Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong

The Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (DAB) is a pro-Beijing conservative political party registered since 1992 in Hong Kong. Chaired by Gary Chan and holding 13 Legislative Council seats, it is currently the largest party in the legislature and in terms of membership, far ahead of other parties. It has been a key supporting force to the SAR administration and the central government's policies on Hong Kong.

Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong
民主建港協進聯盟
AbbreviationDAB
ChairpersonGary Chan
Vice-ChairpersonsChan Yung
Ben Chan
Holden Chow
Chan Hok-Fung
Elizabeth Quat
Founded10 July 1992; 31 years ago (1992-07-10)
Merger ofDemocratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong and Hong Kong Progressive Alliance
Headquarters15/F, SUP Tower,
83 King's Road,
North Point, Hong Kong
Youth wingYoung DAB
Membership (2020)Increase 44,663[1]
Ideology
Political positionCentre-right[4]
Local affiliationPro-Beijing camp[5][6]
Colours   Blue and red
Slogan"Faithful to Hong Kong"
Executive Council
4 / 33
Legislative Council
19 / 90
District Councils
147 / 470
NPC (HK deputies)
7 / 36
CPPCC (HK members)
16 / 124
Website
www.dab.org.hk
Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong
Traditional Chinese民主建港協進聯盟
Simplified Chinese民主建港协进联盟
Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong
Traditional Chinese民主建港聯盟
Simplified Chinese民主建港联盟
Abbreviation
Traditional Chinese民建聯
Simplified Chinese民建联

The party was established in 1992 as the "Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong" by a group of traditional Beijing loyalists who pledged allegiance to the Chinese Communist Party. As the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong was approaching, the party actively participated in elections in the last years of the colonial rule and became one of the major party and the ally to the government in the early post-handover era.

The DAB took a major blow in the 2003 District Council election due to the unpopular Tung Chee-hwa administration and the proposed legislation of the Article 23 of the Basic Law. However, the party still managed to recover its loss in the following decades, further expanded its electoral base and membership and absorbed the pro-business Hong Kong Progressive Alliance in 2005, becoming the a dominant force in Hong Kong politics.

The party received electoral successes in the 2007 and 2011 District Council elections, winning 136 local elected offices at its peak, and won 13 seats in the 2012 Legislative Council election thanks to its effective electoral strategy. In the 2019 District Council elections, however, the party received a significant loss of four-fifth of its seats the midst of the widespread anti-government protests.

History edit

Founding and the reunification (1992–1998) edit

The Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong was founded as part of a wave of political party formations as Hong Kong approached its handover to China and amid electoral reform initiated by Governor Chris Patten. The 1991 Legislative Council election, which saw the defeat of all pro-Beijing candidates, was a catalyst to the forming of the DAB.[6]: 100  In January 1992, director of the Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office Lu Ping publicly encouraged the organisation of pro-Beijing political parties for the 1995 elections.[7]: 10.8  Politicians from the Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions (FTU) and other pro-Beijing organisations including the Hong Kong Federation of Education Workers (FEW) formed the DAB on 10 July 1992, with Tsang Yok-sing as the party's first chairperson.[2]: 161  The DAB was the first major pro-Beijing party as a part of the "United Front" on the eve of the handover of Hong Kong.[citation needed]

Compared with other pro-Beijing parties in Hong Kong, the DAB was more grassroots-oriented.[6]: 100  The 56 founding members of the DAB held political views that were sympathetic towards China and emphasised friendly Sino-Hong Kong relations.[6]: 100  At the time of founding, many of them held political positions associated with the Chinese government or pro-Beijing groups in Hong Kong. Chairman Tsang Yok-sing was a delegate to Guangdong Province People's Political Consultative Conference, vice-chairman Tam Yiu-chung and Chan Yuen-han were executive members of the pro-Beijing trade union FTU, and secretary Cheng Kai-nam was appointed by the Chinese government as the Hong Kong Affairs Advisor.[6]: 101  Political scientist Sonny Lo Shiu-hing notes that early DAB members are also "pro-Hong Kong" in the sense that they advocate for the interests of Hong Kong and lobby Chinese officials.[6]: 100 

The DAB became the direct rival to the major pro-democracy party United Democrats of Hong Kong and its successor Democratic Party, which was formed in 1994. The DAB first fielded a candidate in the 1993 Regional Council by-election and lost.[6]: 98  In the following year, the DAB participated in the 1994 District Board elections, where 37 of its 83 candidates were elected.[6]: 98  In 1995, it participated in the municipal elections, winning eight directly elected and two indirectly elected seats.[8] Major leaders of the DAB participated in the 1995 Legislative Council election. It was regarded[by whom?] as test cases of the popularity of the new party.[9] Three of the four party leaders were defeated by pro-democracy candidates in the election,[10] including party chairman Tsang Yok-sing who lost to Liu Sing-lee of the Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood (ADPL) in the Kowloon Central constituency.

The DAB took part in the preparation for establishing the Special Administrative Region on the eve of the handover of Hong Kong. In January 1996, Tsang Yok-sing, Tam Yiu-chung, Ng Hong-mun and Lee Cho-jat were appointed to the Preparatory Committee. It had 46 members elected to the Beijing-controlled Selection Committee in November 1996. In the following month, the Selection Committee elected 10 DAB members to the Provisional Legislative Council (PLC).[11] The DAB and the Hong Kong Progressive Alliance (HKPA), another pro-Beijing party, allied with each other in the crucial Provisional Legislative Council debate on the substantial arrangements for the 1998 LegCo elections. This move was tacitly endorsed by the Heung Yee Kuk, and heralded as the unofficial merger of the parties.[12] The Provisional Legislative Council, which was controlled by the pro-Beijing camp, vetoed the democratic reform introduced by the last British governor Chris Patten and replaced the first-past-the-post with the proportional representation method in the Legislative Council elections, so that the weaker DAB would be able to exploit the benefit of the proportional representation by taking a seat in every geographical constituency without having a majority of the votes. After the SAR was established, Tam Yiu-chung and was also appointed to the Executive Council by Chief Executive Tung Chee-hwa as the representative of the party.

Early Tung Chee-hwa administration and Article 23 setback (1998–2003) edit

 
Previous version of the DAB logo from 1992 to 2005.

The DAB's electoral campaigns have been largely assisted by Beijing and its united front organs. The Liaison Office would mobilise various social groups and organisations to campaign for and to vote for the party, including employees of PRC state-owned companies and grassroots organisations such as the New Territories Association of Societies (NTAS) and the Kowloon Federation of Associations (KFA). The DAB's sister organisation FTU also mobilised its workers to campaign for the DAB members. The FTU also sent a recommendation letter to its four hundred thousand members to seek support for DAB candidates.[13]

In the 1998 LegCo election, the DAB took five directly elected seats with a quarter of the popular vote, compared to only two seats with 15% of the votes in the 1995 elections.[14] According to Karl Ho, the change from a candidate-based system to an electoral list proportional representation system benefitted the DAB.[15]

In December 1998, the party's 5th Central Committee decided to increase a Vice-Chairmanship, Ip Kwok-him and Cheng Kai-nam were subsequently elected as vice-chairmen.[16] In the first District Council elections in November 1999, the party filled in 176 candidates, 83 of which were elected, more than double compared to the 1994 elections.[17]

In the second SAR LegCo elections in September 2000, despite the conflict of interests scandal of Cheng Kai-nam, the DAB became a clear winner, capturing 11 seats in total, 7 in geographical constituency direct elections, 3 in functional constituencies and 1 Election Committee constituency. Although Cheng Kai-nam was elected, he soon resigned his party posts and LegCo seat under public pressure. After DAB candidate Christopher Chung Shu-kun losing to pro-democracy Independent Audrey Eu in the 10 December Hong Kong Island by-election, the DAB commanded 10 LegCo seats by the end of 2000.

In July 2002 the beginning of the second term of Tung Chee-hwa's administration, Chairman Tsang Yok-sing was appointed to the Executive Council under the Principal Officials Accountability System (POAS), succeeding Tam Yiu-chung. However the governing coalition between Tung Chee-hwa the DAB and the pro-business Liberal Party suffered from growing disunity as the popularity of Tung administration dropped. Although it continued provide stable support to the government as Beijing's demand, it paid a hefty political price in the sense of increasing middle-class disaffection with the party and growing rank-and file complaint. The DAB was increasingly frustrated by unequal political exchange with the government and the skimpy political rewards meted out by Tung. Tsang Yok-sing even openly aired his displeasure and advocated power sharing with the government.[18]

In the wake of the controversies over the legislation of Article 23 of the Basic Law, which outlaws treason, sedition, subversion and secession against the central government, the image of DAB was severely undermined by its unconditional support and defence of the legislation. The November 2003 District Councils elections saw the worst electoral performance in party's history, only 62 of the 206 candidates were elected. The party vice-chairman and LegCo member Ip Kwok-him was defeated in his own power base and long-time headquarter Kwun Lung by the pro-democracy The Frontier member and LegCo member Cyd Ho Sau-lan by a narrow margin of 64 votes.[19] The election results led to the resignation of chairman Tsang Yok-sing.[20] Tsang claimed that the electoral setback was due to the DAB's "Tung loyalist" public image. In December the party's Standing Committee elected Ma Lik as Tsang's successor.[21]

Late 2000s expansion and electoral victories (2004–2012) edit

The 2004 LegCo electoral campaign unfolded amid an economic rebound partly engineered by Beijing's up-lifting measures. The PRC athletes' impressive gains in the August 2004 Athens Olympics and the 50 Chinese Gold Medalists' visit to Hong Kong right before the polling induced among the voters a strong nationalistic pride that was beneficial to DAB candidates.[22] The DAB also managed to exploit the proportional representation to equalise votes for two of the candidates the party endorsed standing in the same constituency. Although support of Chan Yuen-han (FTU) was far higher than Chan Kam-lam (DAB) in Kowloon East, according to earlier polls, the two organisations managed to have both elected. At Hong Kong Island constituency, the ticket of Ma Lik and Choy So-yuk ultimately benefitted from a democratic camp mix-up that led to the resignation of the Democratic Party Chairman, Yeung Sum. The DAB become the largest political party in the Legislative Council to be represented with 12 seats (if including the two members ran under the FTU banner), with the pro-business Liberal Party coming second with 10 seats and the Democratic Party coming third with 9 seats.

On 16 February 2005, the DAB merged with the Hong Kong Progressive Alliance, and was renamed as the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong.[23] The two parties were merged with new committees and leadership in May, Ma Lik was re-elected as chairman and Ip Kwok-him, Tam Yiu-chung, Maria Tam and Lau Kong-wah as vice-chairmen. Since the merge with the Progressive Alliance, the DAB has gradually leaned to a more pro-middle-class position. In April 2007 leadership election, solicitor Gregory So succeeded Maria Tam as the vice-chairman of the party. The four new Standing Committee members were all professionals; besides Gregory So, Cheung Kwok-kwan, the Chairman of the Young DAB was a solicitor, Starry Lee Wai-king was an accountant, Ben Chan Han-pan was an engineer.[24][unreliable source?] Meanwhile, the pro-labour and pro-grassroots FTU faction began to run in elections in their own banner. On 8 August 2007, Chairman Ma Lik died of cancer in Guangzhou. Tam Yiu-chung was elected as the new chairman by the Standing Committee on 28 August.[25]

The District Council Elections in 2007 saw the great bounce back of the DAB by winning 115 seats, more than a quarter of the seats in the district level, far ahead of other political parties. Gregory So resigned as the vice-chairman and was succeeded by Ann Chiang when he was appointed as the Under Secretary for Commerce and Economic Development by Chief Executive Donald Tsang in May 2008,[26] among other DAB members appointed to the government. Gregory So was later revealed by the media as having Canadian citizenship, which he had to renounce as a result.[27] The scandal became an electoral issue in the following 2008 LegCo Election that the pan-democracy camp used to attack the DAB candidates. Nevertheless, the DAB remained as the largest party in the Legislative Council in the election, winning 13 seats in total (if including the FTU candidates who had DAB membership). Chan Yuen-han and Wong Kwok-hing were founding members of the DAB and used to run for the DAB, they began to run under the FTU banner with more pro-labour position. In October, Tsang Yok-sing, the founding Chairman of the DAB, was elected as the President of the Legislative Council, becoming the first LegCo President with party membership. His seat at the Executive Council was succeeded by vice-chairman Lau Kong-wah.

In the 2011 District Council Elections, the DAB recorded a greatest victory in party's history, accumulating 136 seats, about one-third of the total, more than all pro-democratic parties combined.

Leung Chun-ying era (2012–2017) edit

The DAB supported Leung Chun-ying in the 2012 Chief Executive election. In the Legislative Council elections in September, with the party's first use of the electoral tactics of splitting candidate lists, the DAB won three seats in the New Territories West for the first time and two seats Hong Kong Island since 2004. It continued as the largest political force supporting the SAR administration today.

The DAB stood firmly with the government in the constitutional reform debate in 2014–15, and subsequently the massive Occupy protests against the 2014 NPCSC decision. On 17 April 2015, Starry Lee Wai-king became the first woman to chair the party, succeeding the outgoing Tam Yiu-chung.[28] In the 2015 District Council election, the first election under Starry Lee's chairmanship, the DAB retained its largest party status by winning 119 seats (including two who also ran under FTU banner), although incumbent legislators Christopher Chung and Elizabeth Quat were ousted by newcomers.

After the 2014 Occupy protests, there was an emerging pro-independence movement in which the DAB strongly opposed. In the 2016 New Territories East by-election, DAB member Holden Chow ran against the Civic Party's Alvin Yeung and pro-independence Hong Kong Indigenous' Edward Leung. Chow received about 35 per cent and about 10,000 votes short of the Civic Party candidate.

With four veteran incumbents, LegCo president Tsang Yok-sing, Tam Yiu-chung, Chan Kam-lam and Ip Kwok-him, retiring, the DAB set a more conservative electoral strategy in the 2016 Legislative Council election, fielding only nine candidate lists in the geographical constituencies and District Council (Second) functional constituency, two fewer than the last election. The DAB got all their nine candidate lists elected as a result with three traditional functional constituencies with a drop of their vote share from 20.22 to 16.68 per cent vote share. Chan Hak-kan succeeded Ip as the new caucus convenor.

In the 2017 Chief Executive election, the DAB which commanded over 100 seats in the Election Committee, endorsed and nominated former Chief Secretary for Administration Carrie Lam, which help her to defeat former Financial Secretary John Tsang with 777 votes.[29][30][31] In return, the Carrie Lam administration appointed Cheung Kwok-kwan to be a new member in the Executive Council.

Carrie Lam era (2017–2022) edit

In the March 2018 Legislative Council by-election triggered by the disqualification of Youngspiration's Yau Wai-ching over the oath-taking controversy, the DAB supported its member Vincent Cheng and the former FTU legislator Tang Ka-piu who joined the DAB before the election to run in Kowloon West and New Territories East respectively. Despite Tang's loss, Cheng made a surprising upset by narrowly defeating independent democrat Yiu Chung-yim, making it the first time the pro-Beijing camp received greater vote share than the pro-democrats in a geographical constituency since 2000 and the first time a pro-Beijing candidate won in a geographical constituency by-election since 1992.

In October 2020, Apple Daily reported that Carrie Lam had blamed the DAB for failing to raise political support for her administration, saying the DAB had failed for years in providing the government with "talent."[32] Lam was also reported to be unhappy with two government ministers from the DAB, and fired one but kept the other to avoid embarrassing the DAB.[32]

In November 2020, following the expulsion of 4 pro-democracy lawmakers from the Legislative Council, the DAB expressed support for the decision and accused the pro-democracy lawmakers of harming the country's interest.[33]

In February 2021, following calls from Xia Baolong that only "patriots" should be part of the government, the DAB supported his position and said that it should be done, as it claimed pro-democracy figures had done things "[I]ncluding advocating Hong Kong independence to poison young people, supporting black violence to damage the rule of law, colluding with foreign forces to interfere in Hong Kong's affairs and even attempting to steal the power to govern by running in an election to paralyse the government."[34]

John Lee era (2022–present) edit

In August 2022, after Nancy Pelosi visited Taiwan, the DAB said it fully supported the mainland Chinese government and military in response to the visit.[35]

Ideology edit

The DAB is known as a Beijing loyalist party of "loving China and loving Hong Kong".[36][failed verification] It stresses the "one country" part of the "One country, two systems" principle. As for issues on democratic reform, it takes a position to support slower pace in relative to what the Democratic Party supports, DAB claims by doing so stability and prosperity will be achieved. Former party chairman Tam Yiu-chung claims the DAB to be "rational and pragmatic".[37]

The party's main claim is that it is natural for ethnic Chinese in Hong Kong to be "patriotic" and support the government of the People's Republic of China.[38] The party supports nearly every policy of the HKSAR Government.

  • Furthering co-operation between Hong Kong and the mainland, promoting mutual trust, and creating opportunities economically.
  • "Constructive monitor" of the HKSAR government, scrutinising various government policies and decisions, providing "constructive policy alternatives" whilst securing the progress, prosperity, social stability and harmony for Hong Kong.
  • To break down social barriers based on the common interest of Hong Kong; to strengthen communications with Hong Kong residents to better reflect their opinion; to be more accountable to the public.
  • To nurture political talent by committing the necessary funding, organising training, providing opportunities for those who want to take part in politics.

The DAB's support of social welfare improvements, including greater spending on education, housing, and employee retraining, has given it strong grassroots support.[39]

The party in general embraces big tent positions, but has gradually leaned to a more pro-middle-class position and professional-oriented since its merger with the Hong Kong Progressive Alliance (HKPA) in 2005.[citation needed]

The party also takes a social conservative stance, espousing 'traditional family values' and opposing same-sex marriage despite it not being in the party's official platform.[3] The DAB collaborated with evangelical Christian organisations in 2006 in drafting a submission on "harmonious families".[40] These organisations include the Hong Kong branches of the Full Gospel Business Men's Fellowship International and the Christian Broadcasting Network.[40]

Internal factions edit

As the largest political party of Hong Kong, the party can be divided into several main factions:[citation needed]

Controversies edit

Comments of Tiananmen massacre edit

On 15 May 2007, then-party chairman Ma Lik provoked widespread condemnation within the local community when he claimed that "there was not a massacre" during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, as there was "no intentional and indiscriminate shooting". He said the popular belief of foreigners' "rash claims" that a massacre took place showed Hong Kong's lack of maturity. He said that Hong Kong showed, through this lack of patriotism and national identity, that it would thus "not be ready for democracy until 2022".[41]

Vice-chairman Tam Yiu-chung defended Ma, but questioned the timing: "people will understand it gradually".[41] However, Vice-chairman Lau Kong-wah, immediately offered to apologise, and distanced the party from Ma, saying that Ma had expressed "a personal opinion".[42] The DAB Central committee declined any further action against Ma following their meeting, and there was no official apology.

Allegations of irregularities edit

The DAB has been accused by pro-democracy media and politicians of providing benefits to certain people, including seafood meals and local trips to outlying islands at prices significantly lower than market rates to win their support. Other allegations include arranging free transport to mobilise people for their causes.

During the 2015 District Council elections, the South China Morning Post reported that elderly residents of care homes were being bussed to polling stations by DAB-arranged transport. A DAB candidate, Daniel Lam Tak-shing, was alleged to have instructed them on who to vote for outside of a polling station, raising questions on whether those votes were cast of their own will. He was also accused of giving out free gifts to these residents.[43] However, none of these practices are strictly illegal in Hong Kong.

Young DAB edit

The youth wing is the Young Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (Young DAB). In August 2022, it released results of a survey, showing that 30% of those polled in Hong Kong did not identify as being Chinese.[44] The Young DAB said that the government should enhance national identity, and vice-chairman Nicholas Muk Ka-chun said that "If you've looked at the Education Bureau's website [...] you would have noticed that the word 'patriot' does not exist".[44]

Election performances edit

Legislative Council elections edit

Election Number of
popular votes
% of
popular votes
GC
seats
FC
seats
EC
seats
Total seats +/− Position
1995 142,801  15.66  2 2 2
6 / 60
5  3rd 
1998 373,428  25.23  5 2 2
9 / 60
3rd 
2000 374,780  28.40  7 3 1
11 / 60
2  2nd 
2004 454,827  25.49  9 3
12 / 60
2  1st 
2008 433,684  28.45  9 4
13 / 60
2  1st 
2012 366,140  20.22  9 4
13 / 70
3  1st 
2016 361,617  16.68  7 5
12 / 70
1  1st 
2021 680,563  51.43  10 4 5
19 / 90
6  1st 

Municipal elections edit

Election Number of
popular votes
% of
popular votes
UrbCo
seats
RegCo
seats
Total
elected seats
1995 90,548  16.24 
5 / 32
3 / 27
8 / 59

District Councils elections edit

Election Number of
popular votes
% of
popular votes
D.E.
seats
E.C.
seats
App.
seats
Ex off.
seats
Total seats +/−
1994 81,126  11.82  37 0
37 / 346
12 
1999 190,792  23.53  83 13 0
83 / 390
27 
2003 241,202  22.94  62 14 0
62 / 400
21 
2007 292,916  25.73  115 14 0
115 / 405
40 
2011 282,119  23.89  136 11 1
136 / 412
16 
2015 309,262  21.39  119 1
119 / 431
0 
2019 492,042  16.78  21 0
21 / 452
96 
2023 486,942  41.58  41 68 38 0
147 / 470
126 

Leadership edit

Chairpersons edit

No. Chairman
(Birth–Death)
Portrait Constituency Took office Left office Duration
1 Tsang Yok-sing
(born 1947)
  Kowloon West 10 July 1992 3 December 2003 11 years and 147 days
2 Ma Lik
(1952–2007)
Hong Kong Island 9 December 2003 8 August 2007[n 1] 3 years and 243 days
Act. Tam Yiu-chung
(born 1949)
  New Territories West 28 August 2007 3 September 2007 7 days
3 3 September 2007 17 April 2015 7 years and 227 days
4 Starry Lee
(born 1974)
  District Council (Second) 17 April 2015 25 September 2023 8 years and 162 days
5 Gary Chan
(born 1976)
  New Territories North East 25 September 2023 Incumbent 185 days
  1. ^ Died in office, Tam Yiu-chung served as acting chair between 28 August to 3 September 2007.

Vice-Chairpersons edit

Secretaries general edit

Treasurers edit

  • Wong Kine-yuen, 1992–2017
  • Chong Wai-ming, 2017–present

Deputy secretaries general edit

Senate chairmen edit

Representatives edit

Executive Council edit

Legislative Council edit

Constituency Member
Hong Kong Island East Edward Leung Hei
Hong Kong Island West Chan Hok-fung
Kowloon West Vincent Cheng Wing-shun
Kowloon East Ngan Man-yu
Kowloon Central Starry Lee Wai-king
New Territories South East Li Sai-wing
New Territories North Lau Kwok-fan
New Territories North West Holden Chow Ho-ding
New Territories South West Chan Han-pan
New Territories North East Chan Hak-kan
Agriculture and Fisheries Steven Ho Chun-yin
Accountancy Edmund Wong Chun-sek
Import and Export Kennedy Wong Ying-ho
HKSAR Members of NPCCC and CPPCC Chan Yung
Election Committee Rock Chen Chung-nin
Nixie Lam
Elizabeth Quat
Lillian Kwok Ling-lai
Chan Wing-kwong

District Councils edit

The DAB has won 21 seats in 10 District Councils (2020–2023):

District Constituency Member District Constituency Member
Hong Kong Island & Kowloon New Territories
Eastern Mount Parker Annie Lee Ching-har Tuen Mun Yan Tin Apple Lai Ka-man
Yau Tsim Mong Kowloon Station Hung Chiu-wah North Sha Ta Ko Wai-kei
Sham Shui Po Nam Cheong Central Lau Pui-yuk Sha Tin Di Yee Lam Kong-kwan
So Uk Ho Kwan-chau Kwai Tsing Tai Pak Tin West Kwok Fu-yung
Kowloon City Lung Shing Ng Po-keung Shing Hong Leung Kar-ming
Hoi Sham Pun Kwok-wah Cheung Hang Lo Yuen-ting
To Kwa Wan North Starry Lee Wai-king Islands Lamma & Po Toi Lau Shun-ting
Hung Hom Lam Tak-shing
Kwun Tong Choi Tak Tam Siu-cheuk
Jordan Valley Ngan Man-yu
Sau Mau Ping Central Cheung Pui-kong
On Tat Hsu Yau-wai
Kwong Tak Wilson Or Chong-shing
Upper Ngau Tau Kok Estate Leung Tang-fung

National People's Congress edit

Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Basic Info". The Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
  2. ^ a b Ma, Ngok (2012). "Political Parties and Elections". In Lam, Wai-man; Lui, Percy Luen-tim; Wong, Wilson (eds.). Contemporary Hong Kong Government and Politics. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-9-88-813947-7.
  3. ^ a b "Hong Kong anti-gay advocates claim same-sex marriage will lead to human trafficking, abortions, incest". Hong Kong Free Press. 11 July 2017. Archived from the original on 11 July 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
  4. ^ Chan, Ariel Shuk-ling; Foong Ha, Yap (2013). "'Ladders for climbing up or jumping off? On the interpretation of metaphors in political discourse in Hong Kong" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  5. ^ Sing, Ming (January 2009). "Hong Kong's Democrats Hold Their Own". Journal of Democracy. 20 (1). Johns Hopkins University Press: 98–112. doi:10.1353/jod.0.0046. S2CID 153747828.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Lo, Shiu-hing (June 1996). "Political Parties in a Democratizing Polity: The Role of the "Pro-China" Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong". Asian Journal of Political Science. 4 (1): 98–129. doi:10.1080/02185379608434074.
  7. ^ Lee, Jane C. Y. (1993). "China's Relations with Hong Kong". In Cheng, Joseph Yu-shek; Brosseau, Maurice (eds.). China Review 1993. The Chinese University Press.
  8. ^ "認識我們>歷史>1995". The Democratic Alliance of the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong. Archived from the original on 30 June 2007.
  9. ^ Mee, Kau Nyaw; Li, Si-ming, eds. (1996). The Other Hong Kong Report 1996. Chinese University Press. p. 55.
  10. ^ Mee & Li 1996, p. 38.
  11. ^ "認識我們>歷史>1996". The Democratic Alliance of the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong. Archived from the original on 5 February 2007.
  12. ^ Ho, Andy (30 September 1997). "The old pack reshuffled". The Standard. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2008.
  13. ^ Schafferer, Christian (2005). Understanding Modern East Asian Politics. Nova Publishers. p. 106.
  14. ^ Kuan, Hsin-chi, ed. (1999). Power Transfer and Electoral Politics: The First Legislative Election in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Chinese University Press. p. 131.
  15. ^ Ho, Karl (September 1999). "The Hong Kong Legislative Election of 1998". Electoral Studies. 18 (3): 438–445. doi:10.1016/s0261-3794(99)00012-8. ISSN 0261-3794.
  16. ^ "認識我們>歷史>1998". The Democratic Alliance of the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong. Archived from the original on 5 February 2007.
  17. ^ "認識我們>歷史>1999". The Democratic Alliance of the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong. Archived from the original on 5 February 2007.
  18. ^ Liu, Zhaojia; Lau, Siu-kai (2002). The First Tung Chee-hwa Administration: The First Five Years of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Chinese University Press. p. 29.
  19. ^ Kwong, Bruce Kam (2009). Patron-Client Politics and Elections in Hong Kong. Routledge. p. 101.
  20. ^ Cannix Yau, "DAB chief resigns over 'worst setback'" Archived 22 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine, The Standard, 25 November 2003
  21. ^ "認識我們>歷史>2003". The Democratic Alliance of the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong. Archived from the original on 5 February 2007.
  22. ^ Kuah, Khun Eng; Guiheux, Gilles, eds. (2009). Social Movements in China and Hong Kong: The Expansion of Protest Space. Amsterdam University Press. p. 191.
  23. ^ Lui, Percy Luen-tim (2012). "The Legislature". In Lam, Wai-man; Lui, Percy Luen-tim; Wong, Wilson (eds.). Contemporary Hong Kong Government and Politics. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-9-88-813947-7.
  24. ^ "民建聯新班子 突顯年輕專業". Wen Wei Po. 25 April 2007. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014.
  25. ^ "關於我們 > 歷史 > 大事年表 > 2007". The Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  26. ^ "CE appoints Under Secretaries (with photos)". Hong Kong Information Services Department. 20 May 2008. Archived from the original on 1 November 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  27. ^ Ewing, Kent (3 June 2008). "Hong Kong deputies disappoint". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 28 August 2009.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  28. ^ "民 建 聯 領 導 層 改 選 李 慧 琼 當 選 主 席". RTHK. 17 April 2015. Archived from the original on 17 April 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
  29. ^ "中總已將18提名表格交林鄭". Hong Kong Economic Journal. 8 January 2017. Archived from the original on 26 April 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
  30. ^ "CE contender Carrie Lam secures first political party endorsement for Hong Kong's leadership". South China Morning Post. 13 February 2017. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
  31. ^ "【特首選舉】工聯會呼籲63名選委全投林鄭 黃國健承認有施壓策略". HK01. 24 March 2017. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
  32. ^ a b "Carrie Lam says lack of government talent is DAB's fault: Jasper Tsang". Apple Daily 蘋果日報 (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Archived from the original on 13 October 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  33. ^ "Pan-dems have only themselves to blame: Regina Ip - RTHK". news.rthk.hk. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  34. ^ "Hong Kong's Lam says China's patriots-only rule is not meant to exclude democrats from politics". Hong Kong Free Press HKFP. 23 February 2021. Archived from the original on 23 February 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
  35. ^ "Hong Kong leader vows to help safeguard nation after Pelosi visits Taiwan". South China Morning Post. 3 August 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  36. ^ Oh, To Be Young And Chinese Archived 23 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Newsweek, 6 July 1997
  37. ^ Cheung, Tony (8 February 2015). "Outgoing DAB chairman Tam Yiu-chung looks to a new generation". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 10 February 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
  38. ^ Chan, Ming K. So, Alvin Y. White, Lynn T. Crisis and Transformation in China's Hong Kong. [2002] (2002). M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 0-7656-1000-0.
  39. ^ Rioni, S. G., ed. (2002). Hong Kong in Focus: Political and Economic Issues. Nova Publishers. p. 24.
  40. ^ a b Wong, Wai-Ching Angela (2013). "The Politics of Sexual Morality and Evangelical Activism in Hong Kong". Inter-Asia Cultural Studies. 14 (3): 340–360. doi:10.1080/14649373.2013.801606. S2CID 144941807.
  41. ^ a b Ambrose Leung, "Fury at DAB chief's Tiananmen tirade", Page 1, South China Morning Post, 16 May 2007
  42. ^ 「馬力認輕佻拒撤觀點,否認促為六四定調 願受黨處分」, Ming Pao, 7 May 2007 (in Chinese)
  43. ^ Lam, Jeffie. "Exposed: Pro-establishment supporters bussed elderly people to polling stations and directed them to vote in Hong Kong elections". South China Morning Postdate=2015-11-22. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
  44. ^ a b Standard, The. "30pc youths 'don't identify as Chinese'". The Standard. Retrieved 15 August 2022.

External links edit