The Italian Nationalist Association (Associazione Nazionalista Italiana, ANI) was Italy's first nationalist political movement founded in 1910, under the influence of Italian nationalists such as Enrico Corradini and Giovanni Papini. Upon its formation, the ANI supported the repatriation of Austrian held Italian-populated lands to Italy and was willing to endorse war with Austria-Hungary to do so.[7] The party had a paramilitary wing called the Blueshirts.[8] The authoritarian nationalist faction of the ANI would be a major influence for the National Fascist Party of Benito Mussolini formed in 1921. In 1922 the ANI participated in the March on Rome, with an important role, but it was not completely aligned with Benito Mussolini's party.[9] Nevertheless, the ANI merged into the Fascist Party in October 1923.[10]
Italian Nationalist Association Associazione Nazionalista Italiana | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Secretary | Enrico Corradini |
| Other leaders | Gabriele D'Annunzio, Luigi Federzoni, Alfredo Rocco, Costanzo Ciano |
| Founded | 3 December 1910 |
| Dissolved | 4 March 1923 |
| Merged into | National Fascist Party |
| Newspaper | L'Idea Nazionale |
| Paramilitary wing | Camicie Azzurre |
| Ideology | |
| Political position | Far-right[2][3][5][6] |
| National affiliation | National Bloc (1921–23) |
| Colours | Blue |
Ideology edit
The ANI's ideology remained largely undefined for some time other than it being nationalist. The ANI was divided between supporters of different kinds of nationalism - authoritarian, democratic, moderate, and revolutionary.[11][12]
Corradini, the ANI's most popular spokesman, linked leftism with nationalism by claiming that Italy was a "proletarian nation" which was being exploited by international capitalism which had led to Italy being disadvantaged economically in international trade and its people divided on class lines, but instead of advocating socialist revolution, he claimed that victory against these oppressing forces would require Italian nationalist sentiment to succeed.[12]
"We are the proletarian people in respect to the rest of the world. Nationalism is our socialism. This established, nationalism must be founded on the truth that Italy is morally and materially a proletarian nation." Manifesto of the Italian Nationalist Association, December 1910.[13]
"We must start by recognizing the fact that there are proletarian nations as well as proletarian classes; that is to say, there are nations whose living conditions are subject ... to the way of life of other nations, just as classes are. Once this is realized, nationalism must insist firmly on this truth: Italy is, materially and morally, a proletarian nation." (Report to the First Nationalist Congress, Enrico Corradini, Florence, December 3, 1910)
Corradini occasionally used the term "national socialism" to define the ideology which he endorsed. Though this is the same term used by the movement of National Socialism in Germany (a.k.a.Nazism) no evidence exists to indicate that Corradini's use of the term had any influence.[12]
In 1914, the ANI began to tilt towards authoritarian nationalism with its endorsement of the creation of an authoritarian corporate state, a radical idea created by Italian law professor Alfredo Rocco.[11] Such a corporate state would be led by a corporate assembly rather than a parliament, which would be composed of unions, business organisations and other economic organisations that would work within a powerful state government to regulate business-labour relations, organise the economy, end class conflict, and make Italy an industrial state which could compete with imperial powers and establish its own empire.[11]
Membership edit
Many of the ANI supporters were wealthy Italians of right-wing authoritarian nationalist background, in spite of efforts by Corradini and left-leaning nationalists to make the ANI a nationalist mass movement supported by the working-class.[11]
Prominent members edit
(In alphabetical order.)
Electoral results edit
Italian Parliament edit
| Chamber of Deputies | |||||
| Election year | Votes | % | Seats | +/− | Leader |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1921 | into National Bloc | – | 11 / 535
|
–
|
|
Notes edit
- ^ a b c Payne, Stanley G. (1996). A History of Fascism, 1914–1945. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299148737.
- ^ a b Marsella, Mauro (23 January 2007). "Enrico Corradini's Italian nationalism: the 'right wing' of the fascist synthesis". Journal of Political Ideologies. 9 (2). doi:10.1080/13569310410001691217.
- ^ a b c d Sarfatti, Margherita (2012). My Fault: Mussolini As I Knew Him. Enigma Books. p. 29. ISBN 9781936274406.
- ^ Grand, Alexander (1978). The Italian Nationalist Association and the Rise of Fascism in Italy. University of Nebraska Press. p. 163.
- ^ De Grand, Alexander (2001). The Hunchback's Tailor: Giovanni Giolitti and Liberal Italy from the Challenge of Mass Politics to the Rise of Fascism, 1882-1922. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 183. ISBN 9780275968748.
- ^ Merriman, John M.; Winter, J. M. (2006). Europe 1789 to 1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of Industry and Empire, Volume 1. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 389. ISBN 9780684313603.
- ^ Payne, Stanley G. 1996. A History of Fascism, 1914-1945. Routledge. Pp. 64
- ^ John Whittam. Fascist Italy. Manchester, England, UK: Manchester University Press, 1995. Pp. 45.
- ^ Fonzo, Erminio (2017). Storia dell'Associazione nazionalista italiana (1910-1923). Naples: Edizioni scientifiche italiane. ISBN 978-88-495-3350-7.
- ^ "Associazione nazionalista italiana". Archived from the original on 24 December 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2008.
- ^ a b c d Payne, Pp. 65
- ^ a b c Payne, Pp. 64
- ^ Talmon, Jacob Leib. The Myth of the Nation and the Vision of Revolution: The Origins of Ideological Polarization. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, USA: University of California Press Pp. 484.