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A balikbayan box (lit. 'repatriate box') is a corrugated box containing items sent by overseas Filipinos (known as "balikbayans", literally "returning to the country/nation"). Though often shipped by freight forwarders specializing in balikbayan boxes by sea, such boxes can be brought by Filipinos returning to the Philippines by air.[1]
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History edit
In 1973 the Philippine government under then-President Ferdinand Marcos began to specifically encourage Filipino Americans to visit their family home towns in the Philippines. Individuals who did so became known as balikbayan, from the Tagalog words balik, "to return", and bayan, "town/settlement". As part of this program, customs procedures were eased for these travellers.[2] This program was maintained and expanded by subsequent administrations. Individuals who returned often brought gifts for friends and family, part of a culture of using gifts to show appreciation and improve relations by those who were seen by the community as having achieved success in a career abroad.[3] For those returning with valid balikbayan status, customs fees were waived for the contents of two boxes per individual.[4][5][6] Eventually, it became common to package gifts, often household goods and other practical items, in a box while still abroad. The boxes would then be shipped to the Philippines.[3]
The balikbayan box became popular circa the 1980s in the United States due to the influx of overseas Filipino workers in the country. The first freight forwarder to offer balikbayan box services was Rico Nunga, who started REN International in Los Angeles, California, in 1981.[7][8] The following year, Ramon Ungco, a Filipino residing in New York City, founded Port Jersey Shipping International.[9] These two companies are considered the pioneers of door-to-door delivery of balikbayan boxes, which back then were charged import duties upon arrival in the Philippines.[citation needed]
On June 30, 1987, then-Philippine President Corazon Aquino enacted Executive Order No. 206.[7][10] This order amended Section 105 (f), and added a new subsection (f-1) to Republic Act No. 1937, also known as the Tariff and Customs Code of the Philippines, which was signed into law on July 22, 1957, by former president Carlos P. Garcia.[11]
The amended Section 105 of the Tariff and Customs Code of the Philippines provides duty- and tax-free privileges to balikbayan boxes sent to the Philippines by overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) as recognition of their labors in foreign lands, as well as bringing additional foreign exchange annually, that contributed to the national recovery effort.[10] This allowed tax-free entry of personal goods into the country from Filipinos overseas. People then began sending balikbayan boxes through friends and co-workers returning to the Philippines.[citation needed]
After the September 11 attacks in the U.S., and the passage of the Patriot Act by the US Congress, balikbayan boxes have been subjected to rigorous inspections by the United States Department of Homeland Security's Out-Bound Exam Team that caused delays of up to three weeks at the US Customs inspection facility. This extended shipping time from 21 days to over 30 days. The inspections also resulted in opened balikbayan boxes and complaints of package pilferage and mishandling. The Philippine Bureau of Customs also conducts 100% inspections that added to the burden of delayed shipments. The inspections are the result of some unscrupulous individuals using balikbayan boxes to smuggle commercial items without paying taxes, or to smuggle contraband. Since balikbayan box shipping is a consolidated shipment, one illegal item will affect all approximately 400 packages in the container. The inspection process has been modernized with the installation of high performance X-ray machines.[citation needed]
In 2012, these delays were further aggravated by the decision of the City of Manila to impose a truck ban on the route to the Port of Manila, causing backlogs in releasing and transporting all cargo, domestic and international. Most balikbayan box companies, which are based in Parañaque near the airport, were significantly affected by the truck ban until it was resolved.[citation needed]
The industry was scrutinized by the Philippine Senate in 2015, after complaints were brought to the attention of the public via social media after the Philippine Customs Commissioner, Albert Lina, announced the opening of balikbayan boxes for inspection and additional taxes to be imposed.[citation needed] The inquiry brought the passage of the Customs Modernization Act, which had been pending for years, and the inclusion of the Balikbayan Box Law in the act, increasing the tax-exemption ceiling from PHP 500 to PHP 150,000. This included items being brought home by Filipino tourists from trips abroad, pasalubong or gifts, and returning resident shipments.[12]
To protect consumers, the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), through its Philippine Shipper's Bureau, conducts regular accreditation of international freight forwarders and discourages consumers from patronizing unaccredited and incredibly cheap shipping companies.[13][14]
According to the Door to Door Consolidated Association of the Philippines 400,000 balikbayan boxes arrive in the Philippines monthly.[7]
Description edit
Balikbayan boxes may contain items the sender thinks the recipient would like, regardless of whether those items can be bought cheaply in the Philippines, such as non-perishable food, toiletries, household items, electronics, toys, designer clothing, or items difficult to find in the Philippines.[15] A balikbayan box intended for air travel is designed to conform to airline luggage restrictions and many Filipino stores sell them. Some boxes come with a cloth cover and side handles. Others are tightly secured with tape or rope, and thus not confused with an ordinary moving box that is lightly wrapped.
Balikbayan boxes typically are as close to a cube as possible - so as to maximize the volume versus the sum of the length(L), width(W) and height(H). Many airlines restrict the L+W+H to 158cm or 62in, so for checked in boxes, a typical box may be 52cm x 52cm x 52cm or 20.5in x 20.5in x 20.5in.
Shipped boxes are delivered directly to the recipient, usually the family of the overseas Filipino.
Cultural significance edit
Part of the attraction of the balikbayan box is its economic value, as it allows cheaper shipment of items versus shipping in smaller boxes via postal services. The tradeoff is longer transit time by container ship, typically requiring several weeks, and the lack of a definite delivery date. The balikbayan box is a modern manifestation of the Philippine custom of pasalubong, where domestic or foreign travelers are expected to bring gifts for family, friends and colleagues.[citation needed] Balikbayan boxes provide connection between family in the Philippines and those abroad, and provide goods for the family in the Philippines.[7] It also has been a contributing factor of the Philippines having good trade relations with foreign nations.[7]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ del Barco, Mandalit (December 23, 2005). "Gift Boxes Help Migrant Filipinos Keep Ties to Home" (radio). Morning Edition. National Public Radio.
- ^ Lawless, Robert (2004). "Philippine Diaspora". In Ember, Melvin; Ember, Carol R.; Skoggard, Ian (eds.). Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Volume I: Overviews and Topics; Volume II: Diaspora Communities. Springer. p. 251. ISBN 9780306483219.
- ^ a b Danico, Mary Yu (2014). "Balikbayan". Asian American Society: An Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. p. 139. ISBN 9781452281896.
- ^ Basch, Linda; Schiller, Nina Glick; Blanc, Cristina Szanton (2020). Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments and Deterritorialized Nation-States. Routledge. ISBN 9781000159264.
- ^ Smith, Bradford; Shue, Sylvia; Vest, Jennifer Lisa; Villarreal, Joseph (1999). "Filipinos". Philanthropy in Communities of Color. Indiana University Press. p. 96. ISBN 9780253112934.
- ^ Sabio, Russell; Donato, Al (October 14, 2016). "Unpacking The Balikbayan Box: A Filipino-Canadian Tradition". Huffpost. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
- ^ a b c d e Shyong, Frank (April 28, 2018). "These boxes are a billion-dollar industry of homesickness for Filipinos overseas". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
- ^ "About Us". REN International. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
- ^ "About Us". Port Jersey Shipping. Archived from the original on September 19, 2015. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
- ^ a b "Executive Order No. 206". Amending Section 105 of the Tariff and Customs Code of the Philippines. LawPhil.net. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
- ^ "Republic Act No. 1937". An Act to Revise and Codify the Tariff and Customs Laws of the Philippines. Official Gazette of the Philippines. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
- ^ "Modernization Act" (PDF). www.sra.gov.ph. Retrieved November 19, 2019.
- ^ "Filipinos should send balikbayan boxes only through accredited cargo companies". Gulf News. February 18, 2018.
- ^ Locsin, Joel (October 2, 2014). "Sending a balikbayan box? Go through accredited providers, says DTI". GMA News Online.
- ^ Ly, Phuong (December 24, 2004). "Money Is Not Enough at Christmas". Washington Post. p. B05.[dead link]
Further reading edit
- Diana Mata-Codesal; Maria Abranches; Karina Hof (August 9, 2017). "A Hard Look at the Balikbayan Box: The Philippine Diaspora's Export Hospitality". Food Parcels in International Migration: Intimate Connections. Springer. pp. 94–114. ISBN 978-3-319-40373-1.