The Beytussebab rebellion[3] (Turkish: Beytüşşebap isyanı; Kurdish: Serhildana Elkê) was the first Kurdish rebellion in the modern Republic of Turkey.[3][4] The revolt was led by Halid Beg Cibran of the Cibran tribe.[5] Other prominent commanders were Ihsan Nuri and Yusuf Ziya Bey.[6] Its causes laid in opposition to the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate by Atatürk on 3 March 1924, the repressive Turkish policies towards Kurdish identity, the prohibition of public use and teaching of the Kurdish languages, and the resettling of Kurdish landowners and tribal chiefs in the west of the country.[4]
| Beytussebab rebellion | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Kurdish–Turkish conflict and Kurdish rebellions in Turkey | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Kurdish rebels |
 Turkish State | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Halid Beg Cibran Ihsan Nuri Pasha Yusuf Ziya Bey |
Mustafa Kemal Pasha İsmet Pasha Kâzım Pasha | ||||||
| Units involved | |||||||
| Tribes of Beytussebab | Third army | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| Few dozen | Unknown | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
Numerous officers of the Turkish army deserted for the rebellion.[7] The rebellion began in August 1924, when the garrison of Beytüşşebap revolted against the Turkish government. The rebellion proved unsuccessful, and ended shortly after it began. Yusuf Ziya Bey was arrested on the 10 October 1924 and reportedly accused Halid Beg Cibran of having been also involved in the revolt.[8] Halid Beg Cibran was captured in Erzurum in December 1924.[9] Both were courtmartialed in Bitlis.[8] Although the rebellion was suppressed, another Kurdish uprising, the Sheikh Said rebellion, would begin the next year.[4]
Further reading edit
- Gündoğan, Cemil (1994). 1924 Beytüşşebap isyanı ve Şeyh Sait ayaklanmasına etkileri (in Turkish). Komal.
References edit
- ^ Martin van Bruinessen, "Zaza, Alevi and Dersimi as Deliberately Embraced Ethnic Identities" in '"Aslını İnkar Eden Haramzadedir!" The Debate on the Ethnic Identity of The Kurdish Alevis' in Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi, Barbara Kellner-Heinkele, Anke Otter-Beaujean, Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East: Collected Papers of the International Symposium "Alevism in Turkey and Comparable Sycretistic Religious Communities in the Near East in the Past and Present" Berlin, 14-17 April 1995, BRILL, 1997, ISBN 9789004108615, p. 13.
- ^ Martin van Bruinessen, "Zaza, Alevi and Dersimi as Deliberately Embraced Ethnic Identities" in '"Aslını İnkar Eden Haramzadedir!" The Debate on the Ethnic Identity of The Kurdish Alevis', p. 14.
- ^ a b Vali, Abbas (2003). Essays on the origins of Kurdish nationalism. Mazda Publishers. p. 164. ISBN 9781568591421.
In spite of these unfavourable conditions, however, they switched to a massive resistance to central power. The Beytussebab rebellion of 1924 was the first sign of this unprecedented radicalization.
- ^ a b c Zürcher, Erik J. (2004-09-04). Turkey: A Modern History. I.B.Tauris. pp. 170, 171. ISBN 9781860649585.
- ^ Üngör, Umut. "Young Turk social engineering : mass violence and the nation state in eastern Turkey, 1913- 1950" (PDF). University of Amsterdam. p. 231. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ^ Olson, Robert (1989). The Emergence of Kurdish Nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880–1925. University of Texas Press. pp. 48–49. ISBN 0292776195.
- ^ Olson, Robert (1989), p.172
- ^ a b Chaliand, Gérard (1993). A People Without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan. Zed Books. pp. 52–53. ISBN 978-1-85649-194-5.
- ^ Olson, Robert (1989), p.92