The Garhwal Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Indian Army formed in 1902 as a result of the Kitchener Reforms. It was mobilized as 20th (Garhwal) Brigade at the outbreak of the First World War as part of the 7th (Meerut) Division and departed for France. It served on the Western Front until November 1915. It then moved to Egypt where it joined the 10th Indian Division, by now designated as 20th Indian Brigade.[a] It left the division in March 1916 and thereafter served as an independent brigade in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign. It was broken up in 1920.
| Garhwal Brigade 20th (Garhwal) Brigade 20th Indian Brigade | |
|---|---|
| Active | 26 November 1902 – 1920 |
| Country |  British India |
| Allegiance | British Crown |
| Branch |  British Indian Army |
| Type | Infantry |
| Size | Brigade |
| Part of | 7th (Meerut) Division 10th Indian Division Independent |
| Peacetime HQ | Lansdowne |
| Engagements | First World War |
| Commanders | |
| Notable commanders | Maj.-Gen. C.L. Woollcombe Maj.-Gen. H.D’U. Keary Br.-Gen. C.G. Blackader |
History edit
The Kitchener Reforms, carried out during Lord Kitchener's tenure as Commander-in-Chief, India (1902–09), completed the unification of the three former Presidency armies, the Punjab Frontier Force, the Hyderabad Contingent and other local forces into one Indian Army. Kitchener identified the Indian Army's main task as the defence of the North-West Frontier against foreign aggression (particularly Russian expansion into Afghanistan) with internal security relegated to a secondary role. The Army was organized into divisions and brigades that would act as field formations but also included internal security troops.[5]
The Garhwal Brigade was formed in November 1902[b] as a result of the Kitchener Reforms. The brigade formed part of the 7th (Meerut) Division.[6]
Western Front edit
At the outbreak of the First World War, the Garhwal Brigade was still part of the 7th (Meerut) Division. It was mobilized with the division in August 1914 as the 20th (Garhwal) Brigade and sailed from Bombay on 20 September for the Western Front. It arrived in Marseilles on 12 – 14 October and moved up to the Front, entering the line on the night of 30/31 October – taking part in the Battle of La Bassée (10 October – 2 November). While in France, the brigade was known by its geographical rather than numerical designation so as to avoid confusion with the British 20th Brigade also serving on the Western Front at the same time. The brigade served with the division as part of the Indian Corps on the Western Front until the end of 1915.[7]
For the rest of 1914, the brigade took part in the Defence of Festubert (23 – 24 November) and the Defence of Givenchy (20 – 21 December).[7] In the former, Naik Darwan Singh Negi of the 1st Battalion, 39th Garhwal Rifles won the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Indian troops only became eligible for the award in 1911. His award was gazetted[8] on the same date as that of Sepoy Khudadad Khan, the first Indian VC winner.[5]
In 1915, the brigade took part in the Battle of Neuve Chapelle (10 – 13 March)[7] where another two VCs were won: Rifleman Gabar Singh Negi (posthumous) of the 2nd Battalion, 39th Garhwal Rifles, and Private William Buckingham of the 2nd Battalion, Leicestershire Regiment.[9] The brigade then took part in the battles of Aubers (9 May), Festubert (15 – 25 May) and Loos (25 September – 8 October)[7] where Rifleman Kulbir Thapa of the 2nd Battalion, 3rd Queen Alexandra's Own Gurkha Rifles won the brigade's fourth VC.[10]
The losses suffered by the Indian Corps could not be adequately replaced as the reserve and replacement system essentially broke down. Consequently, on 31 October 1915 orders were received to transfer the 3rd (Lahore) and 7th (Meerut) Divisions to Mesopotamia. The last elements were relieved by 9 November and departed for Egypt en route to Mesopotamia.[7] While in Egypt, the brigade left 7th (Meerut) Division in December 1915 and was replaced by 28th Indian Brigade.[11]
Egypt and Palestine edit
The 10th Indian Division was re-formed on 7 January 1916 as part of the Suez Canal Defences with units and formations in Egypt: the 20th (Garwhal) Brigade – by now designated as 20th Indian Brigade – joined the division along with the 29th Indian Brigade returned from Gallipoli and 31st Indian Brigade formerly with 11th Indian Division. The new division was short lived: it was broken up again on 7 March 1916 as the need to reform depleted units from France made this plan unrealistic.[12] The brigade became an independent formation[13] and served as such for the rest of the war in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign.[3]
The brigade continued to serve on the Suez Canal Defences under command of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force in 1916 and 1917. In April 1918, it was attached to the Desert Mounted Corps and with it took part in the Second Transjordan attack (30 April – 4 May 1918). Two battalions of the brigade – Alwar Infantry (I.S.) and 1st Battalion, Patiala Infantry (I.S.) – were involved in the Battle of Abu Tulul on 15 July.[14] It then helped to occupy the Jordan Valley. In August 1918, the brigade joined Chaytor's Force along with the Anzac Mounted Division and other units under the command of Major-General E.W.C. Chaytor. As part of the Final Offensive in Palestine, the Force operated in the Jordan Valley and hills to the east of the Jordan.[1] It took part in the Third Transjordan attack (19 – 25 September) leading to the capture of Amman (25 September).[15]
The brigade was broken up in 1920.[16]
Orders of battle edit
| Garhwal Brigade in India in August 1914 |
|---|
At the outbreak of the First World War, the brigade had the following composition:[17]
|
| 20th (Garhwal) Brigade, 7th (Meerut) Division on the Western Front |
|---|
The brigade's composition on the Western Front included:[17]
The following Indian units temporarily replaced British ones during July and August 1915:[18]
|
| 20th Indian Brigade, 10th Indian Division in Egypt |
|---|
The brigade had the following composition while assigned to the 10th Indian Division in Egypt:[2]
|
| 20th Indian Brigade as an independent formation |
|---|
The brigade had the following composition while acting as an independent formation in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign:[3]
The brigade had the following units attached from August to November 1918:[3]
|
Commanders edit
The Garhwal Brigade / 20th (Garhwal) Brigade / 20th Indian Brigade had the following commanders:[16][23][24][3]
| From | Rank | Name | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 26 November 1902[6][25][g] | Major-General | A.G.F. Browne | |
| 18 October 1907[26] | Major-General | C.L. Woollcombe | |
| 14 November 1911 | Major-General | H.D’U. Keary | |
| 8 January 1915 | Brigadier-General | C.G. Blackader | Appointment vacated on 30 November 1915[23] |
| November 1915[h] | Major-General | Sir H.V. Cox | |
| December 1915[h] | Brigadier-General | F.A. Smith | |
| 3 January 1916 | Brigadier-General | H.D. Watson | |
| 17 January 1918 | Brigadier-General | E.R.B. Murray | Until January 1919 |
See also edit
- Garhwal Brigade formed in India to replace the original brigade when it was mobilized
- Indian Expeditionary Force A
Notes edit
- ^ The brigade is sometimes mistakenly referred to as 20th Imperial Service Brigade due to the fact that it included three Imperial Service Troops battalions during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign. There is no evidence that this was the official title.[1][2][3] All three battalions had previously served with 32nd (Imperial Service) Brigade.[4]
- ^ 26 November 1902 was the appointment date of the first commanding officer of the brigade.[6]
- ^ a b c d In April 1915, the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 39th Garhwal Rifles were amalgamated as 39th Garhwal Rifles.[17]
- ^ The Alwar Infantry (I.S.) was redesignated as the 145th (Alwar) Infantry from August to December 1918.[19]
- ^ The original 110th Mahratta Light Infantry was captured in April 1916 with the 6th (Poona) Division in the fall of Kut.[20] It was reformed from 2nd Mahratta Reserve Battalion in India in June 1917.[21]
- ^ a b The 38th and 39th battalions of the Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment) were formed from Jewish volunteers.[22]
- ^ Mackie says the brigade was formed in 1904.[16]
- ^ a b Perry does not show the appointment of H.V. Cox or F.A. Smith.[23][24]
References edit
- ^ a b "No. 31767". The London Gazette (Supplement). 4 February 1922. p. 1530.
- ^ a b Perry 1993, p. 116
- ^ a b c d e Perry 1993, p. 167
- ^ Perry 1993, p. 120
- ^ a b Haythornthwaite 1996, p. 244
- ^ a b c The late Lieutenant General H.G. Hart. "Hart's Annual Army List for 1906". London: John Murray. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ^ a b c d e Perry 1993, p. 89
- ^ "No. 28999". The London Gazette (Supplement). 7 December 1914. p. 10425.
- ^ "No. 29146". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 April 1915. p. 4143.
- ^ "No. 29371". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 November 1915. p. 11450.
- ^ Perry 1993, p. 87
- ^ Perry 1993, p. 118
- ^ Perry 1993, p. 117
- ^ Becke 1945, p. 41
- ^ Becke 1945, p. 42
- ^ a b c Mackie 2015, p. 363
- ^ a b c Perry 1993, p. 86
- ^ Perry 1993, p. 85
- ^ Perry 1993, p. 168
- ^ Perry 1993, p. 76
- ^ Perry 1993, p. 176
- ^ James 1978, p. 50
- ^ a b c Perry 1993, p. 84
- ^ a b Perry 1993, p. 115
- ^ The late Lieutenant General H.G. Hart. "Hart's Annual Army List for 1907". London: John Murray. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ^ The late Lieutenant General H.G. Hart. "Hart's Annual Army List for 1909". London: John Murray. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
Bibliography edit
- Becke, Major A.F. (1945). Order of Battle of Divisions Part 4. The Army Council, GHQs, Armies and Corps 1914–1918. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. ISBN 1-871167-16-7.
- Haythornthwaite, Philip J. (1996). The World War One Source Book. London: Arms and Armour Press. ISBN 1-85409-351-7.
- James, Brigadier E.A. (1978). British Regiments 1914–18. London: Samson Books Limited. ISBN 0-906304-03-2.
- Mackie, Colin (June 2015). "Army Commands 1900-2011" (PDF). www.gulabin.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
- Perry, F.W. (1993). Order of Battle of Divisions Part 5B. Indian Army Divisions. Newport: Ray Westlake Military Books. ISBN 1-871167-23-X.
External links edit
- "7th (Meerut) Division on The Regimental Warpath 1914 - 1918 by PB Chappell". Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 2015-07-31.
- "10th Indian Division on The Regimental Warpath 1914 - 1918 by PB Chappell". Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 2015-06-30.
- "Independent Indian Brigades on The Regimental Warpath 1914 - 1918 by PB Chappell". Archived from the original on 13 February 2012. Retrieved 2015-07-03.