California during World War II

California during World War II was a major contributor to the World War II effort. California's long Pacific Ocean coastline provided the support needed for the Pacific War. California also supported the war in Europe. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, most of California's manufacturing was shifted to the war effort. California became a major ship builder and aircraft manufacturer. Existing military installations were enlarged and many new ones were built. California trained many of the troops before their oversea deployment. Over 800,000 Californians served in the United States Armed Forces. California agriculture, ranches and farms were used to feed the troops around the world. California's long coastline also put the state in fear, as an attack on California seemed likely. California was used for the temporary and permanent internment camps for Japanese Americans. The population grew significantly, largely due to servicemen who were stationed at the new military bases/training facilities and the mass influx of workers from around the U.S. in the growing defense industries. With all the new economy activity, California was lifted out of the Great Depression. Over 500,000 people moved to California from other states to work in the growing economy. California expanded its oil and mineral production to keep up with the war demand.[3][4]

California during World War II
LocationCalifornia, United States
Date1941–1945
Casualties17,022[1][2]
Map of California
California in United States

History edit

Economics and population growth edit

A total of 12% of all U.S. Government war contracts were awarded to California companies. A total of 17% of the war materials were made in California. Mining, natural gas, and oil production were active industries in California before World War II, and these rapidly expanded to support the war effort. Like World War I, the mines and mining towns came to life again, due to an increase in demand for gold, copper, and silver. California oil production doubled, the synthetic rubber industry created in California and California agricultural output almost tripled. In 1941 California oil production was 230,263,000 barrels; by the end of the war in 1945 the output was 326,555,000 barrels.[5] Raw material was also shipped to California from Lend lease U.S. Allies. After the attack on Pearl Harbor and America entered the war, there was a quick build of new military bases, airfields, training camps, and other military installations. New military construction projects and the emerging war industries in California brought in tens of thousands of workers from across America. After the war, many stayed in California, with some others returning to their home states. Towns and cities next to military and industrial facilities grew and had an increase in the economy. California's population in 1940 was 6,907,387 and by 1950 it had grown to 10,586,223, a 53.3% increase.[6] California received one eighth of all war orders. With the manpower shortage many women entered the workforce in manufacturing and other jobs held by men in the past. As factories added more shifts, a variety of stores and services increase operating hours. To retain workers, some businesses increased their employee benefits. Many military personnel who were trained in California returned after the war to tour the state, so California's tourist industries began to grow.

Food production edit

California's mild climate made it ideal for year-round food production.[7] With many men overseas, there was labor shortage at harvest time. The need for extra workers at harvest brought in housewives and students. Some businesses even loaned workers to help with harvest and food packing as needed. The Woman's Land Army of America was one of the organizations helping in food production. Even with the increase in food production there was mandatory food rationing. Civilians were encouraged to plant Victory gardens to help with the food shortage. The slogan "grow your own, can your own", was started at start of the war and referred to families growing and canning their own food in victory gardens. With its mild climate most victory gardens were grown almost year-round.[8][9] Tires and gasoline were also rationed.[10][11] Rationing of wool fabric was also required during the war. This is one of the causes of the June 1943 Zoot Suit Riots in Los Angeles.[12]

Enemy aliens edit

 
US Army promotional pamphlet for Japanese-American


Attacks on California edit

 
Shot-down fire balloon reinflated by the US at Moffett Airfield

Ammunition edit

 
African American sailors of an ordnance battalion preparing 5-inch shells for packing at the Port Chicago Naval Magazine in 1943

California was a major supplier of ammunition for the war. Riverbank Army Ammunition Plant in Stanislaus County and Benicia Arsenal were two of the largest ammunition makers. In San Bernardino the Western Stove Company built incendiary bombs.[48]

The largest World War II accident in California was the Port Chicago disaster. The Liberty ship SS E. A. Bryan exploded on July 17, 1944, while being loaded with ammunition. About 4,600 tons (4,173 tonnes) of explosives had been loaded in the ship's holds at the time. The explosion killed 320 sailors and civilians and injured 390 others.[49] [50]

Hollywood edit

Hollywood's motion-picture industry continued to make movies during the war. In addition to entertainment films, Hollywood made training films and films to raise morale.[51][52][53] The 1942 film The Arm Behind the Army showed how important home support of the war was.[54][55][56][57]

Bob Hope volunteered with the United Service Organizations (USO) and entertained troops during World War II and for decades later (1941 to 1991). Hope brought many Hollywood stars with him on his USO tours.[58]

Desi Arnaz was stationed at Birmingham General Army Hospital in Van Nuys, California during the war to entertain the troops there. Arnaz had a bad knee and so was transferred to the US Army Medical Corps. Arnaz also coordinated with the stars that visited the hospital. [59]

Disney famously dedicated a large portion of their business to making propaganda films.

War Bond sales edit

To help pay for the war the U.S. sold war bonds. With its booming economy during World War II, Californians was one of the top of U.S. War Bonds sold. Much of the advertising for war bonds was donated. The spirit of sacrifice was never stronger for the defense of democracy and a way of honoring the sacrifices of American troops. Named after the 1942 Hollywood Victory Caravan, Paramount-produced film promoted bond sales in a 1945, post War. The short film included Bing Crosby, Bob Hope, Alan Ladd, William Demarest, Franlin Pangborn, Barbara Stanwyck, Humphrey Bogart, and others. Other heroes like boxing Joe Louis and Joe DiMaggio sold war bonds. Albert Einstein donated the original copies of his manuscript on the theory of relativity for auction to raise money for war bonds.[60][61]

California National Guard edit

California National Guard was mobilized and called to active duty in August 1940. The US Army recruited the first group to deploy to the war in Europe. The others troops called up were sent to the Pacific war. Between 1940 and 1941 about 12,000 California National Guard troops were called up to service in federal duty. Some troops were used for the defense of California and Hawaii. California National Guard was used for coast patrols, security guards for the Army Air Force bases, railroad bridges, rail tunnels and major dams. Major training bases are Camp Roberts and Camp San Luis Obispo.[62]

Civil defense edit

Due to the attack on Pearl Harbor and on California civil defense systems were started in California. Office of Civilian Defense was founded on May 20, 1941, and the Office of Civil Defense in May 1941. The Civil Air Patrol was started on December 1, 1941, in which civilian planes and spotters were used in air reconnaissance, search-and-rescue, and transport. After the attacks on California the Coast Guard Auxiliary, became very active in the use of civilian boats and crews for reconnaissance and search-and-rescue. Towers were built along coastal California, staffed with spotters to look for enemy aircraft working with the Ground Observer Corps.[63] In February 1942 the Federal government started War Time, ending in September 1945. With War Time California time was renamed to Pacific War Time with special Daylight Savings times. The Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP) started on August 5, 1943, used 1,074 civilian women pilots to fly new warplanes from the factories to Army airfields for training and deployment points. WASP pilots also towed targets for live anti-aircraft artillery practice, towed gliders for practice landings, simulated strafing missions, and transported cargo. WASP California headquarters was at Santa Ana Army Air Base, Merced Army Airfield, Minter Field, and Victorville Army Airfield[64]

Railroads edit

 
Soldiers arriving at Camp Freda railroad siding

American railroads moved 70% of all freight transported in the United States in 1940. During World War II the passenger and freight volume increased vastly. Railroads moved about 90% of the military's cargo need and transported 98% of military personnel. Railroads worked overtime to keep up with demand. It was patriotic to avoid all unnecessary travel, to give space needed for troop movement. Railroad brought troops to California training centers and camps.[65] Railroad brought workers to California's growing defense industry. During World War II rail-line moved to Diesel locomotives and away from the labor-intensive steam locomotives. The Army had special hospital cars built to move wounded soldiers, one operated out of San Francisco.[66][67]

Research edit

The development of new systems was a key to winning the war. World War 2 brought about many new technologies. Some California colleges and universities joined in the V-12 Navy College Training Program training volunteers for Navy commission.[68] Some California universities also had classes for aeronautical engineering, resident inspectors of ordinance and naval material, and a liaison for the National Defense Research Committee.[69][70]

Veterans edit

After the war Operation Magic Carpet started to bring the troops home, some brought home war brides. On October 30, 1944, Governor Earl Warren started the California Veteran's Commission. The Commission worked to help veterans re-entry into civilian life. The Commission working with United States Department of Veterans Affairs, California Military Department, state agencies, local governments, and community groups like: American Legion, Veterans of Foreign Wars, and Disabled American Veterans. Many Veterans Health Administration facilities were opened in the state.[75][76][77] Veteran's Bond Act of 1943 helped veterans to purchase a home or farm.[78] Veterans started families, that is called the baby boom, birth rates increased in the U.S. and California.[79][80]

Manufacturing edit

Ship building edit

 
War Shipping Administration photo showing early 1944 Victory ship construction at California Shipbuilding Corporation with a May 1945 war tonnage production chart
 
"I'm Proud of You Folks Too!", US Navy poster, 1944, by Jon Whitcomb
 
CalShip was the most productive of the Los Angeles shipyards
 
View of the four Richmond shipyards, fiery crucible of the San Francisco Bay area

California became a major builder of ships for the war. Under the Emergency Shipbuilding program, cargo ships like Liberty ships and Victory ships were built in days, not the normal months. Ships that could be repaired overseas greatly reduced repair time, so California shipyards also built floating dry docks like the Large Auxiliary Floating Dry Docks and Medium Auxiliary Floating Dry Docks. As fear of an attack on California seemed likely, the War Department requested some ships be built at an inland ports, so many new ships were built at the Port of Stockton, seventy nautical miles from the ocean. Henry J. Kaiser built day care centers at his shipyards in Richmond. Kaiser Steel was headquartered in Fontana, California. Some of the ships were given to the Allies of World War II through the Lend-Lease act of March 11, 1941. At the end of the war there was a surplus of ships and most shipyards were closed. Surplus ships were either sold or put into the Navy Reserve Fleet, like the Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet. California ship yards:[81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90]

Los Angeles edit

Major

Minor

San Francisco edit

Major

Minor

Other edit

Aircraft manufacturers edit

 
B-17Bs at March Field, California
 
WASP pilot Ruth Dailey climbs into a Lockheed P-38 Lightning

Built in California during World War 2 were: B-17 Flying Fortress, Lockheed P-38 Lightning, Douglas C-47 Skytrain, Douglas SBD Dauntless, Douglas A-26 Invader, Lockheed Ventura, Lockheed Model 18 Lodestar, Lockheed P-2 Neptune, Lockheed Constellation, Douglas P-70 Nighthawk, Douglas DC-5, Douglas C-54 Skymaster, Douglas BTD Destroyer, Douglas A-33, Douglas TBD Devastator, Consolidated PB4Y-2 Privateer, Northrop A-17, Northrop BT, Northrop N-3PB, Northrop P-61 Black Widow, McDonnell FH Phantom, Consolidated B-24 Liberator, Consolidated PB2Y Coronado, Consolidated TBY Sea Wolf, Consolidated B-32 Dominator, Consolidated P-30, North American B-25 Mitchell, North American P-51 Mustang, Vultee A-31 Vengeance, Vultee BT-13 Valiant, Vultee P-66 Vanguard, Vultee V-11, Interstate Cadet, North American T-6 Texan, Douglas A-20 Havoc, Lockheed C-69 Constellation, Consolidated PBY Catalina, Interstate TDR, Timm N2T Tutor, Ryan PT-22 Recruit, Ryan ST and the Waco CG-4 / Timm CG-4A . The Lockheed Hudson built in Burbank was delivered to Canada and then the United Kingdom starting in 1939. By the end of the war California had 70% of the aerospace manufacturing in the United States and had built over 200,000 planes. Hughes H-4 Hercules, Victory Trainer and Bartlett Zephyr were built in California, but not used. The California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, California started a School of Aeronautics and other aeronautic research labs in the early 1920s, this helped California become a major aerospace manufacturing center.[117][118][119][120]

Aircraft manufacturers of World War II in California:

Vehicles manufacturers edit

 
GM California M5A1 tank on display

During World War II all California civilian automobile manufacturing ended.[121]

Engine Manufacturers edit

Joshua Hendy Iron Works was the biggest supplier of reciprocating engines for Liberty ships in the country. It was also the only manufacturer of large steam turbine propulsion systems on the West Coast.

Military installations edit

Like other states in the desert Southwest, many of the new military installations built were United States Army airbases. California's weather, wide open spaces, railroad connections, and access to ocean made it an ideal location for training pilots, also armored vehicles operators.[133][134][135]

Desert Training Center edit

The largest United States Army training installation in the history of the United States was the Desert Training Center. To prepare troops for the battles in the North African campaign, the army had General Patton build many desert training camps in Southern California and a few in Arizona. The camps were built in the Mojave Desert and Sonoran Desert. The open space let the Army and Army Air Corps use live fire to train troops, test and develop equipment. Tactical doctrines, techniques, and training methods for combat were developed from this training. From 1 April 1942 to 1 July 1944, the complete training area covered 18,000 square miles. The camp reached from Pomona, California east to almost to Phoenix, Arizona and from Yuma, Arizona northward into the southern tip of Nevada.[136]

California Army Divisional Camps

California Army Depots

California Army Airfields

 
Camp Goffs Army Field Train station, 1943
 
Camp Goffs Army Field, 1943

Desert Training Center California Hospitals

US Army Bases edit

For World War 2 existing California Army bases were enlarged and many new bases were built. Bases were used for induction, training, deployment, supply depots, hospitals and housing of POWs.

Air bases and airfield edit

Existing United States Army Air Corps air bases were enlarged to house and train the many new crews needed. Almost all civilian airports and airstrips were converted to Army Air training centers. Almost all civilian air flights were cancelled. Many new airstrips and landing pads were built for pilot landing and take-off training. Air bases had housing and meals for the troops. Some airstrips and landing pads had no support buildings, as they were used only for landing and take-off training. United States Army Air Corps World War II bases, airstrips and landing pads in California:[142][143]

US Naval Bases edit

United States Navy's main marine bases were located in the deepwater ports of: San Diego Bay, Port of Los Angeles, San Francisco Bay and the Stockton Deepwater Shipping Channel. The US Navy during WW2 Pacific Fleet operated: ports, supply depots and airfields for aircraft carrier training, also blimps used for patrol of the coast. Post World War II many shipyards became home of the Pacific Reserve Fleet used to store the many surplus ships.[144]
United States Navy World War II bases and stations in California:[145]

US Marine Corps edit

Camp Pendleton became the main training grounds for training Marines including landing craft school, amphibious tractor school, beach battalion school, amphibious communications school, and a medical field service school. Skills that would be used across the island hopping in the Pacific War and the war in Europe.[148][149][150]

US Coast Guard edit

In times of war, like during World War II, the United States Coast Guard operated as a branch of the Department of the Navy. In California the Coast Guard operated out of the 12th Naval District. Coast Guard's World War 2 Navy support included use of Coast Guard cutters, patrol boats, bases, stations and lighthouses. Patrols and search and rescue missions being the main task.[151][152][153]

United States Coast Guard World War II bases in California:

United States Merchant Marine edit

The United States Merchant Marine operated merchant ships out of California US Navy and private ports to supply goods needed around the world. Most merchant ships operated with civilian merchants and US Navy armed guards to man the deck guns under the Merchant Marine Act of 1936. Merchant Marine operated many different types of ships, the most numerous type was the Liberty ships and Victory ships. Merchant Marine training was conducted by the Coast Guard.[154][155][156][157] The Maritime Service established several Merchant Marine training centers in California for World War 2:

Gallery edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "World War 2 Statistics". www.secondworldwarhistory.com.
  2. ^ history.army.mil, US Army, World War II, Korea And Vietnam Casualties
  3. ^ "California Transformed". capitolmuseum.ca.gov.
  4. ^ "California Military History: California and World War II". www.militarymuseum.org.
  5. ^ Effects of World War II on California Oil Reserves: by Graham B. Moody
  6. ^ "Resident Population Data – 2010 Census". Census.gov. Retrieved October 7, 2017.
  7. ^ "Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Company, California and World War II" (PDF).
  8. ^ "World war II: Civic responsibility" (PDF). Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
  9. ^ "Sugar: U. S. consumers register for first ration books". Life. 1942-05-11. p. 19. Retrieved November 17, 2011.
  10. ^ ""Creamless Days?" / The Pinch". Life. 1941-06-09. p. 38. Retrieved December 5, 2012.
  11. ^ Joseph A. Lowande, U.S. Ration Currency & Tokens 1942–1945.
  12. ^ "Zoot Suit Riots". HISTORY. 9 August 2023.
  13. ^ Ng, Wendy L. (2002). Japanese American Internment During World War II: A History and Reference Guide. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0313313752.
  14. ^ Jordan, Paul (June 1, 2010). "Italian Prisoners of War and Italian Service Units: From Enemies to Co-belligerents". Graduate Masters Theses.
  15. ^ "POW Camps in California". www.gentracer.org.
  16. ^ "Historic California Posts: Camp Haan (Camp Haan Quartermaster Depot, Camp Haan Prisoner of War Camp)". www.militarymuseum.org.
  17. ^ "Prisoner of War Camps in California". militarymuseum.org.
  18. ^ Camp Cooke and Vandenberg Air Force Base, 1941–1966, by Jeffrey E. Geiger, McFarland Books
  19. ^ "Prisoner of War Camps in California". www.militarymuseum.org.
  20. ^ Andrews, Evan (23 August 2023). "5 Attacks on U.S. Soil During World War II". HISTORY.
  21. ^ The Shelling of Ellwood, The California State Military Museum, archived from the original on 5 January 2008, retrieved 2007-12-09
  22. ^ Young, Donald J. Phantom Japanese Raid on Los Angeles Archived 2008-01-24 at the Wayback Machine World War II Magazine, September 2003
  23. ^ a b "California in World War II: The Battle of Los Angeles". www.militarymuseum.org.
  24. ^ Weeks, Linton (January 20, 2015). "Beware Of Japanese Balloon Bombs". NPR.
  25. ^ Klein, Christopher. "Attack of Japan's Killer WWII Balloons, 70 Years Ago". HISTORY.
  26. ^ Japan's World War II balloon bomb attacks on North America
  27. ^ "California in World War II: The Japanese Balloon Bomb Attack at Hayfork". www.militarymuseum.org.
  28. ^ "California in World War II: The Japanese Balloon Bomb Attack at Alturas". militarymuseum.org.
  29. ^ "California in World War II: The Attack on the SS Samoa". www.militarymuseum.org.
  30. ^ "California in World War II: The Attack on the SS Agwiworld". www.militarymuseum.org.
  31. ^ "California in World War II: The Attacks on the SS Barbara Olson and SS Absoroka". www.militarymuseum.org.
  32. ^ "Japanese submarine torpedoes and shells the freighter Fort Camosun off Cape Flattery on June 20, 1942". HistoryLink.org.
  33. ^ "California in World War II: The Attack on the SS Agwiworld". militarymuseum.org.
  34. ^ "SS Camden". wrecksite.eu.
  35. ^ "Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, SS Camden" (PDF).
  36. ^ 1942 Navy Department. Summary of Statements by Survivors SS Camden, United States Tanker, 6653 G.T., Charles Kurzand Company, Philadelphia, under Charter to Shell Oil Company[verification needed]
  37. ^ "California in World War II: The Attack on the H.M. Storey". www.militarymuseum.org.
  38. ^ "THE ATTACKS ON THE SS BARBARA OLSON AND SS ABSAROKA". the-wanderling.com.
  39. ^ "California in World War II: The Attacks on the SS Montebello and the SS Idaho". www.militarymuseum.org.
  40. ^ "Ian Ferguson's Homepage, Part 1: SS Albertolite". merchantships2.tripod.com.
  41. ^ WORLD WAR COMES TO HUMBOLDT COUNTY by Jack Bareilles
  42. ^ "California in World War II: Victor Valley's Unsung Heros". www.militarymuseum.org.
  43. ^ "USLO, The Armor of Democracy: Volunteerism on the Home Front in World War II California" (PDF).
  44. ^ The Triumphant Partnership: California Cities and the Winning of World War II, California State University, Northridge, April 29, 2005
  45. ^ Fourth Antiaircraft Command Brigadere, August 1945
  46. ^ Panic on the Pacific: How America Prepared for the West Coast Invasion, By Bill Yenne
  47. ^ "California and the Second World War II: Japan Scuttled 1941 Raid on San Diego Bay : Submarines Were In Place to Deliver 'Unhappy Christmas' Message to United States". www.militarymuseum.org.
  48. ^ Stuart MacDonald, "Historic Properties Report: Riverbank Army Ammunition Plant, Riverbank, California" (Building Technology Inc. 1984) online
  49. ^ Robert L. Allen, "The Port Chicago disaster and its aftermath." The Black Scholar 13.2-3 (1982): 3-29.
  50. ^ Jeremiah Clabough, and Deborah Wooten. "Bias, bigotry, and bungling: Teaching about the Port Chicago 50." Social Education 80.3 (2016): 160-165. online
  51. ^ "Hollywood went to war in 1941—and it wasn't easy". National Museum of American History. May 3, 2016.
  52. ^ "WWII Guide: Wartime Hollywood". www.digitalhistory.uh.edu.
  53. ^ "1st Motion Picture Unit". www.militarymuseum.org.
  54. ^ California during World War II at IMDb  
  55. ^ "1st Motion Picture Unit". militarymuseum.org.
  56. ^ "Ed McMahon: Marine Corps Aviator". militarymuseum.org.
  57. ^ "Tyrone Power: Actor, Marine Corps Aviator". militarymuseum.org.
  58. ^ "Bob Hope: King of the Oscars". Biography. Archived from the original on July 28, 2017. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
  59. ^ Who's Who In Hollywood! By Terry Rowan, Desi Arnaz, p. 15
  60. ^ "War Bonds". capitolmuseum.ca.gov.
  61. ^ "Saving for Democracy, Online Oxford Scholarship, Thrift and Thriving in America: Capitalism and Moral Order from the Puritans to the Present, by Joshua Yates and James Davison HunterPrint, 2011" (PDF).
  62. ^ "California Military History: A Short History of the California National Guard in World War II". www.militarymuseum.org.
  63. ^ "Civilian defense on the home front, 1942 | AP US History Study Guide from The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History". www.gilderlehrman.org. May 5, 2014.
  64. ^ Molly Merryman, Clipped Wings: The Rise and Fall of the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASPS) of World War II (2001)
  65. ^ "General Patton's World War II Training Ground in the Mojave (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov.
  66. ^ Ohlhaber, Kathy (December 13, 2017). "10 Ways Freight Rail Provides Support During Wartime". Association of American Railroads.
  67. ^ "Timeline | History of Union Pacific". www.up.com.
  68. ^ "Oral History – Allen J. Acosta" (PDF). Pasadena, California: California Institute of Technology. April–May 1994. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 18, 2010. Retrieved September 29, 2011.
  69. ^ "U.S. Naval Activities World War II by State". Patrick Clancey. Archived from the original on September 7, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2012.
  70. ^ Fortress California, 1910–1961: From Warfare to Welfare, by Roger W. Lotchin
  71. ^ "Technology for Innovative Entrepreneurs & Businesses | TechLink". techlinkcenter.org.
  72. ^ "Kaiser Shipyards pioneered use of wonder drug penicillin". about.kaiserpermanente.org.
  73. ^ "HP History". Archived from the original on 2021-02-07. Retrieved 2021-01-07.
  74. ^ Kratz, Jessie (May 26, 2020). "The World War II-Era Actress Who Invented Wi-Fi: Hedy Lamarr".
  75. ^ California Veteran's Commission
  76. ^ California Department of Veterans Affairs
  77. ^ "After the War". capitolmuseum.ca.gov.
  78. ^ "Veteran's Bond Act of 1943" (PDF).
  79. ^ Van Bavel, Jan; Reher, David S. (2013). "The Baby Boom and Its Causes: What We Know and What We Need to Know". Population and Development Review. 39 (2): 264–265. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2013.00591.x.
  80. ^ Forman-Brunell, Miriam (2009). Babysitter: An American History. New York University Press. pp. 49–50. ISBN 978-0814727591.
  81. ^ "nps.gov, Shipbuilding".
  82. ^ "Wartime Shipbuilding at Terminal Island | Los Angeles Conservancy". www.laconservancy.org.
  83. ^ "Shipbuildinghistory.com". www.shipbuildinghistory.com.
  84. ^ "shipbuildinghistory.com, Concrete Ships". Archived from the original on 2018-09-24. Retrieved 2019-10-04.
  85. ^ "Shipbuildinghistory.com". shipbuildinghistory.com.
  86. ^ "nps.gov, Ship building".
  87. ^ "About the Museum [sic]". January 26, 2016.
  88. ^ "World War II Shipbuilding in the San Francisco Bay Area (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov.
  89. ^ "Craig Shipbuilding Long Beach Shipbuilding".
  90. ^ "US Army Barges".
  91. ^ "Fellows & Stewart".
  92. ^ "Shipbuildinghistory.com". shipbuildinghistory.com.
  93. ^ "shipbuildinghistory.com". shipbuildinghistory.com.
  94. ^ "shipbuildinghistory.com". shipbuildinghistory.com.
  95. ^ "Other Wartime Pacific Coast Boatbuilders".
  96. ^ "Miscellaneous Photo Index". www.navsource.org.
  97. ^ "shipbuildinghistory.com". shipbuildinghistory.com.
  98. ^ "Ackerman Boat".
  99. ^ Kaiser Permanente Yard #1 Richmond, California Archived 2012-05-10 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 8 February 2012
  100. ^ "Kaiser Permanente No. 2". shipbuildinghistory.com. Retrieved 2021-02-11.
  101. ^ "Kaiser Permanente No. 3". shipbuildinghistory.com. Retrieved 2021-02-11.
  102. ^ "Kaiser Richmond No. 4 Yard". shipbuildinghistory.com. Archived from the original on 2018-08-12. Retrieved 2021-02-11.
  103. ^ "Pacific Coast Engineering PACECO".
  104. ^ "shipbuildinghistory.com". shipbuildinghistory.com.
  105. ^ "Shipbuildinghistory.com". shipbuildinghistory.com.
  106. ^ "Shipbuildinghistory.com". shipbuildinghistory.com.
  107. ^ "Anderson & Cristofani". www.shipbuildinghistory.com.
  108. ^ "Fleet Oiler (YON) Photo Index". www.navsource.org.
  109. ^ "Shipbuildinghistory.com". www.shipbuildinghistory.com.
  110. ^ "Campbell Industries".
  111. ^ "Shipbuildinghistory.com". shipbuildinghistory.com.
  112. ^ "Lynch Shipbuilding".
  113. ^ "Shipbuildinghistory.com". shipbuildinghistory.com.
  114. ^ "Shipbuildinghistory.com". shipbuildinghistory.com.
  115. ^ "Victory Shipbuilding Newport Beach CA".
  116. ^ "NavSource Auxiliary Ship Photo Archive". www.navsource.org.
  117. ^ "hugheshistoricdistrict.com Aircraft industry Southern California". Archived from the original on 2020-11-30. Retrieved 2019-10-05.
  118. ^ "Shaping California History".
  119. ^ "From the Archives: Southern California World War II aircraft manufacturing". Los Angeles Times. July 30, 2018.
  120. ^ "Table of U.S. Airplane Factories in WW2 – Grumman, Curtiss-Wright, Bell, etc". acepilots.com.
  121. ^ "Los Angeles Auto Manufacturing Past". www.laalmanac.com.
  122. ^ Nicolaides, Becky M. (2002). My Blue Heaven. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226583013.
  123. ^ Photos of South Gate Assembly plant.
  124. ^ Rubenstein, James M (1992). The Changing US Auto Industry. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0203034521.
  125. ^ "South California Division of GM in World War Two".
  126. ^ nps.gov Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant in Richmond, California,
  127. ^ "The Maywood Assembly Plant". cj3a.info.
  128. ^ "Chrysler's Lost Los Angeles Plant, 1932-1971". Allpar Forums. 16 November 2020.
  129. ^ "Chrysler Shipments of War Products" (PDF).
  130. ^ "Studebaker Pacific Corporation". usautoindustryworldwartwo.com.
  131. ^ Parker, Dana T. Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II, pp. 121-124, Cypress, CA, 2013.
  132. ^ "Firestone in World War Two". usautoindustryworldwartwo.com.
  133. ^ "Bases In The State of California".
  134. ^ "California in World War II: Los Angeles Metropolitan Area during World War II". www.militarymuseum.org.
  135. ^ "Historic California Posts: Major Army Installations During World War II". www.militarymuseum.org.
  136. ^ "Historic California Posts: California/Arizona Maneuver Area". www.militarymuseum.org.
  137. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Camp Granite (historical)
  138. ^ Defense Base Closure And Realignment Commission: Report To The President 1995. Diane Publishing. 1 October 1995. p. 123. ISBN 978-0788124617.
  139. ^ "DDJC – Sharpe" (PDF). Superfund. Environmental Protection Agency. October 2003. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 June 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
  140. ^ Carol A. Jensen (2006). Byron Hot Springs. Arcadia Publishing. p. 104. ISBN 978-0738547008.
  141. ^ "Historic Posts, Camps, Stations, and Airfields, Tracy Facility, Defense Distribution Depot San Joaquin". californiamilitaryhistory.org. The California State Military Museum. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  142. ^ "Historic California Posts: Major Army Air Force Installations During World War II". www.militarymuseum.org.
  143. ^ "Air Force Base Sites History's Legacy, by Frederick J.Shaw" (PDF).
  144. ^ "U.S. Naval Activities, World War II, by State [CALIFORNIA]". www.ibiblio.org.
  145. ^ "Historic California Posts: Major Navy and Marine Corps Installations During World War II". www.militarymuseum.org.
  146. ^ Dawn Bohulano Mabalon (2013). Little Manila Is in the Heart: The Making of the Filipina/o American Community in Stockton, California. Duke University Press. p. 233. ISBN 978-0822395744.
  147. ^ "Naval Convalescent Hospital, Yosemite". www.militarymuseum.org.
  148. ^ "Base History". Camp Pendleton. United States Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 2006-07-03. Retrieved 2007-10-29.
  149. ^ Shettle Jr., M. L. (2001). United States Marine Corps Air Stations of World War II. Bowersville, Georgia: Schaertel Publishing Co. p. 84. ISBN 0964338823.
  150. ^ "U.S. Naval Activities World War II by State". Patrick Clancey. Retrieved 2012-03-19.
  151. ^ "Ocean Weather Ships 1940–1980", Capt. R. P. Dinsmore, USCG (Ret). Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  152. ^ Bloodstained Sea, by Michael G. Walling, pp. 6–8
  153. ^ Mitchell Zuckoff, Frozen in Time p. 332
  154. ^ "U.S. Maritime Service: the Forgotten Service". www.usmm.org.
  155. ^ "Maritime Administration". www.maritime.dot.gov.
  156. ^ "Maritime Service Compliance | MARAD". www.maritime.dot.gov.
  157. ^ "World War II US Navy Armed Guard and World War II US Merchant Marine". www.armed-guard.com.

Further reading edit

  • Allen, Robert L. The Port Chicago Mutiny: The Story of the Largest Mass Mutiny Trial in U.S. Naval History (2006) excerpt
  • Alvarez, Luis. "On Race, Riots, and Infrapolitics in Wartime Los Angeles." Revue francaise detudes americaines 1 (2012): 19–31 online
  • Collins, Keith E. Black Los Angeles: The Maturing of the Ghetto, 1940–1950 (1980).
  • Escobedo, Elizabeth Rachel. From coveralls to zoot suits: The lives of Mexican American women on the World War II home front (UNC Press Books, 2013).
  • Foster, Mark S. "Giant of the West: Henry J. Kaiser and regional industrialization, 1930–1950." Business History Review 59.1 (1985): 1–23.
  • Friedrich, Otto. City of Nets: A Portrait of Hollywood in the 1940s (Harper & Row, 1986).
  • Johnson, Marilynn S. The second gold rush: Oakland and the East Bay in World War II (Univ of California Press, 1994).
  • Koppes, Clayton R. and Gregory D. Black. Hollywood Goes to War: How Politics, Profits & Propaganda Shaped World War II Movies (The Free Press, 1987).
  • Lange, Dorothea. Photographing the second gold rush: Dorothea Lange and the East Bay at War, 1941—1945 (Heyday Books, 1995), a primary source.
  • Leonard, Kevin Allen. The Battle for Los Angeles: Racial Ideology and World War II (2006).
  • Lichtenstein, Alex, and Eric Arnesen. "Labor and the Problem of Social Unity during World War II: Katherine Archibald's Wartime Shipyard in Retrospect." Labor: Studies in Working-Class History of the Americas 3.1 (2006): 113–146.
  • Lotchin, Roger. "The Triumphant Partnership: California Cities and the Winning of World War II" Southern California Quarterly 88.1 (2006): 71–95. [ online]
    • Lotchin, Roger W. The Bad City in the Good War: San Francisco, Los Angeles, Oakland, and San Diego (Indiana University Press, 2003)
    • Lotchin, Roger W. Fortress California, 1910–1961: From Warfare to Welfare (U of Illinois Press, 2002). pp 131–170.
    • Lotchin, Roger W. The Way We Really Were: The Golden State in the Second Great War (U of Illinois Press, 2000)
    • Lotchin, Roger W. "California Cities and the Hurricane of Change: World War II in the San Francisco, Los Angeles, and San Diego Metropolitan Areas." Pacific Historical Review 63.3 (1994): 393–420. online
    • Lotchin, Roger W. "World War II and urban California: city planning and the transformation hypothesis." Pacific Historical Review 62.2 (1993): 143–171. online
  • Lothrop, Gloria Ricci. "Unwelcome in Freedom's Land: The Impact of World War II on Italian Aliens in Southern California." Southern California Quarterly 81.4 (1999): 507–544.
  • McLeod, Dean L. Port Chicago (2007) excerpt
  • Mitchell, Don. "Battle/fields: Braceros, agribusiness, and the violent reproduction of the California agricultural landscape during World War II." Journal of historical geography 36.2 (2010): 143–156.
  • Nash, Gerald D. The American West Transformed: The Impact of the Second World War (1990)
  • Parker, Dana T. Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II (2013).
  • Sánchez, George J. Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900-1945 (Oxford University Press, 1993).
  • Starr, Kevin. Embattled Dreams: California in War and Peace, 1940-1950 (Oxford University Press, 2002).
  • Verge, Arthur C. “The Impact of the Second World War on Los Angeles.” The Pacific Historical Review 63#3 (1994): 289–314. online
  • Verge, Arthur C. "World War II" in A Companion to California History ed. by William Deverell and David Igler. (2008) pp 312–321.online

Japanese internment edit

  • Leonard, Kevin Allen. "'Is That What We Fought for?' Japanese Americans and Racism in California, The Impact of World War II." Western Historical Quarterly 21.4 (1990): 463–482. online
  • Lotchin, Roger W. Japanese American Relocation in World War II: A Reconsideration (Cambridge University Press, 2018)
  • Ng, Wendy L. Japanese American Internment During World War II: A History and Reference Guide (Greenwood, 2002).

External links edit