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Khost Province

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Khost (Pashto/Dari: خوست) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan located in the southeastern part of the country. Khost consists of thirteen districts and the city of Khost serves as the capital of the province. Historically, Khost used to be a part of Paktia and a larger region surrounding Khost is still referred to as Loya Paktia.

Khost
Province
The Khost Mosque in Khost, the capital of Khost Province.
The Khost Mosque in Khost, the capital of Khost Province.
Map of Afghanistan with Khost highlighted
Map of Afghanistan with Khost highlighted
Coordinates (Capital): 33°24′N 69°54′E / 33.4°N 69.9°E / 33.4; 69.9
Country Afghanistan
Established1986[1] (de facto)
CapitalKhost
Districts13
Government
 • GovernorMohammad Nabi Omari[2]
 • Deputy GovernorMohammad Din Shah Mohabat[3]
 • Police ChiefMaulvi Mehboob Shah Qanat[4]
Area
 • Total4,235 km2 (1,635 sq mi)
Population
 (2021)[5]
 • Total647,730
 • Rank16th
 • Density150/km2 (400/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+4:30 (Afghanistan Time)
Postal code
25xx
Area codeAF-KHO
Main languagesPashto
HDI (2019)0.506[6]
low · 3rd

Throughout history, the province has been the site for numerous rebellions, leading to the local Pashtun populace to consider themselves the “traditional king-makers in Kabul”.[7] The province was previously known as the Southern province and was united with the neighbouring Paktia province. Khost is also home to numerous universities, including Shaikh Zayed University, which is the only university in Afghanistan with a faculty in computer science.[8]

As of 2021, it was estimated that the population of the province stood at 647,730, which makes it the 16th most populated province in Afghanistan.[5]

Khost International Airport began providing the province with international flights after it was inaugurated by the former president Ashraf Ghani on July 10, 2021.[9]

To the east, Khost Province is bordered by the North Waziristan and Kurram districts of Pakistan’s Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. To the north, it is bordered by the Nangarhar. To the south, it is bordered by Paktika. To the west, it is bordered by Paktia.

History edit

Second Anglo-Afghan War edit

See also: Second Anglo-Afghan War
 
Military engagement near Khost.

During the second Anglo-Afghan War, British forces led by Lord Roberts entered the province. Approximately 8,000 raiders from the Mangal tribe, which had a long tradition of resisting outside control, launched several attacks on weakly protected British supply convoys in Khost Province. In reprisal, Lord Roberts ordered his forces to attack eleven Mangal villages which had launched raids that murdered several camp followers, resulting in them being sacked and burnt. As the news of the reprisals spread over Britain, his political opponents in the British parliament criticized Lord Robert's actions. At the end of the conflict, British forces withdrew from the province.[10][11]

Khost rebellion (1924-1925) edit

See also: Khost rebellion (1924-1925)
 
Map of the Southern Province.

In 1924, the province of Khost, then known as the Southern province, was the site of a rebellion against Emir Amanullah Khan by the Mangal tribe. The rebellion began in March 1924 when Mulla Abd Allah accused a local official of violating Sharia by forbidding a marriage in accordance with a new family law as the father of the bride in question had pledged her to another man whilst she was an infant. As a result, Mulla Abd Allah issued a fatwa against Amanullah Khan, condemning him as a kafir(infidel) and launching Jihad after a failed attempt was made by mediators to justify the new laws. The rebels were soon joined by the son of the former king Yaqub Khan, Abd-al Karim, who managed to escape British surveillance and moved to Khost, where he was crowned king by the rebels. Rebel forces then conquered the city of Gardez, which is adjacent to Khost. By late July, the rebels had captured Hisarak, which was 12 kilometres far from the capital, Kabul. However, the rebels didn’t try to seize the capital and instead returned to Khost, taking the spoils of war with them.[12]

The Deobandi-trained council of ’ulama’ issued a fatwa denouncing Mulla Abd Allah as a rebel and began to provide Amanullah Khan with levies after he allowed them to alter the constitution so that it would align with their interpretation of Sharia. In August, Shah Wali Khan attacked the rebels in Logar whilst the Afghan Air Force were simultaneously bombing rebel positions. By early October, government forces had regained possession of the city of Gardez. Two months later, tribal leaders from Khost travelled to Kabul with the aim of initiating a peace process, only to be thrown in jail. Mulla Abd Allah, along with his three sons, were eventually captured and executed, and the rebellion was quelled in January 1925. Shah Wali Khan burned and looted more than 300 homes in Khost and brought 600 female captives back with him to Kabul, where they were distributed amongst the Mohammadzais as war booty.[13] In the aftermath of the government’s victory, Amanullah Khan decided to construct a victory pillar in Kabul to commemorate his vanquishing of the rebels. The new pillar was meant to demonstrate the “triumph of knowledge over ignorance”.[14]

Soviet–Afghan War edit

See also: Soviet–Afghan War
 
Map of the Mujahideen in 1985.

In April 1978, the Communist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan staged a coup d'état against the then president Mohammed Daoud Khan, ending the Republic of Afghanistan and establishing the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan under the rule of Nur Muhammad Taraki, who would later be overthrown and killed by Hafizullah Amin in 1979. The coup is also known as the Saur Revolution. In late 1978, a rebellion occurred in the remote region of Nuristan, but it didn't spread to the other parts of the country due to its isolation.[15] The new communist government strived to eliminate illiteracy and implement agrarian reforms by sending literacy campaigners and agrarian reformers to various provinces, including Khost.[16] Following a rebellion by the Zadran tribe, a Pashtun tribe native to Loya Paktia, president Hafizullah Amin decided to launch a full scale military operation in Paktia. The operation was a "crushing defeat" and it, alongside the ousting of former President Taraki, was one of the reasons why the Soviets decided to intervene in December 1979, thus starting the Soviet–Afghan War.[17]

At the end of July 1983, the forces of Jalaluddin Haqqani laid siege to two towns in Khost and the Tani, Mangal, Zazai and Waziri tribes began taking an active part in the fighting, despite being passive up until then. All of the aforementioned events coincided with the appeal of former King Mohammed Zahir Shah for a united front, which caused rumours about the Royalists intending to establish a provisional government in a liberated Khost. However, Khost wasn't captured and by October, the Tani tribe had withdrawn from coalition due to a tribal rivalry with the Zadran. Many rebels also returned home as winter came on. By the end of December, government forces arriving from Gardez ended the siege of the two towns and recaputered Zazi Maidan.[18]

Khost was considered a "bastion of the regime" during the Soviet–Afghan War and its loyalty to the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan allowed it to be granted a de facto provincial status in 1986. This provided the province with a force of paid provincial staff and an annual budget that was separate from the neighbouring provinces.[19]

1993-present edit

Khost Province saw the Battles of Zhawar and part of Operation Infinite Reach. Khost Province was captured by the Taliban during the 2021 Taliban offensive on August 15, 2021.[20]

On 16 April 2022, Pakistani airstrikes targeted several villages in Spera District, including Afghan-Dubai, Pasa Mela, Mir Sapar, Mandata, and Kanai, and struck refugee camps belonging to internally displaced persons from Waziristan, killing at least 41 people, mainly women and children, and wounding 22 others.[21][22][23][24][25]

On 22 June 2022, a magnitude 5.9 earthquake struck the province. In Spera District, approximately 500 homes were destroyed, and 40 people were killed, with 95 others injured.[26][27] Many houses constructed primarily of mud and wood were razed to the ground.[26] Heavy rain and the earthquake contributed to landslides that destroyed entire hamlets.[28]

Healthcare edit

Further information: Health in Afghanistan

The percentage of households with clean drinking water increased from 34% in 2005 to 35% in 2011.[29] The percentage of births attended to by a skilled birth attendant increased from 18% in 2005 to 32% in 2011.[29]

Education edit

Further information: Education in Afghanistan

The overall literacy rate (6+ years of age) fell from 28% in 2005 to 15% in 2011.[29] The overall net enrolment rate (6–13 years of age) fell from 38% in 2005 to 37% in 2011.[29]

Universities edit

See also: List of universities in Afghanistan
 
Image of Shaikh Zayed University.

There are multiple universities in Khost, the following list consists of all of the universities that can be found in the province:

Demographics edit

Further information: Demography of Afghanistan
 
Districts of Khost and surrounding areas.

As of 2021, the population of the province is around 950,000 people.[5][30] Other sources put the number at over a million.[31]

The Pashtun people make up 99% of the population, with the remaining 1% being Tajiks and others.[32]

 
Districts of Khost

Districts of Khost:

Districts of Khost Province
District Capital Population Area
in km2 		Pop.
density 		Ethnic groups
Bak 24,977 139 180 >99% Pashtun.
Gurbuz 29,627 379 78 >99% Pashtun.
Jaji Maydan 27,236 331 82 >99% Pashtun.
Khost Khost 156,106 418 373 Predominantly Pashtun, few Tajiks.
Mandozayi 63,772 128 498 >99% Pashtun.
Musa Khel 46,368 470 99 >99% Pashtun.
Nadir Shah Kot 36,005 381 94 >99% Pashtun.
Qalandar 11,559 100 116 >99% Pashtun.
Sabari 80,114 259 310 >99% Pashtun.
Shamal 15,411 169 91 >99% Pashtun.
Spera 27,501 499 55 >99% Pashtun.
Tani 67,360 410 164 >99% Pashtun.
Tirazayi 50,486 427 118 >99% Pashtun.
Khost 636,522 4,235 150 99.8% Pashtuns, 0.2% Tajiks.[note 1]
  1. ^ Note: "Predominantely" or "dominated" is interpreted as 99%, "majority" as 70%, "mixed" as 1/(number of ethnicities), "minority" as 30% and "few" or "some" as 1%.

Water edit

Khost Province is traversed by the Kurram River, which rises from the Rokian Defile, passes through the district, and then enters the "country of the Turis or the Kurram Valley".[33]

Gallery edit

  •  
    Khost, the capital of Khost province
  •  
    Children in Khost

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "The Ghost of Khost: What History Might Tell Us about the Future of Afghanistan > Air University (AU) > Journal of Indo-Pacific Affairs Article Display". www.airuniversity.af.edu. Retrieved 2022-03-25.
  2. ^ "Taliban appoints former Guantanamo Bay detainee released under Obama to leadership post in Afghanistan". news.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2021-09-19.
  3. ^ "له پاکستانه د خوراکي توکو او درملو مرسته خوست ته ورسېده". مشال راډيو. 11 September 2021.
  4. ^ "خوست کې د بېلابېلو جرمونو په تور ۲۴ کسان نيول شوي". December 6, 2021. Archived from the original on December 13, 2021. Retrieved December 13, 2021.
  5. ^ a b c "Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2021-22" (PDF). nsia.gov.af. National Statistic and Information Authority (NSIA). April 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
  6. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab". globaldatalab.org.
  7. ^ Giustozzi, Antonio (2009). Decoding the New Taliban: Insights from the Afghan Field. p. 76. ISBN 9780231701129.
  8. ^ "History of Computer science Faculty | SZU University". www.szu.edu.af. Retrieved 2022-04-13.
  9. ^ Kakar, Javed Hamim (2021-07-10). "Ghani inaugurates Khost International Airport". Retrieved 2022-04-13.
  10. ^ "The Ghost of Khost: What History Might Tell Us about the Future of Afghanistan > Air University (AU) > Journal of Indo-Pacific Affairs Article Display". www.airuniversity.af.edu. Retrieved 2022-03-25.
  11. ^ Yorke, Edmund (March 2013). Battle Story: Maiwand 1880. The History Press. ISBN 9780752492551.
  12. ^ Lee, L. Jonathan (2018). Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present. pp. 476–477. ISBN 9781789140101.
  13. ^ Lee, L. Jonathan (2018). Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present. pp. 478–479. ISBN 9781789140101.
  14. ^ Tomsen, Peter (2011). The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and the Failures of Great Powers. p. 73. ISBN 9781610394123.
  15. ^ Roy, Oliver (November 30, 1990). Islam and Resistance in Afghanistan. Cambridge University Press; 2nd edition. pp. 84 and 101. ISBN 978-0521397001.
  16. ^ Roy, Oliver (November 30, 1990). Islam and Resistance in Afghanistan. Cambridge University Press; 2nd edition. pp. 84 and 101. ISBN 978-0521397001.
  17. ^ Roy, Oliver (November 30, 1990). Islam and Resistance in Afghanistan. Cambridge University Press; 2nd edition. p. 102. ISBN 978-0521397001.
  18. ^ Roy, Oliver (November 30, 1990). Islam and resistance in Afghanistan. Cambridge University Press; 2nd edition. p. 198. ISBN 978-0521397001.
  19. ^ "The Ghost of Khost: What History Might Tell Us about the Future of Afghanistan > Air University (AU) > Journal of Indo-Pacific Affairs Article Display". www.airuniversity.af.edu. Retrieved 2022-03-28.
  20. ^ "The Latest: Militants take provincial capital of Khost". The Independent. 2021-08-15. Retrieved 2022-04-13.
  21. ^ "At least 47 dead in Afghanistan after Pakistan attacks: Officials". Al Jazeera. April 17, 2022.
  22. ^ Mal, Qazafi (April 16, 2022). "Casualties as Pakistan pounds civilian homes in Khost, Kunar" – via pajhwok.com.
  23. ^ "Pakistani rocket fire kills 45 Afghans, say Taliban". Daily Sabah. April 16, 2022.
  24. ^ "په خوست کې د پاکستاني الوتکو بمبارۍ درنه مرګ ژوبله اړولې". Deutsche Welle (in Pashto). April 16, 2022.
  25. ^ "Witnesses Say Dozens Killed In Pakistani Air Strikes On Eastern Afghanistan Region". RFE/RL. April 16, 2022.
  26. ^ a b Padshah, Safiullah; Ives, Mike (22 June 2022). "Afghanistan Live Updates: At Least 1,000 Killed in Earthquake, Official Media Says: The quake struck 28 miles southwest of the provincial capital of Khost". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
  27. ^ Mangal, Farooq Jan (23 June 2022). "Afghanistan earthquake survivors dig by hand as aid is delayed". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 23 June 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
  28. ^ "Thousands of Afghanistan earthquake survivors remain without food and shelter despite aid coming in". The New Arab. 25 June 2022. Archived from the original on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
  29. ^ a b c d Archive, Civil Military Fusion Centre, https://www.cimicweb.org/AfghanistanProvincialMap/Pages/Khost.aspx Archived 2014-05-31 at the Wayback Machine
  30. ^ "Settled Population of Khost province by Civil Division, Urban, Rural and Sex-2012-13" (PDF). Islamic Republic of Afghanistan: Central Statistics Organization. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2014-01-18.
  31. ^ On the Road - Khost Province Season 1 (Pashto) on YouTube, Feb 13, 2012, TOLO/USAIDAfghanistan.
  32. ^ "Khost Province" (PDF). Program for Culture & Conflict Studies. Naval Postgraduate School. Retrieved 2014-01-18.
  33. ^ Imperial gazetteer of India: provincial series, Volume 20. Publisher Supt. of Govt. Print., 1908

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