Greater Bangladesh (Bengali: বৃহত্তর বাংলাদেশ, romanized: Brihôttôr Bangladesh), or Greater Bengal (Bengali: বৃহত্তর বাংলা, romanized: Brihôttôr Bangla) is the irredentist ideology of Bangladesh to inevitably expand its territory to include the Indian states that currently has, or historically had, large populations of ethnic Bengali people. These include West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, and Jharkhand to the west, Sikkim to the north, and the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram, Manipur, and Nagaland to the east. Greater Bangladesh would naturally therefore take on the more inclusive title of Greater Bengal, as her people would be united under a common ethnicity and heritage based on language rather than one based on religion.
The first and only real attempt at forming such an entity was made in 1943 by the Indische Legion under Bengali Nationalist Subhas Chandra Bose, de facto leader of the Azad Hind movement. Such endeavors, however, failed to ultimately materialize due to Germany and Japan’s loss in World War II.
A related term is "West Bangladesh", which is used by Bharatiya Janata Party leaders to allege that Bengali Hindu regions in India are being Islamised and becoming more similar or amenable to integration with Bangladesh through illegal immigration and political maneuvering.[1][2][3][4][5]
Partition of Bengal (1905) edit
During the Partition of Bengal 1905, (translated variously as Bengali: বঙ্গভঙ্গ, romanized: Bônggôbhônggô) - when the ruling British empire had the province of Bengal (of undivided India) split into two parts, many Bengali intellectuals joined cultural and political movement against the partition. The partition took place in October 1905 and separated the largely Muslim eastern areas from the largely Hindu western areas. The Hindus of West Bengal who dominated Bengal's business and rural life complained that the division would make them a minority in a province that would incorporate the Bihar and Orissa Province. It was during this time the Mother Bengal was an immensely popular theme in Bengali patriotic songs and poems and was mentioned in several of them, such as the song ″Dhana Dhanya Pushpa Bhara″ and ″Banga Amar Janani Amar″ (Our Bengal Our Mother) by Dwijendralal Ray. These songs were meant to rekindle the unified spirit of Bengal, to raise public consciousness against the communal political divide.
Partition of Bengal (1947) edit
The Partition of Bengal in 1947, part of the Partition of India, divided the British Indian province of Bengal based on the Radcliffe Line between the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan. The Hindu-majority West Bengal became a state of India, and the Muslim-majority East Bengal (now Bangladesh) became a province of Pakistan.
On 20 June 1947, the Bengal Legislative Assembly met to decide the future of the Bengal Presidency on being a United Bengal within India or Pakistan or divided into East and West Bengal. At the preliminary joint session, the assembly decided by 120-90 that it should remain united if it joined the new Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. Later, a separate meeting of legislators from West Bengal decided 58-21 that the province should be partitioned and that West Bengal should join the existing Constituent Assembly of India. In another separate meeting of legislators from East Bengal, it was decided 106-35 that the province should not be partitioned and 107-34 that East Bengal should join Pakistan in the event of Partition.
On 6 July 1947, the Sylhet referendum decided to sever Sylhet from Assam and merge it into East Bengal.
The partition, with power transferred to Pakistan and India on 14–15 August 1947, was done according to what has come to be known as the 3 June Plan, or the Mountbatten Plan. Indian independence, on 15 August 1947, ended over 150 years of British influence in the Indian subcontinent. East Bengal became the independent country of Bangladesh after the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War.
United Bengal edit
After the Battle of Plassey, the region became an administrative division of British India with Bengal's capital Calcutta acting as the Indian capital. The Bengal Presidency was formed in 1765, and in 1905, the presidency was divided into Bengal province and Eastern Bengal and Assam province. Bengal was separated into two states of the British empire after the Indian independence movement began to arise. These new provinces were western Bengal with Bihar and Orissa, and East Bengal and Assam. In 1912, Eastern Bengal was reunited with western Bengali districts, Bihar and Orissa was separated, and Assam was made a chief commissioner's province. Assam and the Lushai Hills became part of the Province of Assam in 1912. The Bengal province was partitioned again in 1947 into the Hindu-majority West Bengal and Muslim-majority East Bengal (now Bangladesh) to facilitate the creation of the separate Muslim state of Pakistan, of which East Bengal became a province.[citation needed]
In January 1947, Sarat Chandra Bose resigned from the Indian National Congress, partially in protest against the partition of Bengal. He called for an independent state of Bengal separate from both India and Pakistan.[6] Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy and Abul Hashem, two Bengali leaders of the Muslim League, also advocated for an independent state of Bengal comprising both the eastern and western parts of Bengal (now Bangladesh and West Bengal, respectively).[7]
Mohammad Akram Khan and Khawaja Nazimuddin, two other Muslim League leaders, wanted a United Bengal as part of Pakistan. The Hindu Mahasabha and Syama Prasad Mukherjee, opposed the idea of an independent Bengal or a United Bengal.[8] Hindu Mahashabha and Mookerjee were concerned about Bose and Suhrawardy discussing a sovereign state of Bengal. Jawaharlal Nehru, then a leader of the majority faction of the Congress, was opposed to a United Bengal unless it was connected to the Union.[9]
Theories edit
Lebensraum theory edit
Achieving a "Greater Bangladesh" as Lebensraum (additional living space) is alleged to be the reason for large-scale illegal immigration from Bangladesh into India's states.[10] Similarly it is alleged that illegal immigration is actively encouraged by some political groups in Bangladesh as well as the state of Bangladesh to convert large parts of India's northeastern states, particularly Assam and West Bengal into Muslim-majority areas that would subsequently seek to separate from India and join Muslim-majority Bangladesh.[10] The proposition is that the state of Bangladesh is pursuing a territorial design seeking a Lebensraum for its teeming population and trying to establish a Greater Bangladesh.[11]
Migration theory edit
At the turn of the 21st century, Indian political circles started to take a serious look at Bangladeshi illegal immigration into India.[11] According to Jyoti M. Pathania of South Asia Analysis Group the reasons for Bangladeshi immigration to India are: basic need theory i.e. food, shelter and clothing, economic dictates i.e. employment opportunity, better wages and comparatively better living conditions, demographic disproportion especially for minorities (Hindus) in this densely populated country having roughly a density of 780 per km2 as against half that number on Indian side of the border, and being cheap labor the Bangladeshis find easy acceptance as "domestic helps" in Indian homes, which keeps proliferating by ever increasing demand for domestic helps.[12] The Centre for Women and Children Studies estimated in 1998 that 27,000 Bangladeshis have been forced into prostitution in India.[13][14]
Though about 1.2 million Indians are living in Bangladesh illegally.[15][16]
Militancy theory edit
A number of Indian politicians and journalists alleged that advocates of a Greater Bangladesh seek the expansion of Bangladeshi hegemony in Northeastern India, including the states of Assam, West Bengal, Meghalaya and Tripura, as well as the Arakan Province of Burma (Myanmar), where there is a considerable population of Rohingya Muslims.[17][10] It was also alleged that United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) conspired with state of Bangladesh to secede four to five Muslim majority districts of Assam to form a Greater Bangladesh, though Bangladesh in the contrary arrested a number of ULFA leaders,[18] including Ranju Chowdhury, Arabinda Rajkhowa and Anup Chetia, to support Indian action against militancy.[19]
In 2002, nine Islamic groups including Indian militant organizations Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam (MULTA), Muslim United Liberation Front of Assam (MULFA) and Muslim Volunteer Force (MVF), Pakistani militant organization Harkat-ul-Mujahideen (HUM), Myanmar groups Rohingya Solidarity Organization (RSO) and Arakan Rohingya Islamic Front of Myanmar (ARIFM), and Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami, a pan-South Asian militant organization outlawed in Bangladesh with leaders sentenced to death,[20] formed a coalition that declared the formation Greater Bangladesh as one of their aims.[17][21]
Basis of theories edit
Nellie massacre edit
In Assam, agitation against immigrants started as early as 1979, led by All Assam Students Union.[22] Their demand was to put a stop on the influx of immigrants and deportation of those who have already settled.[23] It gradually took violent form and ethnic violence started between Assamese and Bengalis, mostly Muslim. It eventually led to the infamous Nellie massacre in 1983 due to a controversy over the 1983 election.[24] In 1985 Indian Government signed the Assam accord with the leaders of the agitation to stop the issue.[23][25] As per the accord India started building a fence along the Assam-Bangladesh border which is now almost complete.[26] However Assam also has a large number of genuine Indian Muslim Bengalis. It is difficult to distinguish between illegal Bangladeshis and local Bengali speakers.[27] In some cases genuine Indian citizens have been discriminated[23]
Ethnic and religious tensions in the Indian North East had led to massacre of Bengali-speaking Muslims in Nellie in February 1983.[28] The greatest carnage against immigrants occurred on 18 February when 990 in Nellie and 585 in Barbori were killed.[29] Villages were burned while women and children identified as immigrant Muslims were hacked into pieces.[30] Smuggling and illegal immigration along the Indian-Bangladeshi border has been identified as major cause of killing of more than 3,000 people in the massacre.[31] The Nellie Massacre has been argued as one of the cases of ethnic cleansing, that was followed by similar incidents of carnages in Delhi (1984), Bhagalpur (1989), Kashmir (1990s), Mumbai (1993) and Gujarat (2002).[30]
The Sinha Report edit
In 1998, Lieutenant General S.K. Sinha, then the Governor of Assam and later the Governor of Jammu and Kashmir, wrote a report to K.R. Narayanan, then the President of India claiming that massive illegal immigration from Bangladesh was directly linked with "the long-cherished design of Greater Bangladesh," and also quoted pre-1971 comments from late Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and late President of Bangladesh Sheikh Mujibur Rahman endorsing the inclusion of Assam into East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).[10][32] Anxiety and popular anger over illegal immigration prompted political unrest in the state of Assam, and criticism has increased over the Indian government's failure to secure its borders with Bangladesh and stop the illegal immigration.[10][32]
See also edit
Notes edit
References edit
- ^ "How the 'Othering' of Bangladesh Has Been the Backbone of Hindutva's West Bengal Campaign". The Wire. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
- ^ "'Nationalism Versus Regionalism' Emerges Theme of West Bengal's 2021 Election". The Wire. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
- ^ Bhattacharya, Snigdhendu (26 March 2021). "Behind West Bengal's Identity Battles: Rising Population & Economic Pressure". www.indiaspend.com. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
- ^ Snigdhendu Bhattacharya (12 May 2023). "The Politics Of Demography In Assam And West Bengal". Outlook.
- ^ "BJP Accuses Bengal Government Of Trying To Create West Bangladesh". NDTV.com. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
- ^ Pelinka, Anton; Schell, Renée (2003). Democracy Indian Style. Transaction Publishers. p. 79. ISBN 0-7658-0186-8.
Sarat Bose became a critical voice ... particularly against the partition of Bengal. As a protest against the policies of Nehru and the majority in the leadership of the Congress, he resigned from his offices in the Congress in January of 1947 ... and started a campaign for an undivided, independent Bengal.
- ^ M. Bhaskaran Nair, Politics in Bangladesh: a study of Awami League, 1949-58, page 46, Northern Book Centre, 1990, ISBN 81-85119-79-1
- ^ Fraser, Bashabi; Sengupta, Sheila, eds. (2008). Bengal Partition Stories: An Unclosed Chapter. Anthem Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-84331-225-3.
- ^ Benjamin Zachariah, Nehru, page 136, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-415-25017-X
- ^ a b c d e Braja Bihari Kumara (2006). Illegal migration from Bangladesh. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 978-81-8069-224-6.
- ^ a b Willem van Schendel, The Bengal borderland: beyond state and nation in South Asia, page 233-34, Anthem Press, 2005, ISBN 1-84331-145-3
- ^ Jyoti M. Pathania, India & Bangladesh - Migration Matrix- Reactive and not Proactive Archived 18 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Paper no. 632, South Asia Analysis Group
- ^ Donna M. Hughes, Laura Joy Sporcic, Nadine Z. Mendelsohn and Vanessa Chirgwin, Factbook on Global Sexual Exploitation Archived 15 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Coalition Against Trafficking in Women
- ^ Bimal Kanti Paul; Syed Abu Hasnath (April 2000). "Trafficking in Bangladeshi Women and Girls". Geographical Review. 90 (2): 268–276. Bibcode:2000GeoRv..90..268P. doi:10.2307/216125. JSTOR 216125. S2CID 144410862.
- ^ বাংলাদেশে অবৈধ ভারতীয় প্রসঙ্গে ইন্ডিয়াকে প্রশ্ন নয় কেন?. www.uttorbangla.com (in Bengali). 27 June 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
- ^ বাংলাদেশে ঘাপটি মেরে আছে ১২ লাখ ভারতীয়; এরাই কি গুপ্তঘাতক?. CCNEWS (in Bengali). 2 May 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
- ^ a b Col. Ved Prakash, Terrorism in India's north-east: a gathering storm (Volume 1),Kalpaz Publications, 2008, ISBN 81-7835-660-0
- ^ M. Sakhawat Hussain (2007). South Asian Tangle. Palok Publishers & Bangladesh Research Forum. p. 204. OCLC 176864949.
- ^ "ULFA leader arrested in Bangladesh". The Hindu. PTI. 7 June 2010.
- ^ Three to die for UK envoy attack, BBC, 23 December 2008
- ^ Hiranmay Karlekar, Bangladesh: the next Afghanistan?, page 169, Sage Publications, 2005, ISBN 0-7619-3401-4
- ^ "From 1979 to 1985: The Anti-Foreigners Movement in Assam". Digital Northeast. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011.
- ^ a b c Report on illegal migration into assam
- ^ Nellie 1983: A series by TwoCircles.net
- ^ "Full text of the accord" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 January 2006. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
- ^ Achievements of Assam accord
- ^ Sujata Ramachandran. "Indifference, impotence, and intolerance:transnational Bangladeshis in India" (PDF). Global Commission on International Migration. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2011.
- ^ K. Warikoo, Himalayan Frontiers of India, page 174, Taylor & Francis, 2009, ISBN 0-415-46839-6
- ^ Hemendra Narayan, 25 years on Nellie Still haunts, Nellie India Massacre Assam, 2008, ISBN 81-7525-942-6
- ^ a b Harsh Mander, "Nellie: India’s forgotten massacre", The Hindu, 14 December 2008
- ^ Gupta, Basu and Chattarji, Globalization in India: Contents and Discontents, page 66, Pearson Education India, 2010, ISBN 81-317-1988-X
- ^ a b Arup Chandra (13 February 1999). "Assam governor asks Centre to seal Bangladesh border". Rediff.com. Retrieved 21 August 2010.