The 1992 Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections were held on May 11, 1992.[1] This was the first general election held under the 1987 Constitution. An estimated 80,000 candidates ran for 17,000 posts from the presidency down to municipal councilors.
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| Turnout | 75.5%  3.3% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1992 Philippine vice presidential election | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Election results per province/city | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The new constitution limited the president to a single six-year term with no possibility of reelection, even if nonsuccessive.[2] Although some of President Corazon Aquino's advisers suggested that she could run for a second term,[3] as she was sworn in before the 1987 Constitution took effect, Aquino did not run again.[4]
In the presidential election, retired general Fidel Ramos of Lakas–NUCD narrowly defeated populist candidate Miriam Defensor Santiago of the People's Reform Party.[5] Ramos also got the lowest plurality in the Philippine electoral history, and beat the previous election for the closest margin of victory, percentage-wise (this record would later be beaten by the 2004 election).[6]
Santiago led the canvassing of votes for the first five days but then was overtaken by Ramos in a few days. Santiago cried fraud and filed an electoral protest citing power outages as evidence.[7] Various media personnel became witnesses to the fraud made in the election, where the phrase, 'Miriam won in the election, but lost in the counting' became popular.[8] However, her protest was eventually dismissed by the Supreme Court of the Philippines.[7]
The 1992 election was the second time both president and vice president came from different parties.[9] Movie actor and Senator Joseph Estrada, running with presidential candidate Eduardo Cojuanco, won a six-year term as vice-president.[10]
Under the transitory provisions of the Constitution, 24 senators were elected in this election. The first 12 senators who garnered the highest votes would have six-year terms while the next 12 senators would have three-year terms.[11] Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino (LDP) received a large share in the Senate race.[12] Television personality and Quezon City vice mayor Vicente Sotto III (also known as Tito Sotto) received the highest number of votes.[13]
Candidates edit
Debates edit
A debate was held between presidential candidates Salvador Laurel and Ramon Mitra Jr. on the ABS-CBN television program Magandang Gabi... Bayan on March 7, 1992.[14] It was considered an especially heated debate between the two candidates, with the Manila Standard noting the "barbs, insults, and witticisms" exchanged during the program.[14][15]
On March 15, the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) began its series of six presidential and vice-presidential debates held over the next six Sundays,[16] with the first debate held among presidential candidates Fidel V. Ramos, Miriam Defensor-Santiago, and Jovito Salonga, moderated by Dong Puno and broadcast live on GMA Network.[17] Estrada, then a presidential candidate, was scheduled to participate in the debate but had to withdraw due to a prior commitment.[18]
The second COMELEC-sponsored presidential debate was held on March 22 among Laurel, Mitra, and Eduardo Cojuangco Jr., moderated by Puno and broadcast live on RPN.[19] The debate was also broadcast live on radio through the government-owned Radyo ng Bayan, but was interrupted 45 minutes into the debate when the station switched instead to a broadcast of a Lakas-NUCD rally in Dumaguete led by President Aquino.[20]
The first vice-presidential debate as set by COMELEC was held on March 29 among Marcelo Fernan, Ramon Magsaysay Jr., and Vicente Magsaysay,[21] moderated by Mario C. Garcia and broadcast live on the government-owned PTV.[22]
Results edit
For President edit
| Candidate | Party | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fidel V. Ramos | Lakas–NUCD | 5,342,521 | 23.58 | |
| Miriam Defensor Santiago | People's Reform Party | 4,468,173 | 19.72 | |
| Eduardo Cojuangco Jr. | Nationalist People's Coalition | 4,116,376 | 18.17 | |
| Ramon Mitra Jr. | Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino | 3,316,661 | 14.64 | |
| Imelda Marcos | Kilusang Bagong Lipunan | 2,338,294 | 10.32 | |
| Jovito Salonga | Liberal Party | 2,302,124 | 10.16 | |
| Salvador Laurel | Nacionalista Party | 770,046 | 3.40 | |
| Total | 22,654,195 | 100.00 | ||
| Valid votes | 22,654,195 | 93.40 | ||
| Invalid/blank votes | 1,600,759 | 6.60 | ||
| Total votes | 24,254,954 | 100.00 | ||
| Registered voters/turnout | 32,141,079 | 75.46 | ||
| Source: Nohlen, Grotz, Hartmann, Hasall and Santos[23] | ||||
Breakdown edit
| Region | Ramos | Santiago | Cojuangco | Mitra | Marcos | Salonga | Laurel | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | |
| Ilocos Region | 526,653 | 36.84 | 74,084 | 5.18 | 376,465 | 26.33 | 67,009 | 4.69 | 355,550 | 24.87 | 22,960 | 1.61 | 7,006 | 0.49 |
| Cordillera Administrative Region | 76,643 | 18.10 | 66,348 | 15.67 | 89,441 | 21.12 | 76,224 | 18.00 | 65,969 | 15.58 | 45,133 | 10.66 | 3,702 | 0.87 |
| Cagayan Valley | 110,237 | 13.20 | 46,378 | 5.55 | 282,798 | 33.87 | 91,970 | 11.01 | 241,125 | 28.88 | 56,447 | 6.76 | 6,083 | 0.73 |
| Central Luzon | 692,515 | 27.57 | 519,769 | 20.69 | 754,737 | 30.05 | 216,944 | 8.64 | 135,022 | 5.38 | 178,896 | 7.12 | 13,951 | 0.56 |
| National Capital Region | 679,171 | 20.54 | 990,288 | 29.94 | 572,301 | 17.30 | 193,398 | 5.85 | 379,846 | 11.48 | 438,048 | 13.24 | 54,273 | 1.64 |
| Southern Tagalog | 442,563 | 13.93 | 579,563 | 18.24 | 517,724 | 16.30 | 538,869 | 16.96 | 173,389 | 5.46 | 344,803 | 10.85 | 483,262 | 15.21 |
| Bicol Region | 285,370 | 21.49 | 177,202 | 13.35 | 227,718 | 17.15 | 287,970 | 21.69 | 21,336 | 1.61 | 273,478 | 20.60 | 52,275 | 3.52 |
| Western Visayas | 326,701 | 16.04 | 1,240,002 | 60.88 | 253,649 | 12.45 | 134,834 | 6.62 | 20,130 | 0.99 | 50,954 | 2.50 | 10,581 | 0.52 |
| Central Visayas | 618,520 | 35.25 | 168,240 | 9.59 | 244,732 | 13.95 | 545,245 | 31.07 | 54,063 | 3.08 | 88,068 | 5.02 | 35,841 | 2.04 |
| Eastern Visayas | 254,258 | 22.91 | 49,021 | 4.42 | 87,285 | 7.86 | 192,090 | 17.31 | 346,121 | 31.18 | 173,478 | 15.63 | 7,735 | 0.70 |
| Western Mindanao | 225,268 | 30.18 | 114,861 | 15.39 | 145,368 | 19.48 | 150,098 | 20.11 | 31,125 | 4.17 | 65,781 | 8.81 | 13,799 | 1.85 |
| Northern Mindanao | 351,575 | 27.71 | 86,290 | 6.80 | 169,334 | 13.35 | 233,657 | 18.42 | 180,130 | 14.20 | 228,109 | 17.98 | 19,680 | 1.55 |
| Southern Mindanao | 363,059 | 23.51 | 192,283 | 12.45 | 223,966 | 14.50 | 272,978 | 17.68 | 231,106 | 14.97 | 233,169 | 15.10 | 27,512 | 1.78 |
| Central Mindanao | 119,335 | 20.99 | 124,506 | 21.90 | 74,134 | 13.04 | 91,188 | 16.04 | 84,547 | 14.87 | 82,291 | 11.65 | 10,205 | 1.79 |
| ARMM | 152,118 | 25.31 | 38,197 | 6.36 | 109,470 | 18.22 | 224,015 | 37.28 | 17,754 | 2.95 | 38,009 | 6.32 | 21,372 | 3.56 |
| Absentee voters | 1,819 | 23.19 | 1,141 | 14.55 | 3,201 | 40.81 | 172 | 2.19 | 1,051 | 13.40 | 155 | 1.98 | 304 | 3.88 |
| Total | 5,342,521 | 23.58 | 4,468,173 | 19.72 | 4,116,376 | 18.17 | 3,316,661 | 14.64 | 2,338,294 | 10.32 | 2,302,124 | 10.16 | 770,046 | 3.40 |
For Vice President edit
| Candidate | Party | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Joseph Estrada | Nationalist People's Coalition | 6,739,738 | 33.01 | |
| Marcelo Fernan | Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino | 4,438,494 | 21.74 | |
| Lito Osmeña | Lakas–NUCD | 3,362,467 | 16.47 | |
| Ramon Magsaysay Jr. | People's Reform Party | 2,900,556 | 14.20 | |
| Aquilino Pimentel Jr.[a] | PDP–Laban | 2,023,289 | 9.91 | |
| Vicente Magsaysay | Kilusang Bagong Lipunan | 699,895 | 3.43 | |
| Eva Estrada Kalaw | Nacionalista Party | 255,730 | 1.25 | |
| Total | 20,420,169 | 100.00 | ||
| Valid votes | 20,420,169 | 84.19 | ||
| Invalid/blank votes | 3,834,785 | 15.81 | ||
| Total votes | 24,254,954 | 100.00 | ||
| Registered voters/turnout | 32,141,079 | 75.46 | ||
| Source: Nohlen, Grotz, Hartmann, Hasall and Santos[24] | ||||
- ^ Running mate of Jovito Salonga (Liberal Party)
See also edit
References edit
- ^ "Phl presidential elections and the stock market". The Philippine Star. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
- ^ "The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippine – Article VII". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
- ^ Jurado, Emil P. (25 July 1988). "Realignment of forces". Manila Standard. Retrieved November 8, 2018 – via Google News Archive.
- ^ Shenon, Philip. "Aquino Endorses Ex-Army Chief in Vote". Retrieved November 8, 2018.
- ^ "Ramos Is Declared New President 6 Weeks After Philippine Election". Retrieved November 8, 2018.
- ^ Singh, Daljit; Salazar, Lorraine Carlos (2006). Southeast Asian Affairs 2006. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 227. ISBN 9789812303738.
closest margin win 2004 election philippines.
- ^ a b Servando, Kristine F. "Miriam: I was cheated, but didn't call for people power". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
- ^ Wolfgang, Sachsenroeder (2018-05-30). Power Broking In The Shade: Party Finances And Money Politics In Southeast Asia. World Scientific. ISBN 9789813230750.
- ^ "Single ticket: How about voting for president and VP together?". Rappler. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
- ^ "Erap presidency redux". The Philippine Star. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
- ^ "Term of Office of Senators". senate.gov.ph. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
- ^ Banks, Arthur S.; Day, Alan J.; Muller, Thomas C. (February 1, 2016). Political Handbook of the World 1998. Springer. ISBN 9781349149513.
- ^ "Senators Profile - Vicente C. Sotto III". www.senate.gov.ph. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
- ^ a b Maragay, Fel V. (March 9, 1992). "Laurel, Mitra trade barbs in TV debate". Manila Standard. Kagitingan Publications, Inc. p. 5. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
- ^ "Give and take". Manila Standard. Kagitingan Publications, Inc. March 9, 1992. p. 8. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
- ^ "COMELEC Presidential/Vice Presidential Debates". Manila Standard. Kagitingan Publications, Inc. March 15, 1992. p. 11. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
- ^ Maragay, Fel V. (March 16, 1992). "Enlightening, but ho hum". Manila Standard. Kagitingan Publications, Inc. p. 3. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
- ^ Jurado, Emil P. V. (March 16, 1992). "The temporary insanity of senatorial candidates". Manila Standard. Kagitingan Publications, Inc. p. 10. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
- ^ Maragay, Fel V. (March 23, 1992). "Laurel loses points in the debate". Manila Standard. Kagitingan Publications, Inc. p. 2. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
- ^ "An interrupted debate". Manila Standard. Kagitingan Publications, Inc. March 23, 1992. p. 8. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
- ^ "Mismatch". Manila Standard. Kagitingan Publications, Inc. March 30, 1992. p. 8. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
- ^ "COMELEC Presidential/Vice Presidential Debates". Manila Standard. Kagitingan Publications, Inc. March 29, 1992. p. 7. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
- ^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific. - ^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific.
External links edit
Further reading edit
- Fontaine, Roger W. (1992). "The Philippines: After Aquino". Asian Affairs: An American Review. 19 (3): 170–190. doi:10.1080/00927678.1992.9936959.
- Landé, Carl Herman (1996). Post-Marcos Politics: A Geographical and Statistical Analysis of the 1992 Presidential Election. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789813055209.