Jalawla (Arabic: جلولاء,[3] Kurdish: گوڵاڵە, romanized: Gulale[4][5] also known as Jalula[6]) is a town in Diyala Governorate, Iraq. It is located on the Diyala River, 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) north of Sadiyah.[7] The town is populated by Arabs, Kurds and Turkmens.[8]
Jalawla
گوڵاڵە Gulale | |
|---|---|
Town | |
  Jalawla | |
| Coordinates: 34°16′19″N 45°10′5″E / 34.27194°N 45.16806°E | |
| Country |  Iraq (Disputed territories of Northern Iraq)[1] |
| Governorate | Diyala |
| District | Khanaqin |
| Population (2015)[2] | |
| • Total | 30,000 |
It experienced significant Arabization during the Saddam era. The town had a Kurdish majority prior to the Arabization.[8][9]
History
Early history
Jalawla was the center of the Sasanian Šāḏ Qobāḏ Province and the Khurasan Road crossed the town. The Sasanians ultimately lost control over the town after the Battle of Jalula in 637 to Muslim invaders.[6]
Modern history
Jalawla has been the center town of Jalawla District since its creation with a Republican decree in 1958. Prior to the decree, Jalawla was part of Saadiya District.[10] Before the launch of the Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in northern Iraq in the 1960s, the town had a Kurdish majority.[9][8][11] In the 1970s, Iraq deported a large portion of the Kurdish population of the town after having denaturalized them as Arabs were encouraged to settle instead, to intensify the Arabization of the town.[12] Of the 28,822 people enumerated in the 1977 census, 77% were Arab, 19.8% were Kurdish and Turkmens constituted 2.5% of the population. In the 1987 census, the Arab population increased to 85.2%, while the Kurdish population decreased to 12.9% and the Turkmen to 1.7%. In the 1997 census, the Arab population stood at 83.7%, the Kurdish at 14.3% and the Turkmen at 1.9%.[13]
Kurdish rebels (Peshmerga) captured the town on 12 March 1991 during the uprisings.[14] The People's Mujahedin of Iran are known to have supported the 1991 Kurdish uprising.[15][16] After the fall of Saddam Hussein in 2003, Kurdistan Region pressured Arab settlers in Khanaqin to settle in Jalawla which increased the Arab population further.[12] Moreover, many Kurds returned to the town but left again due to the lack of security.[9] Concurrently, the Arab al-Shuraifi tribe, which had settled in the area in the 1970s, was expelled from both Jalawla and Khanaqin after direct order from Kurdish politician Jalal Talabani.[17]
ISIS and the aftermath
According to some estimates, 80% of the population was Arab when ISIS entered the town in 2014, while more than 85% of the former Kurdish population lived in IDP camps and nearby towns. From August to November 2014 the city was mostly under the control of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria after having seized the town from Peshmerga in August 2014.[18] On 23 November 2014, the PMF and Peshmerga jointly recaptured the city, under the command of Iranian General Qassem Soleimani.[19] The town was jointly controlled by PMF and Peshmerga until October 2017 when the Peshmerga withdrew from the area.[20] When Jalawla was captured from ISIS, a portion of the Kurdish population returned after encouragement from the federal government,[11] while Peshmerga stated that no member of the Arab Kerwi tribe would be allowed back after having supported ISIS.[21] Nonetheless, the tribe returned after Peshmerga withdrew in October 2017.[22] Moreover, the Arab animosity towards Kurds have made it possible for Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq to recruit a number of local Arabs into its ranks and marginalize the Kurdish population.[23] However, according to the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan and the local Sunni Arab leadership, many locals mainly support them due to fear and the exploitation of the right to return for Arabs.[24]
References
- ^ Hanish, Shak (1 March 2010). "The Kirkuk Problem and Article 140 of the Iraqi Constitution: The Kirkuk Problem". Digest of Middle East Studies: 15–25. doi:10.1111/j.1949-3606.2010.00002.x. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
- ^ "Iraq: Security situation and internally displaced people in Diyala, April 2015" (PDF). p. 8. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
- ^ "مكتب حقوق الإنسان في يونامي يزور جلولاء في ديالى للوقوف مباشرة على حجم الدمار والجهود المبذولة من أجل المصالحة الدائمة". United Nations in Iraq (in Arabic). 15 November 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
- ^ "داعش هێرشی کردە سەر گوڵاڵە، ١٢ قوربانی لێکەوتەوە". ROJ News (in Kurdish). Retrieved 19 December 2019.
- ^ "Celewla- DAIŞê êrîşî artêşa Iraqê kir, kuştî û birîndar hene" (in Kurdish). 24 November 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
- ^ a b Klier, Klaus (2008). "Jalula". Iranica Online. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
- ^ "Jalula's Map". Map Landia. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
- ^ a b c "In Disputed Iraqi Territory, Rebuilding A City Means Doing It Yourself". NPR. 11 January 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
- ^ a b c "Banished and dispossessed" (PDF). Amnesty International. 2016. p. 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
- ^ Ihsan, Mohammad, Administrative Changes in Kirkuk and Disputed Areas in Iraq 1968-2003, p. 44
- ^ a b "Lack of services, security hinder return of Diyala IDPs six years after ISIS liberation". Rûdaw. 23 August 2018.
- ^ a b "Reviving UN Mediation on Iraq's Disputed Internal Boundaries". International Crisis Group. 14 December 2008. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
- ^ Ihsan, Mohammad, Administrative Changes in Kirkuk and Disputed Areas in Iraq 1968-2003, pp. 46–49
- ^ "Azar a ku di Adarê de bidawî bû" (PDF). BasNûçe (in Kurdish): 14. 14–20 March 2016. ISSN 2148-5305.
- ^ Milani, Mohsen (1994). The Making Of Iran's Islamic Revolution: From Monarchy To Islamic Republic, Second Edition 2nd Edition. Routledge; 2nd edition. p. 187. ISBN 978-0813384764.
- ^ Abrahamian, Ervand (1989). Radical Islam: The Iranian Mojahedin. I.B. Tauris. p. 208. ISBN 1-85043-077-2.
- ^ "Claims in Conflict: Reversing Ethnic Cleansing in Northern Iraq". Human Rights Watch. 2 August 2004. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
- ^ "ISIS drives Kurds out of Jalawla in Iraq". The Daily Star. 11 August 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
- ^ "Quds Force Chief Suleimani Reportedly Helped Peshmerga Defeat IS In Diyala". RFERL. 25 November 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
- ^ "Iraqi forces, Shiite militia control series of Peshmerga-held areas". Rûdaw. 17 October 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
- ^ Knights, Michael; Mello, Alex (2016). "Losing Mosul, Regenerating in Diyala: How the Islamic State Could Exploit Iraq's Sectarian Tinderbox" (PDF). CTC Sentinel. 9 (10 ed.): 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 22, 2020.
- ^ "Northern Iraq". Department of Justice. p. 73. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
- ^ "Iraq - Security situation" (PDF). EASO: 94. 2019.
- ^ Skelton, Mac; Saleem, Zmkan Ali (2019). "Iraq's disputed internal boundaries after ISIS: heterogeneous actors vying for influence" (PDF). Middle East Centre: 14–5.