The Cameroon Armed Forces (French: Forces armées camerounaises (FAC)) are the military of the Republic of Cameroon. The armed forces number 40,000[citation needed] personnel in ground, air, and naval forces. There are approximately 40,000 troops in the army across three military regions. Approximately 1,300 troops are part of the Cameroonian Navy, which is headquartered at Douala. Under 600 troops are part of the Air Force. There is an additional 12,500 paramilitary troops that serve as a gendarmerie (policing force) or reconnaissance role.[1]
| Cameroon Armed Forces | |
|---|---|
| Forces armées camerounaises (FAC) | |
| Founded | 1960 |
| Service branches |
|
| Headquarters | Yaoundé |
| Leadership | |
| Commander-in-Chief | Paul Biya |
| Deputy Commander-in-Chief | Joseph Ngute |
| Minister of Defense | Joseph Beti Assomo |
| Chief of the Defence Staff | René Claude Meka |
| Personnel | |
| Active personnel | 40000[1][failed verification] |
| Expenditures | |
| Budget | US$347 million[2] |
| Percent of GDP | 1.6[2] |
| Industry | |
| Foreign suppliers |  Brazil[citation needed] China France India Indonesia Israel Russia Singapore South Africa Vietnam |
| Related articles | |
| History | Bamileke War Bakassi conflict CAR Civil War Boko Haram insurgency Anglophone Crisis |
| Ranks | Military ranks of Cameroon |
The Cameroonian armed forces have bases spread all over Cameroon, including in Ngaoundéré. Air Force bases are located in Garoua, Yaoundé, Douala and Bamenda.
It has generally remained loyal to the government and acted to ensure the stability of the regime, and not acted as an independent political force.[3][4] Traditional dependence on the French defense capability, although reduced, continues to be the case as French military advisers remain closely involved in preparing the Cameroonian forces for deployment to the contested Bakassi Peninsula.
Army edit
With over 40,000 troops the Army remains the most important component in terms of numbers.[5] The Army is under the responsibility of the Chief of Staff, Major-General Nkoa Atenga, whose staff is in Yaoundé.
Currently the organization dates from 2001 with a distribution in several types of units: combat units, response units (unités d'intervention), unités de soutien et d'appui, and finally special reserve units as part of 3 joint military régions (interarmées) and the 10 military land sectors.[6]
Army units have been trained and equipped to fight in the swampy coastal terrain facing the Bakassi peninsula. Although prepared for an armed conflict with Nigeria in recent years, the Cameroon Army does not have operational experience against other forces, therefore, it is not possible to assess its ability to respond to changing threats and opposing tactics.
Combat units of the army include:[7]
- The Headquarters Brigade, located in Yaoundé. This brigade is responsible for protecting the capital and supporting the institutions. The President of the Republic has to allow any of its deployments.
- Three command and support battalions;
- The Rapid Intervention Battalion (Btaillon d'Intervention Rapide, BIR)
- The Rapid Response Brigade (Cameroon) (Brigade d'Intervention Rapide, or also BIR), (which currently has no general staff) and is made up of three rapid response battalions, stationed in Douala, Tiko and Koutaba. These three battalions are respectively the Special Amphibious Battalion (Bataillon Spécial Amphibie; BSA), the Bataillon des Troupes Aéroportées (BTAP), and the Armored Reconnaissance Battalion (Bataillon Blindé de Reconnaissance; BBR) equipped with Type 07P infantry fighting vehicle and PTL-02 tank destroyer bought recently from China.[8] The BSA is inspired by the French Special Forces. This brigade is a tactical battle unit under the authority of the Chief of Staff of the armed forces. For this to be engaged, the President’s agreement is necessary.[citation needed]
- Five motorised infantry brigades, supposed to be stationed in one military sector but which can then be engaged without any regard to the territorial division of the country. These brigades currently do not have a general staff. In theory, they consist of 11 motorised infantry battalions; 5 support battalions and 3 backing battalions; however, the motorised battalions are in reality not operational due to a lack of staff, equipment and vehicles.
Organization edit
The territory is divided into 5 combined arms military regions (RMIA):[9]
1st Military Region edit
- 11th Ebolowa Brigade:
- 11th BCS (command and support battalion) in Ebolowa
- 12th BIM (motorized infantry battalion) in Ebolowa
- 12th BIM at Djoum
- 13th BIM at Ambam
- 11th BA (support battalion) at Sangmélima
- 12th Bertoua brigade
- 12th BCS in Bertoua
- 14th BIM in Bertoua
- 15th BIM to Yokadouma
- 16th BIM at Garoua-Boulaï
- 12th BA in Bertoua
2nd Military Region edit
- Rapid Intervention Brigade[10]
- 21st Motorized infantry brigade of Buéa[9]
- 201st Douala Air Base[9]
- 21st Air Transport Squadron
- 211st Transport and Assault Transport Squadron
- 212nd Transport and Assault Transport Squadron
- 22nd Air Squadron
- 221st Transport and Assault Transport Squadron
- 222nd Reconnaissance Squadron
Army equipment edit
Cameroonian Air Force edit
The air force has bases in Garoua, Koutaba, Yaoundé, Douala and Bamenda. The Cameroonian Air Force was founded in 1960, the year of independence from France. There are under 400 troops in the air force.[1] Cameroon's Air Force has 9 combat-capable aircraft.[1]
edit
There are about 1,300 troops in the navy including naval infantry.[1]
History edit
Around May 1999, Philip Njaru wrote a newspaper article where he alleged ill-treatment of civilians conducted by the 21st Navy Battalion based in Ekondo-Titi. In late May Njaru was approached by the local captain who asked Njaru "to stop writing such articles and to disclose his sources". Refusing to do this, Njaru five days later found his house encircled by armed soldiers, and escaped to Kumba.[11] Here, he was assaulted by police in June 2001, with no particular reason stated.[11] Njaru complained to the local authorities, but later learned that "his complaint had not been received".[11]
Cameroon's Marine Nationale République modernised and increased its capabilities during 2000 with the acquisition of a number of small Rodman patrol craft and the retirement of some small older craft. A number of small patrol boats have been acquired or ordered from France. Latest estimates indicate naval strength consists of two combat patrol vessels, three coastal patrol vessels and approximately 30 smaller inshore and river patrol craft allocated to both the navy and the local gendarmerie. These include two 135 tonne Yunnan-class landing craft, which are able to carry and launch smaller craft for troop insertions. Some effort has been made to assess equipment needs to bring L'Audacieux P103 and Bakassi P104 to an effective combat status. This has resulted in weapons capabilities being reduced in favour of an increase in serviceability and the service is now effectively without missile attack capabilities. Bakassi (a Type P 48S missile patrol craft) completed a major refit at Lorient, France in August 1999. This included removing the Exocet missile system and EW equipment, and fitting a funnel aft of the mainmast to replace the waterline exhausts. New radars were also installed. Bakassi is now armed only with 40 mm cannon. Although the Bizerte (P48 large patrol craft) class L'Audacieux is fitted for SS-12M missiles these are not embarked and its operational status is in some doubt, having not been reported at sea since 1995. The Quartier-Maître Alfred Moto patrol boat was listed as out of service in 1991 but has since been reactivated.
Ships edit
List of active ships.
- 1: DIPIKAR patrol boat (former French navy "Grèbe", upgraded with LYNCEA PATROL CMS) (Gun)
- 2: FRA P-48 (Gun)
- 6: Rodman 101/46 (Gun)
- 1: Quartier class (Gun)
- 3: Boston Whaler patrol boats
- 1: Bakassi class patrol boat (P48S type)
- 1: L’Audacieux class missile FAC (P48 type)
- 1: Alfred Motto class patrol craft
- 20: Swiftships type river boats
- 2: Yunnan landing craft utility
- 8: Simoneau
- 2: Aresa 2400 CPV Defender patrol boats[12]
- 1: Aresa 2300 landing craft
- 6: Aresa 750 Commandos RIBs
- 5: 1200 Stealth RIBs
- 1: 1200 Defcon RIB
- 2: P108 and P109 patrol boats
Two 32-metre patrol boats are expected to be delivered in February 2014.[12]
Gendarmerie edit
The Gendarmerie is a paramilitary force composed of about 9,000 soldiers as of 2016. It performs both law enforcement and national security responsibilities across the country. (See Gendarmerie)
Military education edit
After an initial period of development, training requirements were formalized in an April 1967 per government decree. There was a shortage of Cameroonian instructors at that time. The two educational institutions of the nation are the following:
- Combined Services Military Academy (Ecole Militaire Interarmes Camerounaises—EMIAC): It is the interforce academy for officers, being the educational center for future officers of the armed forces and the National Gendarmerie. It was established in 1959 and inaugurated on 18 January 1961.[13][14] No officers were graduated until 1970. Every graduation of cadets takes place on 18 January.
- Non-Commissioned Officer Training School (Ecole des sous officiers du cameroun)
Both commissioned and noncommissioned officers were sent to various military schools in France, Greece, and the Soviet Union. The total number of Cameroonian military cadets with a Russian educational background were few.[15]
References edit
- ^ a b c d e International Institute for Strategic Studies. (2014). Chapter Ten: Country comparisons - commitments, force levels and economics. The Military Balance, 114(1), 471–492. doi:10.1080/04597222.2014.871887
- ^ a b defenceWeb (14 February 2013). "Cameroon". Defence Web. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
- ^ "Emerging military-society interaction and political change in Cameroon". ACCORD. Retrieved 2022-04-19.
- ^ Harkness, Kristen A. (2020-12-17). "Cameroon: The Military and Autocratic Stability". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1800. ISBN 978-0-19-022863-7. Retrieved 2022-04-19.
- ^ "Page d'erreur 404 - France-Diplomatie - Ministère des Affaires étrangères et du Développement international". Diplomatie.gouv.fr. 9 February 2015. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
- ^ Source: Revue Frères Armées, French Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- ^ Niagalé Bagayoko, Cameroon's Security Apparatus: Actors and Structures Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine, 21.
- ^ "Cameroon displays new Chinese military hardware". 23 May 2014.
- ^ a b c "Décrets du président de la République réorganisant l'armée et nommant des officiers au ministère de la défense" (PDF). Cameroon Tribune: 4–11. 22 February 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
- ^ "Defense forces: new units created - Journal du Cameroun". Journal du Cameroun. June 26, 2015.
- ^ a b c "Njaru v Cameroon HRC Decision". Scribd.com. 3 April 2007. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
- ^ a b Martin, Guy. "Cameroon Navy receives new patrol vessels, landing craft - defenceWeb". Defenceweb.co.za. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
- ^ "Nouvelles du Cameroun: Cameroon News". 1977.
- ^ "Combined Services Military Academy (EMIA) | Yaounde, Cameroon – Military School Directory".
- ^ "Cameroon - Military Personnel".
External links edit
