-global-health/2010/jun/11/abortion-nicaragua|title=Nicaragua refuses to lift abortion ban|last=Boseley|first=S|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2010-06-11|access-date=15 December 2016|archive-date=25 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225094013/https://www.theguardian.com/society/sarah-boseley-global-health/2010/jun/11/abortion-nicaragua|url-status=live}}</ref> Legislative and presidential elections took place on November 5, 2006. Ortega returned to the presidency with 37.99% of the vote. This percentage was enough to win the presidency outright, because of a change in electoral law which lowered the percentage requiring a runoff election from 45% to 35% (with a 5% margin of victory).<ref>{{cite news|title=Bolaños Will Move To The National Assembly After All|year=2006|url=http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/3439|work=Envío Magazine|access-date=2007-05-09|archive-date=4 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204105521/http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/3439|url-status=live}}</ref> Nicaragua's 2011 general election resulted in re-election of Ortega, with a landslide victory and 62.46% of the vote. In 2014 the National Assembly approved changes to the constitution allowing Ortega to run for a third successive term.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nicaragua's Revolution Heads Toward Dictatorship|last=Gibney|first=James|publisher=Bloomberg|date=2014-01-30|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-01-30/nicaragua-s-revolution-heads-toward-dictatorship-.html|access-date=2014-02-04|archive-date=22 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222145224/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-01-30/nicaragua-s-revolution-heads-toward-dictatorship-.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
In November 2016, [[Nicaraguan general election, 2016|Ortega was elected for his third consecutive term]] (his fourth overall). International monitoring of the elections was initially prohibited, and as a result the validity of the [[Elections in Nicaragua|elections]] has been disputed, but observation by the [[Organization of American States|OAS]] was announced in October.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Geoff|first1=Thale|title=As Nicaragua's Election Draws Near, Concerns Grow Over Abuse of Power|url=https://www.wola.org/analysis/nicaraguas-election-draws-near-concerns-grow-abuse-power/|access-date=13 January 2018|publisher=WOLA|archive-date=13 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113203631/https://www.wola.org/analysis/nicaraguas-election-draws-near-concerns-grow-abuse-power/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=OAS Mission in Nicaragua Recommends Integral Electoral Reform|url=http://www.oas.org/en/media_center/press_release.asp?sCodigo=E-079/17|access-date=13 January 2018|agency=Organization of American States|date=November 7, 2016|archive-date=14 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114020252/http://www.oas.org/en/media_center/press_release.asp?sCodigo=E-079/17|url-status=live}}</ref> Ortega was reported by Nicaraguan election officials as having received 72% of the vote. However, the [[Broad Front for Democracy]] (FAD), having promoted boycotts of the elections, claimed that 70% of voters had abstained (while election officials claimed 65.8% participation).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-37892477|title=Nicaragua's Ortega re-elected president|date=2016-11-07|work=BBC News|access-date=2017-09-12|language=en-GB|archive-date=25 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225142817/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-37892477|url-status=live}}</ref>
In April 2018, [[2018–2020 Nicaraguan protests|demonstrations]] opposed a decree increasing taxes and reducing benefits in the country's pension system. Local independent press organizations had documented at least 19 dead and over 100 missing in the ensuing conflict.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://confidencial.com.ni/quienes-son-muertos-de-las-protestas-en-nicaragua/|title=Los muertos de la represión que Daniel Ortega oculta|last=Cerda|first=Arlen|date=2018-04-22|work=Confidencial|access-date=2018-04-25|language=es-NI|archive-date=26 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426012028/https://confidencial.com.ni/quienes-son-muertos-de-las-protestas-en-nicaragua/|url-status=live}}</ref> A reporter from NPR spoke to protestors who explained that while the initial issue was about the pension reform, the uprisings that spread across the country reflected many grievances about the government's time in office, and that the fight is for President Ortega and his vice president wife to step down.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kahn|first1=Carrie|title=Nicaragua Withdraws Social Security Changes That Sparked Unrest|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/04/23/604854250/nicaragua-withdraws-social-security-changes-that-sparked-unrest|access-date=31 May 2018|publisher=NPR|date=April 23, 2018|language=en|archive-date=6 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180606075104/https://www.npr.org/2018/04/23/604854250/nicaragua-withdraws-social-security-changes-that-sparked-unrest|url-status=live}}</ref> April 24, 2018 marked the day of the greatest march in opposition of the Sandinista party. On May 2, 2018, university-student leaders publicly announced that they give the government seven days to set a date and time for a dialogue that was promised to the people due to the recent events of repression. The students also scheduled another march on that same day for a peaceful protest. As of May 2018, estimates of the death toll were as high as 63, many of them student protesters, and the wounded totalled more than 400.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Garvin|first1=Glenn|title=In Nicaragua, the political battle is moving from the streets to the negotiating table|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/latest-news/article210129639.html|access-date=May 2, 2018|work=Miami Herald|date=May 2, 2018|language=en|archive-date=14 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614020016/http://www.miamiherald.com/latest-news/article210129639.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Following a working visit from May 17 to 21, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights adopted precautionary measures aimed at protecting members of the student movement and their families after testimonies indicated the majority of them had suffered acts of violence and death threats for their participation.<ref>{{cite news|title=CIDH condena nuevos hechos de violencia en Nicaragua|url=http://www.oas.org/es/cidh/prensa/comunicados/2018/116.asp|access-date=26 May 2018|work=www.oas.org|agency=Inter-American Commission on Human Rights|publisher=Organization of American States|date=25 May 2018|language=es|archive-date=28 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528043043/https://www.oas.org/es/cidh/prensa/comunicados/2018/116.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> In the last week of May, thousands who accuse Mr. Ortega and his wife of acting like dictators joined in resuming anti-government rallies after attempted peace talks have remained unresolved.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nicaraguan protesters call on Ortega to go|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-44269498|access-date=27 May 2018|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC|date=27 May 2018|archive-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527062610/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-44269498|url-status=live}}</ref> Open suppression of political dissent and more militarized policing began in April 2018, but the onset of repression was gradual.<ref>Dammert, Lucía, and Mary Fran T. Malone. “From Community Policing to Political Police in Nicaragua.” ''European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies / Revista Europea de Estudios Latinoamericanos y Del Caribe'', no. 110, 2020, pp. 79–99. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26979875 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125012623/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26979875 |date=25 November 2023 }}. Accessed 25 Nov. 2023.</ref>
== Geography and climate ==
{{Main|Geography of Nicaragua|Climate of Nicaragua}}
{{See also|Volcanoes of Nicaragua|}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map NIC present.svg|thumb|
Nicaragua occupies a landmass of {{convert|130967|km2|0|abbr=on}}, which makes it slightly larger than
The low plains of the Atlantic Coast are {{convert|97|km|0|abbr=on}} wide in areas. They have long been exploited for their natural resources.
On the Pacific side of Nicaragua are the two largest
Nearly one fifth of Nicaragua is designated as [[Protected areas of Nicaragua|protected areas]] like national parks, nature reserves, and biological reserves. The country had a 2019 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 3.63/10, ranking it
=== Pacific lowlands ===
[[File:Concepción from Maderas (landscape).jpg|thumb|Nicaragua is known as "the land of lakes and volcanoes"; pictured is [[Concepción (volcano)|Concepción volcano]],
[[File:PenasBlancas, part of the Bosawas Reserve, Jinotega Department, Nicaragua.jpg|thumb|Peñas Blancas, part of the [[Bosawás Biosphere Reserve]] and located northeast of [[Jinotega]] in northeastern Nicaragua, is the second-largest rainforest in the [[Western Hemisphere]] after the Amazonian Rainforest in [[Brazil]]]]
In the west of the country, these lowlands consist of a broad, hot, fertile plain. Punctuating this plain are several large volcanoes of the [[Cordillera Los Maribios]] mountain range, including [[Mombacho]] just outside Granada, and [[Momotombo]] near León. The lowland area runs from the [[Gulf of Fonseca]] to Nicaragua's Pacific border with Costa Rica south of [[Lake Nicaragua]]. Lake Nicaragua is the largest freshwater lake in Central America (20th largest in the world),<ref>{{cite news|title=Large Lakes of the World|url=http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0001777.html|access-date=2007-05-25|work=factmonster.com|archive-date=29 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329213828/http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0001777.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and is home to some of the world's rare freshwater sharks ([[bull shark|Nicaraguan shark]]).<ref>{{cite news|work=nature.org|title=The Nature Conservancy in Nicaragua|url=http://www.nature.org/wherewework/centralamerica/nicaragua/|access-date=2007-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070405074947/http://www.nature.org/wherewework/centralamerica/nicaragua/|archive-date=2007-04-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Pacific lowlands region is the most populous, with over half of the nation's population.
The eruptions of western Nicaragua's 40 volcanoes, many of which are still active, have sometimes devastated settlements but also have enriched the land with layers of fertile ash. The geologic activity that produces vulcanism also breeds powerful earthquakes. Tremors occur regularly throughout the Pacific zone, and earthquakes have nearly destroyed the capital city, Managua, more than once.<ref name="gr1">[http://ea.grolier.com/article?id=0286870-00 "Nicaragua."]{{Dead link|date=August 2019
Most of the Pacific zone is ''[[tierra caliente]]'', the "hot land" of tropical Spanish America at elevations under {{convert|2000|ft|m|0|order=flip}}. Temperatures remain virtually constant throughout the year, with highs ranging between {{convert|85|and|90|°F|°C|1|abbr=on|order=flip}}. After a dry season lasting from November to April, rains begin in May and continue to October, giving the Pacific lowlands {{convert|40|to|60|in|mm|0|order=flip}} of precipitation. Good soils and a favourable climate combine to make western Nicaragua the country's economic and demographic centre. The southwestern shore of Lake Nicaragua lies within {{convert|15|mi|km|0|order=flip}} of the Pacific Ocean. Thus the lake and the San Juan River were often proposed in the 19th century as the longest part of a canal route across the Central American isthmus. Canal proposals were periodically revived in the 20th and 21st centuries.<ref name=gr1/><ref>{{cite web|title=TED CASE: Nicaragua Canal Proposal|publisher=american.edu|url=http://www1.american.edu/TED/nicanal.htm|access-date=2011-07-16|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111151730/http://www1.american.edu/TED/nicanal.htm|archive-date=2012-01-11}}</ref> Roughly a century after the opening of the [[Panama Canal]], the prospect of a Nicaraguan [[ecocanal]] remains a topic of interest.<ref>{{cite web|author=Muñoz, Néfer |title=An 'Eco-Canal' across Nicaragua |work=Accents |publisher=Tierramérica |location=Granada, Nicaragua |year=2001 |url=http://www.tierramerica.net/2001/0506/iacentos.shtml |access-date=2011-07-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510015252/http://www.tierramerica.net/2001/0506/iacentos.shtml |archive-date=May 10, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Proyecto "Construcción del Puerto Monkey Point" |work=Proyectos |publisher=Empresa Portuaria Nacional |location=Managua |language=es |year=2009 |url=http://www.epn.com.ni/Puerto-mp.aspx |access-date=2011-07-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511094605/http://www.epn.com.ni/Puerto-mp.aspx |archive-date=May 11, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Alvarez, Gustavo
In addition to its beach and resort communities, the Pacific lowlands contains most of Nicaragua's Spanish colonial architecture and artifacts. Cities such as León and [[Granada, Nicaragua|Granada]] abound in colonial architecture; founded in 1524, Granada is the oldest colonial city in the Americas.<ref>{{cite news|last=White|first=RL|title=Pittsburghers find once war-ravaged country is a good place to invest|date=2004-08-24|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/04237/366377.stm|work=Post Gazette|access-date=2007-05-09|archive-date=16 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516145838/http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/04237/366377.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>{{update inline|date=January 2024}}
=== North central highlands ===
[[File:Cañonsomoto.JPG|thumb|The [[Somoto Canyon National Monument]]
Northern Nicaragua is the most diversified region producing coffee, cattle, milk products, vegetables, wood, gold, and flowers. Its extensive forests, rivers and geography are suited for ecotourism.
Line 241 ⟶ 259:
This large [[rainforest]] region is irrigated by several large rivers and is sparsely populated. The area has 57% of the territory of the nation and most of its mineral resources. It has been heavily exploited, but much natural diversity remains. The [[Coco River|Rio Coco]] is the largest river in Central America; it forms the border with Honduras. The Caribbean coastline is much more sinuous than its generally straight Pacific counterpart; lagoons and deltas make it very irregular.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}
Nicaragua's [[Bosawás Biosphere Reserve]] is in the Atlantic lowlands, part of which is located in the municipality of [[Siuna]]; it protects {{convert|1800000|acre|km2|order=flip}} of [[La Mosquitia (Nicaragua)|La Mosquitia]] forest – almost 7% of the country's area – making it the largest rainforest north of the [[Amazon
The municipalities of [[Siuna]], [[Rosita,
Nicaragua's tropical east coast is very different from the rest of the country. The climate is predominantly tropical, with high temperature and high humidity. Around the area's principal city of Bluefields, English is widely spoken along with the official Spanish. The population more closely resembles that found in many typical Caribbean ports than the rest of Nicaragua.<ref>{{cite book|title=Alternative Histories of English|editor1 =Trudgill, Peter |editor2=Watts, Richard J.|isbn=9780415233569 |publisher=Routledge|year= 2002|page=35|quote=English-speaking protestants formed the majority of the population until about 1900...indigenous anglophones still form about 85 per cent of the population, which also includes non-anglophone Black Caribs...At least at the level of arolectal Whites, the accent is rhotic though obviously Caribbean....England established a protectorate over the local Miskito Indians, who the region is named after, and the area was a British dependency from 1740 to 1786. In Nicaragua the British founded the principal Miskito coast city of Bluefields... There are about 30,000 native speakers of English in this area of Nicaragua who look to Bluefields as their centre... The English of the anglophone Corn Islands is also typically Caribbean.}}</ref>
A great variety of birds can be observed including [[eagle]]s, [[toucan]]s, [[parakeet]]s and [[macaw]]s. Other animal life in the area includes different species of [[monkey]]s, [[anteater]]s, white-tailed [[deer]] and [[tapir]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vianica.com/animals|title=Nicaraguan Animal Guide|website=Vianica|access-date=August 17, 2018|archive-date=24 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024123152/https://vianica.com/animals|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Flora and fauna ===
{{Main|
[[File:Turquoise-browed Motmot 2495425451.jpg|thumb|[[Guardabarranco]] ("ravine-guard") is Nicaragua's national bird.]]
Nicaragua is home to a rich variety of plants and animals. Nicaragua is located in the middle of the Americas and this privileged location has enabled the country to serve as host to a great biodiversity. This factor, along with the weather and light altitudinal variations, allows the country to harbor 248 species of amphibians and reptiles, 183 species of mammals, 705 bird species, 640 fish species, and about 5,796 species of plants.
The region of great forests is located on the eastern side of the country. Rainforests are found in the [[Río San Juan Department]] and in the autonomous regions of [[North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region|RAAN]] and [[South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region|RAAS]]. This biome groups together the greatest biodiversity in the country and is largely protected by the [[Indio Maíz Biological Reserve]] in the south and the [[Bosawás Biosphere Reserve]] in the north. The Nicaraguan jungles, which represent about {{convert|2.4|e6acre|km2|order=flip|abbr=off}}, are considered the lungs of
There are currently 78 protected areas in Nicaragua, covering more than {{convert|22000|km2}}, or about 17% of its landmass. These include [[wildlife refuge]]s and [[nature reserve]]s that shelter a wide range of [[ecosystem]]s. There are more than 1,400 animal species classified thus far in Nicaragua. Some 12,000 species of plants have been [[Biological classification|classified]] thus far in Nicaragua, with an estimated 5,000 species not yet classified.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://centralamerica.com/nicaragua/parks/nationalpark.htm|title=National Parks and Protected Areas of Nicaragua|access-date=17 February 2016|archive-date=2 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802185044/http://centralamerica.com/nicaragua/parks/nationalpark.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The [[bull shark]] is a species of shark that can survive for an extended period of time in fresh water. It can be found in [[Lake Nicaragua]] and the [[San Juan River (Nicaragua)|San Juan River]], where it is often referred to as the "Nicaragua shark".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nature.org/wherewework/centralamerica/nicaragua/|title=Nicaragua|publisher=The Nature Conservancy|access-date=17 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070405074947/http://www.nature.org/wherewework/centralamerica/nicaragua/|archive-date=5 April 2007|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Nicaragua has recently banned freshwater fishing of the Nicaragua shark and the [[sawfish]] in response to the declining populations of these animals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.underwatertimes.com/news.php?article_id=05437210968|title=Nicaragua bans freshwater shark fishing amid dwindling population numbers|work=UnderwaterTimes.com|access-date=17 February 2016|archive-date=24 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224085133/http://www.underwatertimes.com/news.php?article_id=05437210968|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Government ==
{{Main|Politics of Nicaragua}}
{{more citations needed|section|date=September 2017}}<!--only 2 footnotes in entire section-->
[[File:Dmitry Medvedev 18 December 2008-6.jpg|thumb|
Politics of Nicaragua takes place in a framework of a [[presidential system|presidential]] [[representative democracy|representative democratic]] republic, whereby the [[President of Nicaragua]] is both [[head of state]] and [[head of government]], and of a [[multi-party system]]. [[Executive (government)|Executive power]] is exercised by the government. [[Legislature|Legislative power]] is vested in both the government and the [[National Assembly of Nicaragua|national assembly]]. The [[judiciary]] makes up the third branch of government.
Between 2007 and 2009, Nicaragua's major political parties discussed the possibility of going from a presidential system to a parliamentary system. Their reason: there would be a clear differentiation between the [[head of government]] (prime minister) and the [[head of state]] (president). Nevertheless, it was argued that the true reason for this proposal was to find a legal way for President Ortega to stay in power after January 2012, when his second and last government period was expected to end. Ortega was [[2016 Nicaraguan general election|reelected to a third term in November 2016]], and [[2021 Nicaraguan general election|a fourth in 2021]]; both elections were tainted by credible reports of large-scale fraud, voter intimidation, and politically motivated arrests of opposition party leaders. Independent observers were barred from the polls. The [[Organization of American States|OAS]], United States, and European Union all described the 2021 election as a "sham" due to these issues.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sesin |first1=Carmen |title='Rigged': Criticism mounts of Nicaragua's 'sham' elections under Ortega |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/rigged-criticism-mounts-nicaraguas-sham-elections-ortega-rcna4820 |access-date=7 May 2022 |publisher=NBC News |date=8 November 2021 |archive-date=12 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512031653/http://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/rigged-criticism-mounts-nicaraguas-sham-elections-ortega-rcna4820 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Blinken |first1=Anthony |title=New Sanctions Following Sham Elections in Nicaragua |url=https://www.state.gov/new-sanctions-following-sham-elections-in-nicaragua/ |publisher=White House |access-date=7 May 2022 |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523053054/https://www.state.gov/new-sanctions-following-sham-elections-in-nicaragua/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Since [[Daniel Ortega]]'s election in 2006, liberal democratic norms and individual rights in practice have deteriorated. Parties other than the ruling [[Sandinista National Liberation Front|FSLN]] have been repressed through arbitrary arrest and detention of opposition candidates and activists. Most government jobs ''de facto'' require membership in the FSLN. Opposition media has been repressed through arrests of journalists and seizure of broadcasting and printing materials.<ref>{{cite web |title=Freedom in the World 2022: Nicaragua |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/nicaragua/freedom-world/2022 |publisher=Freedom House |access-date=7 May 2022 |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906200439/https://freedomhouse.org/country/nicaragua/freedom-world/2022 |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Foreign relations ===
{{
Nicaragua pursues an independent foreign policy. [[Territorial disputes of Nicaragua|Nicaragua is in territorial disputes]] with Colombia over the [[Archipelago de San Andrés y Providencia]] and [[Quita Sueño Bank]] and with Costa Rica over a boundary dispute involving the [[San Juan River (Nicaragua)|San Juan River]].
On 12 October 2022, Nicaragua voted against condemning Russia for [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|its invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=A New U.N. Vote Shows Russia Isn't as Isolated as the West May Like to Think |url=https://time.com/6222005/un-vote-russia-ukraine-allies/ |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=13 October 2022 |access-date=2 December 2023 |archive-date=11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811053026/https://time.com/6222005/un-vote-russia-ukraine-allies/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Military ===
{{Main|
[[File:Afghan MI-17 and AN-26.jpg|thumb|alt=Afghan MI-17 and An-26|
The [[Nicaraguan Armed Forces]] consist of various military contingents. Nicaragua has an [[Nicaraguan Army|army]], [[Nicaraguan Navy|navy]] and an [[Nicaraguan Air Force|air force]]. There are roughly 14,000 active duty personnel, which is much less compared to the numbers seen during the [[Nicaraguan Revolution]]. Although the army has had a rough military history, a portion of its forces, which were known as the [[National Guard (Nicaragua)|national guard]], became integrated with what is now the [[Policía Nacional (Nicaragua)|National Police of Nicaragua]]. In essence, the police became a ''[[gendarmerie]]''. The National Police of Nicaragua are rarely, if ever, labeled as a ''[[gendarmerie]]''. The other elements and manpower that were not devoted to the national police were sent over to cultivate the new Army of Nicaragua.
The age to serve in the armed forces is 17 and [[conscription]] is not imminent. {{As of|2006}}, the military budget was roughly 0.7% of Nicaragua's expenditures.
In 2017, Nicaragua signed the UN [[treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection |date=7 July 2017 |access-date=2 December 2023 |archive-date=6 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Law enforcement ===
{{main|Law enforcement in Nicaragua}}
[[File:600x400 1329442889 170212amb-nota2,photo01.jpg|thumb|[[National Police of Nicaragua]]]]
The [[National Police of Nicaragua]] Force (in Spanish: La Policía Nacional Nicaragüense) is the national police of Nicaragua. The force is in charge of regular police functions and, at times, works in conjunction with the Nicaraguan military, making it an indirect and rather subtle version of a gendarmerie.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} However, the Nicaraguan National Police work separately and have a different established set of norms than the nation's military.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} According to a recent US Department of State report, corruption is endemic, especially within law enforcement and the judiciary, and arbitrary arrests, torture, and harsh prison conditions are the norm.<ref name="Nicaragua">{{Cite web|title=Nicaragua|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/nicaragua/|access-date=2020-06-22|website=United States Department of State|language=en-US|archive-date=30 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030023818/https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/nicaragua/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Nicaragua is the safest country in Central America and one of the safest in Latin America, according to the [[United Nations Development Program]], with a homicide rate of 8.7 per 100,000 inhabitants.<ref>Johnson, Stephen; Kareff, Samuel and Asvapromtada, Siremorn (July 10, 2012) [http://csis.org/files/publication/120710_Johnson_Nicaragua_HemFocus.pdf Nicaragua: Lessons from a Country with a Low Crime Rate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190912/http://csis.org/files/publication/120710_Johnson_Nicaragua_HemFocus.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }}. csis.org</ref>
=== Administrative divisions ===
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|'''1'''||[[File:Flag of Boaco.svg|border|22x20px|Flag of the Department of Boaco]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[Boaco Department|Boaco]]}}'''||{{Smaller|[[Boaco]]}}
|-
|'''2'''||[[File:Flag of Jinotepe.
|-
|'''3'''||[[File:Bandera de Chinandega.png|22x20px|Flag of the Department of Chinandega]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[Chinandega Department|Chinandega]]}}'''||{{Smaller|[[Chinandega]]}}
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|'''4'''||[[File:Flag of Juigalpa.svg|border|22x20px|Flag of the Department of Chontales]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[Chontales Department|Chontales]]}}'''||{{Smaller|[[Juigalpa]]}}
|-
|'''5'''||[[File:Flag of Esteli.svg|22x20px|Flag of the Department of Estelí]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[
|-
|'''6'''||[[File:Flag of Granada, Nicaragua.svg|22x20px|Flag of the Department of Granada]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[Granada Department|Granada]]}}'''||{{Smaller|[[Granada, Nicaragua|Granada]]}}
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|'''7'''||[[File:Flag of Jinotega.gif|22x20px|Flag of the Department of Jinotega]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[Jinotega Department|Jinotega]]}}'''||{{Smaller|[[Jinotega]]}}
|-
|'''8'''||[[File:Flag of Leon, Nicaragua.svg|border|22x20px|Flag of the Department of Leon]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[
|-
|'''9'''||[[File:Flag of Madriz.svg|22x20px|Flag of the Department of Madriz]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[Madriz Department|Madriz]]}}'''{{Spaces|2}}||{{Smaller|[[Somoto, Madriz|Somoto]]}}
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|'''11'''||[[File:Flag of Masaya.svg|22x20px|Flag of the Department of Masaya]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[Masaya Department|Masaya]]}}'''||{{Smaller|[[Masaya]]}}
|-
|'''12'''||[[File:Flag of Matagalpa.
|-
|'''13'''||[[File:Flag of Nueva Segovia.svg|22x20px|Flag of the Department of Nueva Segovia]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[Nueva Segovia Department|Nueva Segovia]]}}'''||{{Smaller|[[Ocotal]]}}
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|'''14'''||[[File:Flag of Rivas.svg|22x20px|Flag of the Department of Rivas]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[Rivas Department|Rivas]]}}'''||{{Smaller|[[Rivas, Nicaragua|Rivas]]}}
|-
|'''15'''||[[File:Flag of San Carlos, Nicaragua.svg|22x20px|Flag of the Department of
|-
|'''16'''||[[File:Bandera Atlàntic Nord.png|22x20px|Flag of the Región Autónoma del Atlántico Norte]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region]]}}'''||{{Smaller|[[Bilwi]]}}
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== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Nicaragua}}
[[File:GDP_per_capita_development_in_Nicaragua.svg|thumb|Historical [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] per capita in Nicaragua]]
[[File:FruitColors.jpg|thumb|[[Coffee]] is one of the Nicaragua's largest exports. It is grown in [[Jinotega]], [[Esteli]], [[Nueva Segovia Department|Nueva Segovia]], [[Matagalpa]], and [[Madriz Department|Madriz]], and exported worldwide through North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia, and Australia. [[Nestlé]] and [[Starbucks]] buy Nicaraguan coffee.]]
Nicaragua is one of poorest countries in the [[Americas]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/LACEXT/NICARAGUAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:22255024~pagePK:1497618~piPK:217854~theSitePK:258689,00.html|title=Nicaragua - Country Brief|website=web.worldbank.org|access-date=18 March 2010|archive-date=3 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003113427/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/LACEXT/NICARAGUAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:22255024%7EpagePK:1497618%7EpiPK:217854%7EtheSitePK:258689,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Rank Order – GDP – per capita (PPP)|publisher=CIA World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html|access-date=2007-05-09|archive-date=24 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424075526/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Social indicators: Per capita GDP|publisher=United Nations|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/inc-eco.htm|access-date=2007-05-09|archive-date=30 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430044658/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/inc-eco.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Its gross domestic product (GDP) in [[purchasing power parity]] (PPP) in 2008 was estimated at US$17.37 billion.<ref name=cia>{{cite news|title=Nicaragua|publisher=CIA World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nicaragua/|access-date=2007-05-09|archive-date=20 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320071255/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nicaragua|url-status=live}}</ref> Agriculture represents 15.5% of GDP, the highest percentage in Central America.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/214.html#NU|title=Field Listing :: GDP - composition, by sector of origin — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|access-date=2019-05-05|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111214540/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/214.html#NU|url-status=dead}}</ref> Remittances account for over 15% of the Nicaraguan GDP. Close to one billion dollars are sent to the country by Nicaraguans living abroad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=393|title=Migration Information Source – Remittance Trends in Central America|publisher=Migrationinformation.org|access-date=2010-06-26|date=April 2006|archive-date=10 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210034140/http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?ID=393|url-status=live}}</ref> The economy grew at a rate of about 4% in 2011.<ref name=cia/> By 2019, given restrictive taxes and a civil conflict, it recorded a negative growth of - 3.9%; the International Monetary Fund forecast for 2020 is a further decline of 6% due to COVID-19.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Nordea |date=2020 |title=Nicaragua: Economic Outline |url=https://www.nordeatrade.com/en/explore-new-market/nicaragua/economy |url-access=subscription |access-date=22 June 2020 |archive-date=25 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625222218/https://www.nordeatrade.com/en/explore-new-market/nicaragua/economy |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The restrictive tax measures put in place in 2019 and a political crisis over social security negatively affected the country's weak public spending and investor confidence in sovereign debt. According to the update IMF forecasts from 14 April 2020, due to the COVID-19 outbreak, GDP growth is expected to fall to -6% in 2020.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}{{update inline|date=April 2021}}
According to the [[United Nations Development Programme]], 48% of the population of Nicaragua live below the poverty line,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pnud.org.ni/noticias/343 |title=Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo – Noticias – La pobreza se arraiga en el país |publisher=Pnud.org.ni |access-date=2010-06-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511101524/http://www.pnud.org.ni/noticias/343 |archive-date=May 11, 2011 }}</ref> 79.9% of the population live with less than $2 per day,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/indicators/24.html |title=Human Development Report 2009 – Countries' shares of total stock of migrants in Africa (%) |publisher=Hdrstats.undp.org |access-date=2010-06-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221190342/http://hdrstats.undp.org/indicators/24.html |archive-date=2009-02-21 }}</ref> According to UN figures, 80% of the [[indigenous peoples|indigenous people]] (who make up 5% of the population) live on less than $1 per day.<ref>{{cite news|last=Silva |first=JA |title=NICARAGUA: Name and Identity for Thousands of Indigenous Children |url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=43760 |work=IPS |access-date=2008-09-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911133236/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=43760 |archive-date=September 11, 2008 }}</ref>
According to the World Bank, Nicaragua ranked as the 123rd out of 190 best economy for starting a business.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economy Rankings: Doing Business|publisher=World Bank|url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/rankings/|access-date=2014-01-04|archive-date=10 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210072629/https://www.doingbusiness.org/rankings|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2007, Nicaragua's economy was labelled "62.7% free" by the conservative [[think tank]] [[The Heritage Foundation|Heritage Foundation]], with high levels of fiscal, government, labor, investment, financial, and trade freedom.<ref>{{cite news|title=Index Of Economic Freedom: Nicaragua|url=http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/country.cfm?id=Nicaragua|work=Heritage.org|access-date=2007-11-02|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026050611/http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/country.cfm?ID=Nicaragua|archive-date=2007-10-26}}</ref> It ranked as the 61st [[Index of Economic Freedom|freest economy]], and 14th (of 29) in the Americas. Nicaragua was ranked 115th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite book |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=www.wipo.int |date=12 December 2023 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |isbn=9789280534320 |language=en |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022042128/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
In March 2007, [[Poland]] and Nicaragua signed an agreement to write off 30.6 million dollars, which was borrowed by the Nicaraguan government in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite news|title=Poland forgives nearly 31 million dollars of debt owed by Nicaragua|date=2007-03-21|url=http://english.people.com.cn/200703/31/eng20070331_362713.html|work=People's Daily Online|access-date=2007-05-09|archive-date=16 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116214745/http://english.people.com.cn/200703/31/eng20070331_362713.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Inflation reduced from 33,500% in 1988 to 9.45% in 2006, and the foreign debt was cut in half.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nicaragua:Economy|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1850.htm|work=U.S. State Department|access-date=2007-11-02|archive-date=21 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121153233/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1850.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
Nicaragua is primarily an agricultural country; agriculture constitutes 60% of its total exports which annually yield approximately US$300 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=General Information – Nicaragua: Economy|url=http://centralamerica.com/nicaragua/info/general.htm#economy|access-date=2014-01-04|archive-date=2011-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828041455/http://centralamerica.com/nicaragua/info/general.htm#economy|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nearly two-thirds of the coffee crop comes from the northern part of the central highlands, in the area north and east of the town of Estelí.<ref name=gr1/> Tobacco, grown in the same northern highlands region as coffee, has become an increasingly important cash crop since the 1990s, with annual exports of leaf and cigars in the neighborhood of $200 million per year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.centralamericadata.com/en/article/home/Tobacco_Sector_Exceeds_Expectations|title=Tobacco Sector Exceeds Expectations – CentralAmericaData :: The Regional Business Portal|website=www.centralamericadata.com|access-date=22 December 2017|archive-date=22 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422003628/https://www.centralamericadata.com/en/article/home/Tobacco_Sector_Exceeds_Expectations|url-status=live}}</ref> Soil erosion and pollution from the heavy use of pesticides have become serious concerns in the cotton district. Yields and exports have both been declining since 1985.<ref name=gr1/> Today most of Nicaragua's bananas are grown in the northwestern part of the country near the port of Corinto; sugarcane is also grown in the same district.<ref name=gr1/> [[Cassava]], a root crop somewhat similar to the potato, is an important food in tropical regions. Cassava is also the main ingredient in tapioca pudding.<ref name=gr1/> Nicaragua's agricultural sector has benefited because of the country's strong ties to [[Venezuela]]. It is estimated that Venezuela will import approximately $200 million in agricultural goods.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sánchez|first=E|url=http://www.centralamericadata.com/en/article/home/Nicaragua_Plans_to_Sell_Over_200_Million_to_Venezuela/925161|title=Nicaragua Plans to Sell Over $200 Million to Venezuela – CentralAmericaData :: The Regional Business Portal|publisher=CentralAmericaData|date=2010-03-29|access-date=2010-06-26|archive-date=11 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511101523/http://www.centralamericadata.com/en/article/home/Nicaragua_Plans_to_Sell_Over_200_Million_to_Venezuela/925161|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 1990s, the government initiated efforts to diversify agriculture. Some of the new export-oriented crops were peanuts, [[sesame]], melons, and onions.<ref name=gr1/>
Fishing boats on the Caribbean side bring shrimp as well as lobsters into processing plants at Puerto Cabezas, Bluefields, and Laguna de Perlas.<ref name=gr1/> A turtle fishery thrived on the Caribbean coast before it collapsed from [[overexploitation]].<ref name=gr1/>
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Mining is becoming a major industry in Nicaragua,<ref>Dan Oancea: [http://magazine.mining.com/Issues/0901/MiningCentralAmerica.pdf "Mining In Central America"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116212655/http://magazine.mining.com/Issues/0901/MiningCentralAmerica.pdf |date=January 16, 2013 }}</ref> contributing less than 1% of gross domestic product (GDP). Restrictions are being placed on lumbering due to increased environmental concerns about destruction of the rain forests. But lumbering continues despite these obstacles; indeed, a single hardwood tree may be worth thousands of dollars.<ref name=gr1/>
During the war between the US-backed Contras and the government of the [[Sandinista National Liberation Front|Sandinistas]] in the 1980s, much of the country's infrastructure was damaged or destroyed.<ref>{{cite news|last=Tartter|first=JR|title=The Nicaraguan Resistance|publisher=Library of Congress|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?cstdy:10:./temp/~frd_famN::|work=Country Studies|access-date=2007-11-02|archive-date=24 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024123358/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?cstdy:10:./temp/~frd_famN::|url-status=live}}</ref> Transportation throughout the nation is often inadequate. For example, it was until recently impossible to travel all the way by highway from Managua to the Caribbean coast. A new road between Nueva Guinea and Bluefields
Nicaragua's minimum wage is among the lowest in the Americas and in the world.<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/now/politics/cafta.pdf PBS Now Politics CAFTA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308021701/http://www.pbs.org/now/politics/cafta.pdf |date=8 March 2013 }}. (PDF). Retrieved on 2012-05-02.</ref><ref>Raphaelidis, Leia [https://web.archive.org/web/20110511231922/http://www.allbusiness.com/specialty-businesses/652587-1.html Sewing Discontent in Nicaragua: The Harsh Regime of Asian Garment Companies in Nicaragua]. Multinational Monitor. September 1, 1997</ref><ref>Sarah Anderson [https://web.archive.org/web/20070710055436/http://wakeupwalmart.com/facts/Wal-mart-pay-gap.pdf Walmart Pay Gap]. wakeupwalmart.com. April 15, 2005</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/frontpage|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705112448/http://rspas.anu.edu.au/~anita/pdf/AChancp461.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Home|first=ANU College of Asia & the Pacific|last=Dean|archive-date=July 5, 2010|website=ANU College of Asia & the Pacific}}</ref> Remittances are equivalent to roughly 15% of the country's gross domestic product.<ref name=cia/> Growth in the ''maquila'' sector slowed in the first decade of the 21st century with rising competition from Asian markets, particularly China.<ref name=gr1/> Land is the traditional basis of wealth in Nicaragua, with great fortunes coming from the export of staples such as coffee, cotton, beef, and sugar. Almost all of the upper class and nearly a quarter of the middle class are substantial landowners.
A 1985 government study classified 69.4 percent of the population as poor on the basis that they were unable to satisfy one or more of their basic needs in housing, sanitary services (water, sewage, and garbage collection), education, and employment. The defining standards for this study were very low; housing was considered substandard if it was constructed of discarded materials with dirt floors or if it was occupied by more than four persons per room.
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Rural workers are dependent on agricultural wage labor, especially in coffee and cotton. Only a small fraction hold permanent jobs. Most are migrants who follow crops during the harvest period and find other work during the off-season. The "lower" peasants are typically smallholders without sufficient land to sustain a family; they also join the harvest labor force. The "upper" peasants have sufficient resources to be economically independent. They produce enough surplus, beyond their personal needs, to allow them to participate in the national and world markets.
[[File:Rotonda Ruben dario.jpg|thumb|
The urban lower class is characterized by the informal sector of the economy. The informal sector consists of small-scale enterprises that utilize traditional technologies and operate outside the legal regime of labor protections and taxation. Workers in the informal sector are self-employed, unsalaried family workers or employees of small-enterprises, and they are generally poor. Nicaragua's informal sector workers include tinsmiths, mattress makers, seamstresses, bakers, shoemakers, and carpenters; people who take in laundry and ironing or prepare food for sale in the streets; and thousands of peddlers, owners of small businesses (often operating out of their own homes), and market stall operators. Some work alone, but others labor in the small talleres (workshops/factories) that are responsible for a large share of the country's industrial production. Because informal sector earnings are generally very low, few families can subsist on one income.<ref name="Nicaragua – SOCIETY">{{cite web |title=Nicaragua – SOCIETY |quote=CITATION: Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. The Country Studies Series. Published 1988–1999. |url=http://www.mongabay.com/reference/country_studies/nicaragua/GEOGRAPHY.html |access-date=2014-05-03 |website=Mongabay.com |location=Menlo Park, CA,
Nicaragua is currently a member of the [[Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas]],
Nicaragua is considering construction of a canal linking the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, which President Daniel Ortega has said will give Nicaragua its "economic independence
=== Tourism ===
{{Main|Tourism in Nicaragua}}
[[File:Crucero en San Juan.jpg|thumb|A [[Royal Caribbean International|Royal Caribbean]] [[
[[File:HuellasdeAcahualinca.jpg|thumb|[[Ancient footprints of Acahualinca|2,100-year-old human footprints]], called "Huellas de Acahualinca" and preserved in volcanic mud near [[Lake Managua]]]]
[[File:LagunaApoyo.jpg|thumb|[[Apoyo Lagoon Natural Reserve]], a nature reserve located between the departments of [[Masaya]] and [[Granada]]]]
[[File:Nicaraguasee03.JPG|thumb|The [[Solentiname Islands]], tropical islands in [[Lake Nicaragua]], which are home to 76 bird species and are a growing ecotourism destination]]
By 2006, tourism became the second-largest industry in Nicaragua.<ref>{{cite news|title=Travel And Tourism in Nicaragua|publisher=Euromonitor International|url=http://www.euromonitor.com/Travel_And_Tourism_in_Nicaragua|access-date=2007-05-09|archive-date=14 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614011500/http://www.euromonitor.com/Travel_And_Tourism_in_Nicaragua|url-status=live}}</ref> Previously, tourism had grown about 70% nationwide during a period of 7 years, with rates of 10%–16% annually.<ref name=C2>{{cite news|first=G |last=Alemán |title=Turismo en Nicaragua: aportes y desafios parte I |url=http://www.canal2tv.com/Noticias/Marzo%202007/turismo%20con%20gran%20empuje%20en%20Nicaragua.html |work=Canal 2 |access-date=2007-07-29 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717184332/http://www.canal2tv.com/Noticias/Marzo%202007/turismo%20con%20gran%20empuje%20en%20Nicaragua.html |archive-date=2007-07-17 }}</ref> The increase and growth led to the income from tourism to rise more than 300% over a period of 10 years.<ref>{{cite news|title=A Dynamic Economy: Dynamic Sectors of the Economy; Tourism |url=http://www.pronicaragua.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=25&Itemid=98 |work=ProNicaragua |access-date=2007-08-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210500/http://www.pronicaragua.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=25&Itemid=98 |archive-date=2007-09-27 }}</ref> The growth in tourism has also positively affected the agricultural, commercial, and finance industries, as well as the construction industry. President [[Daniel Ortega]] has stated his intention to use tourism to combat poverty throughout the country.<ref name="Nica">{{cite news|first=Rory |last=Carroll |title=Ortega banks on tourism to beat poverty |date=2007-01-07 |url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/world/story/0,,1984401,00.html |work=Guardian Unlimited |access-date=2007-08-12 |location=London |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607065504/https://observer.guardian.co.uk/world/story/0%2C%2C1984401%2C00.html |archive-date=2007-06-07 }}</ref> The results for Nicaragua's tourism-driven economy have been significant, with the nation welcoming one million tourists in a calendar year for the first time in its history in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/news/nicaragua-exceeds-one-mn-foreign-tourists-for-first-time-news-international-km4ladiidea.html|title=Nicaragua exceeds one mn foreign tourists for first time|website=[[Sify]]|language=en|access-date=2019-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017082140/http://www.sify.com/news/nicaragua-exceeds-one-mn-foreign-tourists-for-first-time-news-international-km4ladiidea.html|archive-date=2018-10-17|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Every year about 60,000 U.S. citizens visit Nicaragua, primarily business people, tourists, and those visiting relatives.<ref>{{cite news|title=Background Note: Nicaragua; Economy|publisher=U.S. State Department|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1850.htm|access-date=2007-05-09|archive-date=21 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121153233/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1850.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Some 5,300 people from the U.S. reside in Nicaragua. The majority of tourists who visit Nicaragua are from the U.S., Central or South America, and Europe. According to the Ministry of Tourism of Nicaragua (INTUR),<ref>{{cite news|title=Ministry of Tourism of Nicaragua|publisher=INTUR|url=http://www.intur.gob.ni/|access-date=2007-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513114726/http://www.intur.gob.ni/|archive-date=2007-05-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> the colonial cities of [[León, Nicaragua|León]] and [[Granada, Nicaragua|Granada]] are the preferred spots for tourists. Also, the cities of [[Masaya]], [[Rivas, Nicaragua|Rivas]] and the likes of [[San Juan del Sur]], [[El Ostional]], the [[Fortress of the Immaculate Conception]], [[Ometepe Island]], the [[Mombacho]] volcano, and the [[Corn Islands]] among other locations are the main tourist attractions. In addition, [[ecotourism]], [[Recreational fishing|sport fishing]] and [[surfing]] attract many tourists to Nicaragua.
According to the ''TV Noticias'' news program, the main attractions in Nicaragua for tourists are the beaches, the scenic routes, the architecture of cities such as León and Granada, [[ecotourism]], and [[agritourism]] particularly in northern Nicaragua.<ref name=C2/> As a result of increased tourism, Nicaragua has seen its [[foreign direct investment]] increase by 79.1% from 2007 to 2009.<ref>{{cite web|author=Acan-Efe|url=http://www.centralamericadata.com/en/article/home/Foreign_investment_Increases_by_791_in_Nicaragua/378984|title=Foreign investment Increases by 79.1% in Nicaragua – CentralAmericaData :: The Regional Business Portal|publisher=CentralAmericaData|date=2009-03-27|access-date=2010-06-26|archive-date=11 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511101528/http://www.centralamericadata.com/en/article/home/Foreign_investment_Increases_by_791_in_Nicaragua/378984|url-status=live}}</ref>
Nicaragua is referred to as ''"the land of lakes and volcanoes"'' due to the number of lagoons and lakes, and the chain of volcanoes that runs from the north to the south along the country's Pacific side.<ref name="Brierley" /><ref name="Wallace" /><ref name="CNNTravel">{{cite web|last1=Parker|first1=Nick|title=Can Nicaragua deliver on huge potential?|url=http://www.cnn.com/travel/article/nicaragua-tourism/index.html|website=CNN Travel|access-date=October 27, 2017|date=August 1, 2012|archive-date=22 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422013811/http://www.cnn.com/travel/article/nicaragua-tourism/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Today, only 7 of the 50 volcanoes in Nicaragua are considered active. Many of these volcanoes offer some great possibilities for tourists with activities such as [[hiking]], [[climbing]], [[camping]], and [[human swimming|swimming]] in crater lakes.
The [[Apoyo Lagoon Natural Reserve]] was created by the eruption of the Apoyo Volcano about 23,000 years ago, which left a huge 7 km-wide crater that gradually filled with water. It is surrounded by the old crater wall.<ref>{{cite news | title =Volcanoes in Nicaragua: Apoyo Volcano | url =http://www.vianica.com/go/specials/9-nicaragua-volcanoes.html | work =ViaNica | access-date =2007-08-12 | archive-date =29 October 2012 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20121029112723/http://www.vianica.com/go/specials/9-nicaragua-volcanoes.html | url-status =live }}</ref> The rim of the lagoon is lined with restaurants, many of which have [[kayaks]] available. Besides exploring the forest around it, many water sports are practiced in the lagoon, most notably [[kayaking]].<ref>{{cite news | title =Activities in and around the Apoyo Lagoon | url =http://www.vianica.com/activity/17/activities-in-and-around-the-apoyo-lagoon | work =ViaNica | access-date =2007-08-12 | archive-date =22 August 2007 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070822223958/http://www.vianica.com/activity/17/activities-in-and-around-the-apoyo-lagoon | url-status =live }}</ref>
Sand skiing has become a popular attraction at the [[Cerro Negro]] volcano in [[León, Nicaragua|León]]. Both dormant and active volcanoes can be climbed. Some of the most visited volcanoes include the [[Masaya Volcano]], [[Momotombo]], [[Mombacho]], [[Cosigüina]] and [[Ometepe]]'s [[Maderas]] and [[Concepción (volcano)|Concepción]].
[[Ecotourism]] aims to be ecologically and socially conscious; it focuses on local culture, wilderness, and adventure. Nicaragua's ecotourism is growing with every passing year.<ref>{{cite news | title =Nicaraguan Ecotourism | url =http://www.nicaragua.com/ecotourism/ | work =Nicaragua.com | access-date =
== Demographics ==
{{Main|Nicaraguans|Demographics of Nicaragua}}
{|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px"
! colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;"|Population{{UN_Population|ref}}
Line 418 ⟶ 428:
|style="text-align:left;"|{{UN_Population|Year}} ||style="text-align:right;"|{{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Nicaragua}}|R}}/1e6 round 1}}
|}
[[File:Nicaragua boys.jpg|thumb|Nicaraguan high school students at the [[American Nicaraguan School]]]]
According to a 2014 research published in the journal ''Genetics and Molecular Biology'', European ancestry predominates in 69% of Nicaraguans, followed by African ancestry in 20%, and lastly [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous ancestry]] in 11%.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Mauro Salzano, Francisco |author2=Sans, Mónica |title=Interethnic admixture and the evolution of Latin American populations|journal=Genetics and Molecular Biology|date=2014|volume=37|issue=1 (suppl)|pages=151–170|doi=10.1590/s1415-47572014000200003|pmid=24764751 |pmc=3983580}}</ref> A Japanese research of "Genomic Components in America's demography" demonstrated that, on average, the ancestry of Nicaraguans is 58–62% European, 28% Native American, and 14% African, with a very small Near Eastern contribution.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://c1.staticflickr.com/5/4307/35125440893_3566ed7714_o.jpg|title=Genomic Components in America's demography|access-date=January 8, 2018|archive-date=7 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307232735/https://c1.staticflickr.com/5/4307/35125440893_3566ed7714_o.jpg|url-status=live}}</ref> Non-genetic data from the ''[[CIA World Factbook]]'' establish that from Nicaragua's 2016 population of 5,966,798, around 69% are [[mestizo]], 17% [[White Latin American|white]], 5% Native American, and 9% [[Afro-Latin American|black]] and other races.<ref name=cia/> This fluctuates with changes in migration patterns. The population is 58% urban {{As of|2013|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS|title=Urban population (% of total)|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=2015-06-26|archive-date=2 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302054104/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS|url-status=live}}</ref>
The capital [[Managua]] is the biggest city, with an estimated population of 1,042,641 in 2016.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.inide.gob.ni/Anuarios/Anuario%20Estadistico%202015.pdf |title=Anuario Estadístico 2015 |page=52 |publisher=[[Nicaragua National Institute of Information Development|INIDE]] |date=February 2016 |access-date=2017-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215012047/http://www.inide.gob.ni/Anuarios/Anuario%20Estadistico%202015.pdf |archive-date=2017-12-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2005, over 5 million people lived in the Pacific, Central and North regions, and 700,000 in the Caribbean region.<ref name=CN>{{cite news|title=VIII Censo de Poblacion y IV de Vivienda |date=October 2005 |url=http://www.inec.gob.ni/censos2005/ResumenCensal/RESUMENCENSAL.pdf |work=Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos |access-date=2007-07-07 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824192548/http://www.inec.gob.ni/censos2005/ResumenCensal/RESUMENCENSAL.pdf |archive-date=2007-08-24 }}</ref>
There is a growing expatriate community,<ref>{{cite news|title=Expatriates of Nicaragua|url=http://www.nicaragua.com/expatriates/|work=Nicaragua.com|access-date=2007-07-30|archive-date=14 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714201243/http://www.nicaragua.com/expatriates/|url-status=live}}</ref> the majority of whom move for business, investment or retirement from across the world, such as from the US,
Many [[Nicaraguan Diaspora|Nicaraguans live abroad]], particularly in Costa Rica, the United States, Spain, Canada, and other Central American countries.<ref>[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=636 Migration Information Source – El Salvador: Despite End to Civil War, Emigration Continues] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140215015815/http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=636 |date=15 February 2014 }}. Migrationinformation.org. Retrieved on 2011-04-29.</ref>{{fv|date=September 2023}}
Nicaragua has a population growth rate of 1.5% {{As of|2013|lc=y}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.GROW/countries/NI?display=graph|title=Population growth (annual %)|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=26 June 2015|archive-date=19 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619233907/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.GROW/countries/NI?display=graph|url-status=live}}</ref> This is the result of one of the highest [[birth rate]]s in the [[Western Hemisphere]]:{{citation needed|reason=Is this still correct as of 2017?|date=January 2019}} 17.7 per 1,000 as of 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indexmundi.com/nicaragua/birth_rate.html|title=Nicaragua Birth rate - Demographics|website=www.indexmundi.com|access-date=2 December 2023|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407073226/https://www.indexmundi.com/nicaragua/birth_rate.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The death rate was 4.7 per 1,000 during the same period according to the United Nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=PopDiv&f=variableID%3A65|title=Crude death rate – the United Nations|publisher=[[UNData]]|access-date=26 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627055521/https://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=PopDiv&f=variableID%3A65|archive-date=27 June 2015}}</ref>
=== Ethnic groups ===
[[File:AfroNicoya.jpg|thumb|
The majority of the Nicaraguan population is composed of mestizos, roughly 69%
====Black Creoles====
About 9% of Nicaragua's population is [[Afro-Latin American|black]] and mainly resides on the country's Caribbean (or Atlantic) coast. The black population is mostly composed of black English-speaking Creoles who are the descendants of escaped or shipwrecked slaves; many carry the name of [[Scottish settlers]] who brought slaves with them, such as [[Campbell (surname)|Campbell]], [[Gordon (surname)|Gordon]], [[Downs (surname)|Downs]], and [[
{{Anchor|Amerindians}}
==== Indigenous population ====
The remaining 5% of Nicaraguans are indigenous, the descendants of the country's original inhabitants. Nicaragua's [[pre-Columbian]] population consisted of many indigenous groups. In the western region, the
=== Languages ===
{{Main|Languages of Nicaragua}}
[[File:BluefieldsSign.jpg|thumb|A sign in Bluefields in English (top), [[Nicaraguan Spanish]] (middle), and [[Miskito language|Miskito]] (bottom)]]
[[Nicaraguan Spanish]] has many indigenous influences and several distinguishing characteristics. For example, some Nicaraguans have a tendency to replace [[Voiceless alveolar sibilant|/s/]] with [[Voiceless glottal fricative|/h/]] when speaking.
On the [[Caribbean]] coast, indigenous languages, [[English-based creole languages|English-based creoles]], and Spanish are spoken. The [[Miskito language]], spoken by the [[Miskito people]] as a first language and some other indigenous and Afro-descendants people as a second, third, or fourth language, is the most commonly spoken indigenous language. The indigenous [[Misumalpan languages]] of Mayangna and Ulwa are spoken by the respective peoples of the same names. Many Miskito, Mayangna, and
The [[Garifuna people]], descendants of indigenous and Afro-descendant people who came to Nicaragua from Honduras in the early twentieth century, have recently attempted to revitalize their [[Arawakan languages|Arawakan]] [[Garifuna language|language]]. The majority speak Miskito Coast Creole as their first language and Spanish as their second. The Creole or Kriol people, descendants of enslaved Africans brought to the [[Mosquito Coast]] during the British colonial period and European, Chinese, Arab, and British West Indian immigrants, also speak Miskito Coast Creole as their first language and Spanish as their second.<ref>{{cite news|title=Languages of Nicaragua|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=NI|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2007-05-09|archive-date=15 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115100732/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=NI|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Largest cities ===
{{Largest cities
| | kind = [[Municipalities of Nicaragua|municipalities]]
| stat_ref = [http://www.inide.gob.ni/Anuarios/Anuario%20Estadistico%202015.pdf Anuario Estadístico 2015, pp. 50–53] (2016 projections)
| list_by_pop =
| div_name = Department
| div_link =
|city_1 = Managua
|div_1 = Managua Department{{!}}Managua
|pop_1 = 1,042,641
|img_1 = Managua Nicaragua Centroamérica.jpg
|city_2 = León, Nicaragua{{!}}León
|div_2 = León Department{{!}}León
|pop_2 = 206,264
|img_2 = Catedral de León Nicaragua2.JPG
|city_3 = Masaya
|div_3 = Masaya Department{{!}}Masaya
|pop_3 = 176,344
|img_3 = Masaya_Market,_Nicaragua.jpg
|city_4 = Matagalpa
|div_4 = Matagalpa Department{{!}}Matagalpa
|pop_4 = 158,095
|img_4 = Matagalpa080408c.jpg
|city_5 = Tipitapa
|div_5 = Managua Department{{!}}Managua
|pop_5 = 140,569
|city_6 = Chinandega
|div_6 = Chinandega Department{{!}}Chinandega
|pop_6 = 135,154
|city_7 = Jinotega
|div_7 = Jinotega Department{{!}}Jinotega
|pop_7 = 133,705
|city_8 = Granada, Nicaragua{{!}}Granada
|div_8 = Granada Department{{!}}Granada
|pop_8 = 127,892
|city_9 = Estelí
|div_9 = Estelí Department{{!}}Estelí
|pop_9 = 126,290
|city_10 = Puerto Cabezas
|div_10 = North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region{{!}}RACCN
|pop_10 = 113,534
}}
=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in Nicaragua}}
[[File:
Religion plays a significant role in Nicaraguan culture and is afforded special protections in its [[Constitution of Nicaragua|constitution]]. [[Freedom of religion|Religious freedom]] (which has been guaranteed since 1939) and [[religious tolerance]] are officially promoted by the government, but, in recent years, the [[Catholic Church]] and the regime led by [[Daniel Ortega]] have been in open conflict. The latter has been accused of using the police to harass clergy (including bishops),<ref>{{Cite web |last=ACN |date=2022-05-24 |title=Nicaragua bishop on hunger strike to protest police harassment |url=https://acninternational.org/police-harassment-nicaraguan-bishop/ |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=ACN International |language=en-US |archive-date=21 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121112532/https://acninternational.org/police-harassment-nicaraguan-bishop/ |url-status=live }}</ref> closing down Catholic media outlets, and arresting members of the clergy (including [[Rolando José Álvarez Lagos|Bishop Rolando Alvarez]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Matagalpa|Diocese of Matagalpa]]).
Nicaragua has no official [[state religion]]. Catholic bishops are expected to lend their authority to important state occasions, and their pronouncements on national issues are closely followed. They can be called upon to mediate between contending parties at moments of political crisis.<ref name=LOCR>{{cite news|first=G|last=Dennis|title=Nicaragua: Religion|publisher=Library of Congress|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ni0040)|work=Country Studies|access-date=2007-10-30|archive-date=2 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102130553/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ni0040)|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1979, Miguel D'Escoto Brockman, a priest who had embraced [[Liberation Theology]], served in the government as foreign minister when the Sandinistas came to power. The largest denomination, and traditionally the religion of the majority, is the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. It came to Nicaragua in the 16th century with the Spanish conquest and remained, until 1939, the [[State religion|established faith]].
The number of practicing Roman Catholics has been declining, while membership of [[evangelical Protestant]] groups and [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church) has been growing rapidly since the 1990s. There is a significant LDS missionary effort in Nicaragua. There are two missions and 95,768 members of the LDS Church (1.54% of the population).<ref>{{cite web|title=Nicaragua – Facts and Statistics|url=https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/nicaragua|website=Mormon Newsroom|access-date=26 May 2017|archive-date=28 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628004621/https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/nicaragua|url-status=live}}</ref> There are also strong [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] and [[Moravian Church|Moravian]] communities on the Caribbean coast in what once constituted the sparsely populated [[Mosquito Coast]] colony. It was under British influence for nearly three centuries. [[Protestantism]] was brought to the [[Mosquito Coast]] mainly by British and German colonists in forms of [[Anglicanism]] and the [[Moravian Church]]. Other kinds of Protestant and other [[Christian denomination]]s were introduced to the rest of Nicaragua during the 19th century.
Popular religion revolves around the saints, who are perceived as intercessors between human beings and God. Most localities, from the capital of Managua to small rural communities, honor [[patron saint]]s, selected from the Roman Catholic calendar, with annual ''fiestas''. In many communities, a rich lore has grown up around the celebrations of patron saints, such as Managua's Saint Dominic (Santo Domingo), honored in August with two colorful, often riotous, day-long processions through the city. The high point of Nicaragua's religious calendar for the masses is neither Christmas nor Easter, but La Purísima, a week of festivities in early December dedicated to the [[Immaculate Conception]], during which elaborate altars to the [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Virgin Mary]] are constructed in homes and workplaces.<ref name=LOCR/>
[[Buddhism]] has increased with a steady influx of immigration.<ref>[http://archivo.elnuevodiario.com.ni/2004/octubre/24-octubre-2004/mundo_oculto/mundo_oculto-20041020-01.html Con Todo el Poder de la Informmación – El Nuevo Diario – Managua, Nicaragua] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110733/http://archivo.elnuevodiario.com.ni/2004/octubre/24-octubre-2004/mundo_oculto/mundo_oculto-20041020-01.html |date=2011-05-13 }}. Archivo.elnuevodiario.com.ni. Retrieved on 2011-04-29.</ref>
Although [[Jews]] have been living in Nicaragua since the 18th century, the [[History of the Jews in Nicaragua|Jewish population]] is small, numbering less than 200 people in 2017. Of these, 112 were recent converts who claimed [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardic]] Jewish ancestry.<ref name="Dolsten">{{cite news |last1=Dolsten |first1=Josefin |title=Tiny Nicaraguan Community Doubles in Size as 112 Convert |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/tiny-nicaragua-jewish-community-doubles-in-size-as-114-convert/ |access-date=30 December 2021 |publisher=Times of Israel |date=2 August 2017 |archive-date=30 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230134726/https://www.timesofisrael.com/tiny-nicaragua-jewish-community-doubles-in-size-as-114-convert/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
As of 2007, approximately 1,200 to 1,500 Nicaraguan residents practiced [[Islam in Nicaragua|Islam]], most of them [[Sunnis]] who are [[resident aliens]] or [[naturalized|naturalized citizens]] from [[State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Libya]], and [[Iran]] or natural-born Nicaraguan descendants of the two groups.<ref>[http://nicaragua.usembassy.gov/religious_2007.html International Religious Freedom 2007] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724182039/http://nicaragua.usembassy.gov/religious_2007.html |date=24 July 2008 }} (Released October 2007, covers period of June 2006 to May 2007)</ref>
=== Immigration ===
{{main|Immigration to Nicaragua}}
Relative to its population, Nicaragua has not experienced large waves of immigration. The number of immigrants in Nicaragua, from other Latin American countries or other countries, never surpassed 1% of its total population before 1995. The 2005 census showed the foreign-born population at 1.2%, having risen a mere 0.06% in 10 years.<ref name=CN/>
In the 19th century, Nicaragua experienced modest waves of immigration from Europe. In particular, families from Germany, Italy, Spain, France and Belgium immigrated to Nicaragua, particularly the departments in the Central and Pacific region.
Also present is a small Middle Eastern-Nicaraguan community of [[Demographics of Syria|Syrians]], [[Armenians]], [[History of the Jews of Nicaragua|Jewish Nicaraguans]], and [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] people in Nicaragua. This community numbers about 30,000. There is an East Asian community mostly consisting of [[Han Chinese|Chinese
=== Diaspora ===
Line 478 ⟶ 543:
The Civil War forced many Nicaraguans to start lives outside of their country. Many people emigrated during the 1990s and the first decade of the 21st century due to the lack of employment opportunities and poverty. The majority of the [[Nicaraguan Diaspora]] migrated to the United States and [[Costa Rica]]. Today one in six Nicaraguans live in these two countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/The%20Nicaragua%20case_M%20Orozco2%20REV.pdf |title=The Nicaragua case_M Orozco2 REV.doc |access-date=2010-06-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511104117/http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/The%20Nicaragua%20case_M%20Orozco2%20REV.pdf |archive-date=2011-05-11 }}</ref>
The diaspora has seen Nicaraguans settling around in smaller communities in other parts of the world, particularly Western Europe. Small communities of Nicaraguans are found in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Norway, Sweden and the
Due to extreme poverty at home, many Nicaraguans are now living and working in neighboring [[El Salvador]], a country that has the [[United States dollar|US dollar]] as its currency.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/internacionales/102550|title=El Salvador inicia plan para regularizar a nicaragüenses residentes|newspaper=[[El Nuevo Diario]]|date=May 18, 2011|access-date=February 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706204153/http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/internacionales/102550|archive-date=July 6, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.laprensagrafica.com/el-salvador/departamentos/214132-nicaragueenses-se-acogen-a-programa.html|title=Nicaragüenses se acogen a programa|author=Lazo, Flor |work=[[La Prensa Gráfica]]|date=August 28, 2011|access-date=February 19, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427034529/http://www.laprensagrafica.com/el-salvador/departamentos/214132-nicaragueenses-se-acogen-a-programa.html|archive-date=April 27, 2014}}</ref>
=== Healthcare ===
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=== Education ===
{{Main|Education in Nicaragua}}
The adult literacy rate in 2005 was 78.0%, the lowest [[literacy]] rate in Central America.<ref name=unescolit>{{cite web|title=National adult literacy rates (15+), youth literacy rates (15–24) and elderly literacy rates (65+)|url=http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=210|publisher=UNESCO Institute for Statistics|access-date=2013-07-22|archive-date=2013-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029183908/http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=210|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Primary education is free in Nicaragua. A system of private schools exists, many of which are religiously affiliated and often have more robust English programs.<ref>{{cite news|last=Liu|first=D|title=Nicaragua's new gov't to enforce free education|date=2006-12-06|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-12/06/content_5442752.htm|work=CHINA VIEW|access-date=2007-05-09|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061228223949/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-12/06/content_5442752.htm|archive-date=2006-12-28}}</ref> As of 1979, the educational system was one of the poorest in Latin America.<ref name=NE>{{cite news|first=D|last=Gilbert|title=Nicaragua: Education|publisher=Library of Congress|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ni0036)|work=Country Studies|access-date=2007-07-02|archive-date=2 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102104512/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ni0036)|url-status=live}}</ref> One of the first acts of the newly elected Sandinista government in 1980 was an extensive and successful literacy campaign, using secondary school students, university students and teachers as volunteer teachers: it reduced the overall illiteracy rate from 50.3% to 12.9% within only five months.<ref name=NLC>{{cite news|first=U|last=Hanemann|title=Nicaragua's Literacy Campaign|url=http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/file_download.php/67b39f3aaf8f20da06be3c6a4e4c6dfeHanemann_U.doc|work=UNESCO|access-date=2007-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703020810/http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/file_download.php/67b39f3aaf8f20da06be3c6a4e4c6dfeHanemann_U.doc|archive-date=July 3, 2007}}</ref> This was one of a number of large-scale programs which received international recognition for their gains in [[literacy]], health care, education, [[childcare]], [[Trade union|unions]], and [[land reform]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Historical Background of Nicaragua|publisher=Stanford University|url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/arts/nicaragua/discovery_eng/history/background.html|access-date=2007-05-09|archive-date=22 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422185323/http://stanford.edu/group/arts/nicaragua/discovery_eng/history//background.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nicaragua Pre-election Delegation Report |publisher=Global Exchange |url=http://www.globalexchange.org/tours/NicaraguaReportOct2001.html |access-date=2007-05-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060930032055/http://www.globalexchange.org/tours/NicaraguaReportOct2001.html |archive-date=September 30, 2006 }}</ref> The Sandinistas also added a leftist ideological content to the curriculum, which was removed after 1990.<ref name=gr1/> In September 1980, [[UNESCO]] awarded Nicaragua the [[Soviet Union]] sponsored [[UNESCO Nadezhda K. Krupskaya literacy prize|Nadezhda Krupskaya award]] for the literacy campaign.<ref>{{cite news|last=Arrien|first=JB|title=Literacy in Nicaragua|publisher=UNESCO|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001459/145937e.pdf|access-date=2007-08-01|archive-date=19 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019150639/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001459/145937e.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Gender equality ===
{{Main|Gender equality in Nicaragua}}
Nicaragua was among the many countries in Latin America and the Caribbean to ratify the [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women|Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women]], which aimed to promote women's rights.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.unwomen.org/en/where-we-are/americas-and-the-caribbean|title=Americas and the Caribbean|work=UN Women|access-date=2018-11-27|language=en|archive-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129100444/http://www.unwomen.org/en/where-we-are/americas-and-the-caribbean|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2009, a Special Ombudsman for Sexual Diversity position was created within its Office of the Human Rights Ombudsman. And, in 2014, the Health Ministry in 2014 banned discrimination based on gender identity and sexual orientation.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-18|title=Nicaragua's rainbow revolutionaries|url=https://www.washingtonblade.com/2018/12/18/nicaraguas-rainbow-revolutionaries/|access-date=2020-06-22|website=Washington Blade: Gay News, Politics, LGBT Rights|language=en-US|archive-date=26 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626015421/https://www.washingtonblade.com/2018/12/18/nicaraguas-rainbow-revolutionaries/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nevertheless, discrimination against LGBTQ individuals is common, particularly in housing, education, and the workplace.<ref name="Nicaragua"/>
[[Human Development Report|The Human Development Report]] ranked Nicaragua 106 out of 160 countries in the [[Gender Inequality Index|Gender Inequality Index (GII)]] in 2017. It reflects gender-based inequalities in three dimensions - reproductive health, empowerment, and economic activity.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Human development indices and indicators: 2018 statistical update|date=2018-09-19|doi
== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Nicaragua}}
[[File:El Güegüense.jpg|thumb|[[El Güegüense]]
[[Culture of Nicaragua|Nicaraguan culture]] has strong folklore, music and religious traditions, deeply influenced by [[Culture of Europe|European culture]] but also including Native American sounds and flavors. Nicaraguan culture can further be defined in several distinct strands. The Pacific coast has strong folklore, music and religious traditions, deeply influenced by [[Iberian Peninsula|Europeans]]. It was colonized by Spain and has a similar culture to other Spanish-speaking Latin American countries. The indigenous groups that historically inhabited the Pacific coast have largely been assimilated into the [[mestizo]] culture.
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=== Music ===
{{Main|Music of Nicaragua}}
[[File:Nicaragua Mestizaje.jpg|thumb|Nicaraguan women wearing the [[Mestizaje]] costume, which is a traditional costume worn to dance the Mestizaje dance. The costume demonstrates the Spanish influence upon Nicaraguan clothing.<ref>{{cite news|title=Traditional Nicaraguan Costumes: Mestizaje Costume|url=http://www.vianica.com/go/specials/19-traditional-nicaraguan-costumes.html|work=ViaNica.com|access-date=2007-11-21|archive-date=24 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024123152/https://www.vianica.com/go/specials/19-traditional-nicaraguan-costumes.html|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
[[Music of Nicaragua|Nicaraguan music]] is a mixture of indigenous and Spanish influences. Musical instruments include the [[marimba]] and others common across Central America. The marimba of Nicaragua is played by a sitting performer holding the instrument on his knees. He is usually accompanied by a bass [[fiddle]], guitar and guitarrilla (a small guitar like a [[mandolin]]). This music is played at social functions as a sort of background music.
The marimba is made with hardwood plates placed over bamboo or metal tubes of varying lengths. It is played with two or four [[hammer]]s. The Caribbean coast of Nicaragua is known for a lively, sensual form of [[dance music]] called ''[[Palo de Mayo]]'' which is popular throughout the country. It is especially loud and celebrated during the Palo de Mayo festival in May. The [[Garifuna people|Garifuna]] community (Afro-Native American) is known for its popular music called ''[[Punta (music)|Punta]]''.
Nicaragua has international influence in music. [[Bachata (music)|Bachata]], [[Merengue music|Merengue]], [[Salsa music|Salsa]] and [[Cumbia music|Cumbia]] have gained prominence in cultural centres such as Managua, Leon and [[Granada]]. Cumbia dancing has grown popular with the introduction of Nicaraguan artists, including Gustavo Leyton, on [[Ometepe Island]] and in Managua. [[Salsa dancing]] has become extremely popular in Managua's nightclubs. With various influences, the form of salsa dancing varies in Nicaragua. New York style and Cuban Salsa (Salsa Casino) elements have gained popularity across the country.
=== Dance ===
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=== Literature ===
{{Main|Literature of Nicaragua}}
[[File:Rubén Darío.jpg|thumb
The origin of [[literature of Nicaragua|Nicaraguan literature]] can arguably be traced to [[pre-Columbian]] times. The myths and [[oral literature]] formed the cosmogenic view of the world of the indigenous people. Some of these stories are still known in Nicaragua. Like many Latin American countries, the Spanish conquerors have had the most effect on both the culture and the literature. Nicaraguan literature has historically been an important source of poetry in the Spanish-speaking world, with internationally renowned contributors such as [[Rubén Darío]] who is regarded as the most important literary figure in Nicaragua. He is called the "Father of Modernism" for leading the ''[[modernismo]]'' literary movement at the end of the 19th century.<ref name=NI/> Other literary figures include [[Carlos Martinez Rivas]], [[Pablo Antonio Cuadra]], Alberto Cuadra Mejia, Manolo Cuadra, Pablo Alberto Cuadra Arguello, Orlando Cuadra Downing, Alfredo Alegría Rosales, [[Sergio Ramirez Mercado]], [[Ernesto Cardenal]], [[Gioconda Belli]], [[Claribel Alegría]] and [[José Coronel Urtecho]], among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://translate.google.com/translate?js=n&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&sl=es&tl=en&u=http://elcomercio.pe/edicionimpresa/Html/2008-01-20/nicaragua-eterna-tierra-poetas.html&act=url|title=Nicaragua, Eternal Land of Poets|publisher=Elcomercio.pe|access-date=2010-06-26|archive-date=25 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225083118/http://translate.google.com/translate?js=n&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&sl=es&tl=en&u=http://elcomercio.pe/edicionimpresa/Html/2008-01-20/nicaragua-eterna-tierra-poetas.html&act=url|url-status=live}}</ref>
The satirical drama ''[[El Güegüense]]'' was the first literary work of post-Columbian Nicaragua.
=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Nicaraguan cuisine}}
[[File:VIGORON.JPG|thumb|
[[File:Costa Rican Gallo Pinto.jpg|thumb|[[Gallo pinto]], a traditional Nicaraguan dish made with rice and beans]]
[[Nicaraguan cuisine]] is a mixture of Spanish food and dishes of a pre-Columbian origin.<ref name=NICA>{{cite web|title=Try the culinary delights of Nicaragua cuisine|publisher=Nicaragua.com|url=http://www.nicaragua.com/cuisine/|access-date=2006-05-08|archive-date=16 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016015343/http://www.nicaragua.com/cuisine/|url-status=live}}</ref> Traditional cuisine changes from the Pacific to the Caribbean coast. The Pacific coast's main staple revolves around local fruits and corn, the Caribbean coast cuisine makes use of seafood and the coconut.
As in many other Latin American countries, [[maize]] is a [[staple food]] and is used in many of the widely consumed dishes, such as the [[nacatamal]], [[güirila]], and ''[[indio viejo]]''. Maize is also an ingredient for drinks such as [[pinolillo]] and [[chicha]] as well as sweets and desserts. In addition to corn, rice and beans are eaten very often.
[[Gallo pinto]], Nicaragua's [[national dish]], is made with white rice and small red beans that are cooked individually and then fried together. The dish has several variations including the addition of [[coconut milk]] or grated [[coconut]] on the Caribbean coast. Most Nicaraguans begin their day with gallo pinto. Gallo pinto is most usually served with ''carne asada'', a salad, fried cheese, [[Cooking bananas|plantains]] or maduros.
Many of Nicaragua's dishes include indigenous fruits and vegetables such as [[jocote]], [[mango]], [[papaya]], [[tamarind]]o, pipian, banana, [[avocado]], [[Cassava|yuca]], and herbs such as [[Coriander|cilantro]], [[oregano]] and [[Bixa orellana|achiote]].<ref name=NICA/>
Traditional street food snacks found in Nicaragua include "[[quesillo]]", a thick tortilla with soft cheese and cream, "tajadas"
Nicaraguans have been known to eat [[guinea pig]]s,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gpEjzy6njwwC&q=nicaragua+guinea+pig|title=Nicaragua|last=Gritzner|first=Charles F.|date=2010|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9781604136197|language=en|access-date=27 October 2020|archive-date=5 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205140326/https://books.google.com/books?id=gpEjzy6njwwC&q=nicaragua+guinea+pig#v=snippet&q=nicaragua%20guinea%20pig&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> known as ''cuy''.
=== Media ===
{{Main|Media of Nicaragua}}
For most Nicaraguans radio and TV are the main sources of news. There are more than 100 radio stations and several TV networks. Cable TV is available in most urban areas.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1225218.stm#leaders|work=BBC News|title=Country profile: Nicaragua|date=2009-09-02|access-date=2010-05-20|archive-date=3 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603034458/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1225218.stm#leaders|url-status=live}}</ref>
The Nicaraguan print media are varied and partisan, representing pro and anti-government positions. Publications include [[La Prensa (Managua)|La Prensa]], [[El Nuevo Diario]], [[Confidencial]], Hoy, and Mercurio. Online news publications include Confidencial and [[The Nicaragua Dispatch]].
=== Sports ===
[[File:National baseball stadium Managua.jpg|thumb|[[Dennis
[[Baseball]] is the most popular sport in Nicaragua. Although some professional Nicaraguan baseball teams have recently folded, the country still enjoys a strong tradition of American-style baseball.
Baseball was introduced to Nicaragua during the 19th century. In the Caribbean coast, locals from Bluefields were taught how to play baseball in 1888 by Albert Addlesberg, a retailer from the United States.<ref name=BB>{{cite news|first=B |last=Villa |title=LA HISTORIA DEL BÉISBOL EN LATINOAMERICA: Nicaragua |url=http://latinobaseball.com/cwb-history.php |work=Latino Baseball |access-date=2007-07-29 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702032726/http://www.latinobaseball.com/cwb-history.php |archive-date=July 2, 2007 }}</ref> Baseball did not catch on in the Pacific coast until 1891 when a group of mostly college students from the United States formed "La Sociedad de Recreo" (Society of Recreation) where they played various sports, baseball being the most popular.<ref name=BB/>
Nicaragua has had its share of [[Major League Baseball|MLB]] players, including shortstop [[Everth Cabrera]]
[[Boxing]] is the second most popular sport in Nicaragua.<ref>{{cite news|title=Salon de la Fama: Deportes en Nicaragua|url=http://www.manfut.org/museos/deportes1.html|access-date=2007-07-30|language=es|archive-date=26 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234154/http://www.manfut.org/museos/deportes1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The country has had world champions such as [[Alexis Argüello]] and [[Ricardo Mayorga]] as well as [[Román González (boxer)|Román González]]. Recently, [[Association football|football]] has gained popularity. The [[Dennis Martínez National Stadium]] has served as a venue for both baseball and football. The first ever national football-only stadium in Managua, the [[Nicaragua National Football Stadium]], was completed in 2011.<ref>{{cite news|title=Building for tomorrow in Belize and Nicaragua|publisher=FIFA|url=https://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/president/news/newsid=1418832/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624001931/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/president/news/newsid=1418832/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 24, 2011|access-date=2014-01-04}}</ref>
[[Nicaragua's national basketball team]] had some recent success as it won the silver medal at the [[2017 Central American Games]].<ref>[https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1058880/panama-win-mens-basketball-gold-at-central-american-games-in-managua Panama win men's basketball gold at Central American Games in Managua] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321133108/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1058880/panama-win-mens-basketball-gold-at-central-american-games-in-managua |date=21 March 2022 }} Michael Pavitt (insidethegames.biz), 7 December 2017. Accessed 14 August 2020.</ref> They will be taking part in the [[FIBA AmeriCup]] for the first time when Nicaragua hosts in [[2025 FIBA AmeriCup|2025]].
Nicaragua featured national teams in [[beach volleyball]] that competed at the [[2018–2020 NORCECA Beach Volleyball Continental Cup]] in both the women's and the men's sections.<ref>{{cite news |title=Continental Cup Finals start in Africa |url=https://www.fivb.com/en/about/news/continental-cup-finals-start-in-africa?id=94414 |accessdate=7 August 2021 |work=[[FIVB]] |date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=7 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807141038/https://www.fivb.com/en/about/news/continental-cup-finals-start-in-africa?id=94414 |url-status=live }}</ref>
== See also ==
{{portal|Nicaragua|Latin America}}
* [[Nicaraguan nationality law]]
* [[Bibliography of Nicaragua]]
* [[Index of Nicaragua-related articles]]
* [[Outline of Nicaragua]]
==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
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* {{Wikiatlas|Nicaragua}}
* [http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/namerica/camerica/ni.htm Maps] from WorldAtlas.com
* [http://www.nicaraguaportal.de/ Nicaraguaportal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107102704/http://www.nicaraguaportal.de/ |date=7 November 2014 }}: Official information of the Honorary Consulate of Nicaragua
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=NI Key Development Forecasts for Nicaragua] from [[International Futures]]
===Other===
* [http://www.visitanicaragua.com/ Visit Nicaragua]
* The State of the World's Midwifery – [http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/resources/docs/country_info/profile/en_Nicaragua_SoWMy_Profile.pdf Nicaragua Country Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512152957/http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/resources/docs/country_info/profile/en_Nicaragua_SoWMy_Profile.pdf |date=12 May 2013 }}
{{Nicaragua topics}}
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[[Category:Nicaragua| ]]
[[Category:1821 establishments in North America]]
[[Category:Countries in Central America]]
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