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The Self Propelled 17pdr, Valentine, Mk I, Archer was a British tank destroyer[2] of the Second World War based on the Valentine infantry tank chassis fitted with an Ordnance QF 17 pounder gun. Designed and manufactured by Vickers-Armstrongs, 655 were produced between March 1943 and May 1945. It was used in north-west Europe and Italy during the war; post-war, it served with the Egyptian Army. This vehicle was unusual in that its gun faced the rear of the chassis instead of the front.
| SP 17pdr, Valentine, Mk I, Archer | |
|---|---|
 SP 17pdr, Valentine, Mk I, Archer front (and direction of driving) to left, engine to right | |
| Type | Self-propelled artillery anti-tank gun |
| Place of origin | United Kingdom |
| Service history | |
| In service | September 1944 - early 1950s (UK) |
| Used by | United Kingdom, Egypt, Jordan |
| Wars | Second World War, Suez Crisis |
| Production history | |
| Designer | Vickers-Armstrongs |
| Manufacturer | Vickers-Armstrongs |
| Produced | March 1943 – May 1945[1] |
| No. built | 655 |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 15 long tons (15 tonnes) |
| Length | 21 ft 11 in (6.7 m) |
| Width | 9 ft (2.76 m) |
| Height | 7 ft 4 in (2.25 m) |
| Crew | 4 (Commander, gunner, loader, driver) |
| Armour | 14 - 60 mm (.55–2.36 in) |
Main armament | QF 17 pounder (76.2 mm) gun 39 rounds |
Secondary armament | .303 Bren light machine gun |
| Engine | GMC 6-71 6-cylinder diesel 192 bhp |
| Power/weight | 10.1 hp/t |
| Suspension | coil spring bogie |
| Fuel capacity | 50 imp gal (230 L) |
Operational range | 140 mi (230 km) on roads |
| Maximum speed | 20 mph (32 km/h) off-road: 8 mph (13 km/h) |
Design and development edit
The 17 pounder anti-tank gun was very powerful but also very large and heavy and could be moved about the battlefield only by a vehicle, which made the gun more effective in defence than in the attack. A variant of the Churchill tank had been built in 1942 as a self-propelled gun—the "3-inch Gun Carrier"—and the US was expected to be able to provide the 76 mm armed M10 tank destroyer through Lend-lease. Other projects were considered using obsolete tank chassis, including the Valentine for its reliability and low profile and the Crusader for its good power-to-weight ratio. In development were tank designs using the 17-pounder, which led to the Cruiser Mk VIII Challenger tank (and its post-war variant the Avenger SP gun) derived from the Cromwell cruiser tank and the Sherman Firefly conversion of the Sherman tank.[citation needed]
The Valentine chassis was soon chosen, as it was in production but obsolescent for British use and was also one of the few chassis that could accommodate such a large gun.[citation needed] The engine in the Archer had a higher power rating than in the Valentine.[3] Since the Valentine had a small hull and it was not possible to use a turret, the gun was mounted in a simple, low, open-topped armoured box, very much like the early Panzerjäger German self-propelled guns in appearance, with the gun facing to the rear, which kept the length of the Archer short. The mounting allowed for 11 degrees of traverse to either side, with elevation from -7.5 to +15 degrees.[4]
On firing, the gun breech recoiled just shy of the driver's space, with the driver staying in position, in case the vehicle needed to move quickly. The rear mounting combined with its low silhouette made the Archer an excellent ambush weapon, allowing its crew to fire, then drive away without turning round. The first prototype was completed in 1943, with firing trials carried out in April 1943. Vickers were given orders for 800 vehicles.[citation needed]
Service edit
Production started in mid-1943 and the Archer entered service in October 1944. It was used in North-West Europe and (in 1945) in Italy.[5] By the end of the war, 655 of them had been produced.[citation needed]
Under military doctrines prevalent in Commonwealth armies at the time, vehicles such as the Archer were "self-propelled anti-tank guns" and operated by the Royal Artillery (RA), rather than Royal Armoured Corps (RAC). This was the same for two vehicles of US origin, that were initially conceived as "tank destroyers" though not used as such by the British: the 3 in. Self-Propelled Mount M10 and 17 pdr Self-Propelled Achilles.)[citation needed]
Post-war, the Egyptian Army received 200 ex-British Archers after the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.[6] Some were successfully used against Israeli armour in 1956.[7] The Archer served with some units of the Royal Armoured Corps in the British Army of the Rhine (BAOR) in the early 1950s.[citation needed]
Jordanian Arab Legion and National Guard were supplied with 36 ex-British Archers in 1952.[8]
Surviving vehicles edit
Surviving vehicles are preserved at
- Yad La-Shiryon museum in Latrun
- National War and Resistance Museum, Overloon in the Netherlands
- The Tank Museum in the UK
- The Wheatcroft Collection in the UK, awaiting restoration
- Cavalry Tank Museum, Ahmednagar, India. One Archer with a short-barrelled gun minus gun mantlet
- Australian Armour and Artillery Museum in Cairns, Australia
- The Royal Tank Museum, Amman, Jordan
References edit
- ^ http://www.onwar.com/tanks/uk/farcher.htm Onwar.com Archer accessed 21 March 2008
- ^ Bishop, Chris (2016). The illustrated encyclopedia of weapons of World War II : a comprehensive guide to weapons systems, including tanks, small arms, warplanes, artillery, ships, and submarines. London: Amber Books. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-78274-388-0.
- ^ Fletcher, David (1989). Universal Tank: British Armour in the Second World War - Part 2. HMSO. ISBN 0-11-290534-X.
- ^ British Anti-tank guns 1939–1945 Osprey p. 22
- ^ White p. 17
- ^ Zaloga, Steven J. (1981). Armour of the Middle East Wars 1948-78. Vol. Vanguard series 19. London: Osprey Publishing Ltd. p. 9. ISBN 0-85045-388-7.
- ^ Gawrych, George Walter. Key to the Sinai, The Battles for Abu-Ageila in the 1956 and 1967 Arab-Israeli Wars (PDF). Combat Studies Institute, Research Survey no.7. p. 40&58.
- ^ Young, Peter (1972). The Arab Legion. Men-at-Arms. Osprey Publishing. pp. 26-28. ISBN 0-85045-084-5.
Further reading edit
- Camfield, Christopher. Self-Propelled 17-Pounder Archer. Rearwards into Action! Trackpad Publishing.
- Chris Henry. British Anti-Tank Artillery 1939–1945. New Vanguard. Osprey.
- White, BT. Valentine Mk III. AFV No. 6. Profile Publishing.
External links edit
- OnWar
- The Archer Tank Destroyer wwiiequipment.com
- Archer, WWIIvehicles.com, retrieved 21 March 2008