The Battle of Wusong (Woosung) (Chinese: 吳淞戰役) was fought between British and Chinese forces at the entrance of the Wusong River (present-day Huangpu River), Jiangsu province, China, on June 16, 1842, during the First Opium War. The British capture of the towns of Woosung (now Wusong) and Baoshan opened the way to Shanghai, which was captured with little resistance on June 19.[6]
| Battle of Woosung | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the First Opium War | |||||||
 Battle of Woosung | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Qing China | |||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Hugh Gough William Parker | Chen Huacheng †[1] | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 14 ships[2] |
19 ships[3] 4,000–5,000 troops[1] | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
|
3 killed[2] 25 wounded[2] |
Hundreds killed or wounded[4] 250 guns captured[5] | ||||||
Background edit
From Wusong, the British would only have to advance 19 km to capture Shanghai. By doing so, they hoped to cut off tax revenues to Peking and force the Chinese government to capitulate. However, the campaign had to be swift and successful before disease took its toll on British forces, which could also increase domestic opposition in Britain against the war.[7]
Battle edit
On June 13, HMS Cornwallis and the British fleet anchored off Wusong. Bombardment of the port began on June 16, with Cornwallis and the other warships closed inshore, while the transports, laden with troops, stood 4 miles offshore.[8]
Counter fire from 3-mile lines of Chinese fortifications on the north bank of the river caused some casualties, but within two hours British gunfire suppressed the Chinese artillery. The warships’ boats were then lowered and started to land the Royal Marines and selected detachments of seamen who eventually seized the fortifications, spiked the guns, and held their positions until the main land force could be brought up from the transports offshore.[9]
Though a majority of the garrison had fled halfway through the battle, the Qing commander, Jiangnan Admiral Chen Huacheng, continue to fight on until he was eventually killed. Afterwards, Liu Guobiao, Chen's commandant and close associate, carried Chen's corpse on his back away from the fray and hid it in a clump of reedy grass to prevent it from being discovered by the British.[10]
Aftermath edit
By the evening, with Wusong under control, British troops began advancing up the towards Shanghai. Soldiers and landed sailors marched along the left banks of the Wusong River, while others moved in steamers towing small boats. The only opposition was from a shore battery, halfway up the river towards Shanghai, which was eventually silenced by Royal Navy gunfire.[11]
By 18 June, after silencing another shore battery just downriver from Shanghai, the strong force reached the city and occupied it the next day.[12]
Gallery edit
-
Map of the Woosung River, showing the Chinese batteries -
Sketch of naval battle -
Tomb of Admiral Chen, killed in the battle
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Notes edit
- ^ a b Bulletins of State Intelligence 1842, p. 759
- ^ a b c Bulletins of State Intelligence 1842, p. 816
- ^ Hall & Bernard 1846, p. 326
- ^ Hall & Bernard 1846, p. 329
- ^ Hall & Bernard 1846, p. 330
- ^ Rait 1903, pp. 267–268
- ^ Battersby (2010), pp. 138
- ^ Battersby (2010), ibid.
- ^ Battersby (2010), p. 164
- ^ Wataru (2000), p.57
- ^ Battersby (2010), p. 165
- ^ Battersby (2010), ibid.
References edit
- Battersby, W. (2010). James fitzjames: The mystery man of the Franklin expedition. Toronto, ON, Canada: Dundurn Group.
- Bulletins of State Intelligence. Westminster: F. Watts. 1842.
- Hall, William Hutcheon; Bernard, William Dallas (1846). The Nemesis in China (3rd ed.). London: Henry Colburn.
- Rait, Robert S. (1903). The Life and Campaigns of Hugh, First Viscount Gough, Field-Marshal. Volume 1. Westminster: Archibald Constable.
- Wataru, M. (2000). Japan and China: Mutual representations in the modern era (J. A. Fogel, Ed.). London, England: RoutledgeCurzon.