Wikipedia

Kingston upon Hull (UK Parliament constituency)

For the Canadian constituency, see Hull—Aylmer.

Kingston upon Hull, often simply referred to as Hull, was a parliamentary constituency in Yorkshire, electing two members of parliament to the Parliaments of England, Great Britain and House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, from 1305 until 1885. Its MPs included the anti-slavery campaigner, William Wilberforce, and the poet Andrew Marvell.

Kingston upon Hull
Former Borough constituency
for the House of Commons
CountyYorkshire
Major settlementsKingston upon Hull
1305–1885
SeatsTwo
Replaced byHull Central, Hull East and Hull West

History edit

Kingston upon Hull was a borough constituency in the town (later city) of Hull. Until the Great Reform Act of 1832, it consisted only of the parish of St Mary's, Hull and part of Holy Trinity, Hull, entirely to the west of the River Hull. This excluded parts of the urban area which had not been originally part of the town, but some of these – the rest of Holy Trinity parish, Sculcoates, Drypool, Garrisonside and part of Sutton-on-Hull – were brought into the constituency by boundary changes in 1832. This increased the population of the borough from around 16,000 to almost 50,000.

The borough sent its first two known Members to the Parliament of 1305 and thereafter with fair regularity from 1334. Until the Reform Act, the right to vote in Hull was vested in the freemen of the city, which made the constituency one of the larger and more competitive ones. At the general election of 1831, 2,174 voters went to the polls.

The Hull constituency was abolished for the 1885 general election, the city being divided into three single-member constituencies, Kingston upon Hull Central, Kingston upon Hull East and Kingston upon Hull West.

Members of Parliament edit

MPs 1305–1640 edit

Parliament First member Second member
1332 (Mar) William de la Pole
1332 (Sep) ?
1332/3 ?
1334 (Feb) ?
1334 (Sep) ?
1335 William de la Pole
1336 William de la Pole
1337 ?
1338 William de la Pole
1386 Adam Tutbury John Hedon[1]
1388 (Feb) Simon Grimsby William Pound[1]
1388 (Sep) Thomas Waltham John Spalding[1]
1390 (Jan)
1390 (Nov)
1391 William Bubwith Thomas Kirkby[1]
1393 Thomas Fountenay Thomas Kirkby[1]
1394 Simon Grimsby Thomas Kirkby[1]
1395 Robert Snainton Thomas Kirkby[1]
1397 (Jan) William Terry Thomas Kirkby[1]
1397 (Sep)
1399 William Terry William Pound[1]
1401
1402 John Birken Thomas Kirkby[1]
1404 (Jan)
1404 (Oct)
1406 John Fitling Thomas Kirkby[1]
1407 John Fitling John Leversegge[1]
1410
1411 John Fitling Thomas Kirkby[1]
1413 (Feb)
1413 (May) John Fitling Hugh Clitheroe[1]
1414 (Apr)
1414 (Nov) John Aldwick Walter Grimsby[1]
1415 Robert Hornsea Richard Swan[1]
1416 (Mar) John Saunderson Walter Grimsby[1]
1416 (Oct)
1417
1419 John Bedford John Fitling[1]
1420 John Bedford Robert Kirkton[1]
1421 (May) John Bedford John Fitling[1]
1421 (Dec) Thomas Marshall Robert Holme[1]
1426 John Aldwick
1495 Robert Chapman[2]
1510 Roger Bushell John Eland[3]
1512 Edward Baron Thomas Wilkinson[3]
1515 Thomas Wilkinson Robert Harrison[3]
1523 ?
1529 George Matheson Edward Madison[3]
1536 Sir Edward Madison George Matheson[3]
1539 George Matheson Robert Kemsey[3]
1542 ?
1545 Edward Rogers Robert Googe or Goche[3]
1547 John Thacker Walter Jobson[3]
1553 (Mar) Alexander Stockdale William Johnson[3]
1553 (Oct) John Thacker William Johnson[3]
1554 (Apr) Alexander Stockdale John Thacker[3]
1554 (Nov) Walter Jobson John Thornton[3]
1555 Walter Jobson Thomas Dalton[3]
1558 Walter Jobson Thomas Aldred[3]
1558/9 Walter Jobson John Oversall[4]
1562/3 Christopher Estofte, died
and replaced in 1566 by Henry Fanshawe		 John Thornton[4]
1571 John Thornton James Clerkson[4]
1572 Thomas Dalton James Clerkson
1581 Dalton and Clerkson dismissed as idle and impotent
and replaced in January 1581 by Thomas Fleming and John Fawether or Fairweather[4]
1584 John Thornton John Aldred[4]
1586 Edward Wakefield John Aldred[4]
1588 Leonard Willan William Gee[4]
1593 Leonard Willan Peter Proby[4]
1597 Leonard Willan Anthony Cole[4]
1601 John Lister John Graves[4]
1604–1611 Anthony Cole John Edmonds
1614 Sir John Bourchier Richard Burgis
1621 John Lister Maurice Abbot
1624 John Lister Sir John Suckling, sat for Middlesex
and was replaced by Maurice Abbot
1625 John Lister Maurice Abbot
1626 John Lister Lancelot Roper
1628 John Lister James Watkinson
1629–1640 No Parliaments convened

MPs 1640–1885 edit

Year First member First party Second member Second party
April 1640 Sir Henry Vane, junior Parliamentarian Sir John Lister Parliamentarian
November 1640 Sir Henry Vane, junior Parliamentarian Sir John Lister
(died December 1640)		 Parliamentarian
1641 Peregrine Pelham Parliamentarian
1650 Pelham died 1650, seat vacant thereafter
1653 Hull was unrepresented in Barebone's Parliament
1654 William Lister Hull had only one seat in the First and
Second Parliaments of the Protectorate
1656 William Lister
January 1659 John Ramsden Andrew Marvell
May 1659 Sir Henry Vane, junior One seat vacant
April 1660 John Ramsden Andrew Marvell
1661 Anthony Gilby
1678 William Ramsden
February 1679 Lemuel Kingdon
September 1679 Sir Michael Warton William Gee
1685 John Ramsden Sir Willoughby Hickman
1689 William Gee
1690 Charles Osborne
1695 Sir William St Quintin Tory
1701 William Maister Tory
1717 Nathaniel Rogers
1724 George Crowle
1727 Joseph Micklethwaite
February 1734 by-election Henry Maister
1741 William Carter
1744 by-election Harry Pulteney
1747 Lord Robert Manners Tory[5] Thomas Carter
1754 by-election Richard Crowle
1757 by-election Sir George Metham
1766 by-election William Weddell
1774 David Hartley Rockingham Whig
1780 William Wilberforce[n 1] Tory[5]
1782 by-election David Hartley Rockingham Whig
March 1784 Samuel Thornton Tory[5]
June 1784 by-election Walter Spencer-Stanhope Tory[5]
1790 Aubrey Beauclerk
1796 Sir Charles Turner
1802 John Staniforth Tory[5]
1806 William Joseph Denison Whig[5]
1807 Philip Stanhope Whig[5]
1812 George Denys[n 2] Tory[5]
1818 John Mitchell Tory[5] James Graham Whig[5]
1820 Daniel Sykes Whig[5]
1826 John O'Neill Tory[5]
1830 George Schonswar Tory[5] William Battie-Wrightson Whig[5]
1831 Whig[5]
1832 Matthew Davenport Hill Whig[5] William Hutt Radical[6][7][8][9]
January 1835 David Carruthers Conservative[5]
June 1835 by-election Thomas Perronet Thompson Radical[5]
1837 Sir Walter James Conservative[5] William Wilberforce[n 3] Conservative[5]
1838[n 3] William Hutt Radical[6][7][8][9]
1841 Sir John Hanmer Conservative[5]
1847 Matthew Talbot Baines Whig[10][11][12][13] James Clay Radical[10][11][14][12][15]
1852[n 4] George Robinson Whig[16][17][18][19]
1853[n 4] Writ suspended
1854 by-election William Digby Seymour Radical[20][21][22] William Henry Watson Whig[22][23]
February 1857 by-election James Clay Radical[10][11][14][12][15]
March 1857 Anthony Ashley-Cooper Peelite[24][25][26][27]
April 1859 Joseph Hoare[n 5] Conservative Liberal
August 1859 by-election[n 5] Joseph Somes Conservative
1865 Charles Morgan Norwood Liberal
1873 by-election Joseph Walker Pease Conservative
1874 Charles Wilson Liberal
1885 constituency divided: see Kingston upon Hull Central, Kingston upon Hull East and Kingston upon Hull West

Election results edit

Elections in the 1830s edit

General election 1830: Kingston upon Hull[5][28]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Tory George Schonswar 1,564 42.9
Whig William Battie-Wrightson 1,213 33.3
Whig Thomas Gisborne Burke 869 23.8
Majority 351 9.6
Turnout 2,174 c. 79.1
Registered electors c. 2,750
Tory hold Swing
Whig hold Swing
General election 1831: Kingston upon Hull[5][28]
Party Candidate Votes %
Whig William Battie-Wrightson Unopposed
Whig George Schonswar Unopposed
Registered electors c. 2,750
Whig hold
Whig gain from Tory
General election 1832: Kingston upon Hull[5][29]
Party Candidate Votes %
Whig Matthew Davenport Hill 1,674 32.5
Radical William Hutt 1,610 31.3
Tory David Carruthers (MP) 1,429 27.8
Radical James Acland 433 8.4
Turnout 3,305 85.6
Registered electors 3,863
Majority 64 1.2
Whig hold
Majority 181 3.5
Radical gain from Whig
General election 1835: Kingston upon Hull[5][29]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative David Carruthers (MP) 1,836 38.7 +10.9
Radical William Hutt 1,536 32.4 −7.3
Whig Matthew Davenport Hill 1,371 28.9 −3.6
Turnout 3,108 73.2 −12.4
Registered electors 4,244
Majority 465 9.8 N/A
Conservative gain from Whig Swing +6.4
Majority 165 3.5 ±0.0
Radical hold Swing −6.4

Carruthers' death caused a by-election.

By-election, 20 June 1835: Kingston upon Hull[5][29]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Radical Thomas Perronet Thompson 1,428 50.1 +17.7
Conservative Henry St John-Mildmay 1,423 49.9 +11.2
Majority 5 0.2 N/A
Turnout 2,851 67.2 −6.0
Registered electors 4,244
Radical gain from Conservative Swing +3.3
General election 1837: Kingston upon Hull[5][29]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative William Wilberforce 1,514 25.5 +6.2
Conservative Walter James 1,505 25.3 +6.0
Radical William Hutt 1,497 25.2 −7.2
Whig Benjamin Wood 1,430 24.0 −4.9
Majority 8 0.1 −9.7
Turnout 2,990 70.8 −2.4
Registered electors 4,222
Conservative hold Swing +4.9
Conservative gain from Radical Swing +4.8
  • On petition, Wilberforce's election was declared void and Hutt was declared elected in 1838.

Elections in the 1840s edit

General election 1841: Kingston upon Hull[29][5]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative John Hanmer 1,843 26.0 +0.5
Conservative Walter James 1,830 25.9 +0.6
Radical James Clay 1,761 24.9 +12.3
Radical Thomas Perronet Thompson 1,645 23.2 +10.6
Majority 69 1.0 +0.9
Turnout 3,583 73.7 +2.9
Registered electors 4,862
Conservative hold Swing −5.5
Conservative hold Swing −5.4
General election 1847: Kingston upon Hull[29]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Whig Matthew Talbot Baines 2,168 36.1 N/A
Radical James Clay 2,135 35.5 −12.6
Whig James Brown 1,705 28.4 N/A
Turnout 3,004 (est) 65.0 (est) −8.7
Registered electors 4,618
Majority 33 0.6 N/A
Whig gain from Conservative Swing N/A
Majority 430 7.1 N/A
Radical gain from Conservative Swing N/A

Baines was appointed President of the Poor Law Board, requiring a by-election.

By-election, 7 February 1849: Kingston upon Hull[29]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Whig Matthew Talbot Baines Unopposed
Whig hold

Elections in the 1850s edit

General election 1852: Kingston upon Hull[29]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Radical James Clay 2,246 28.3 −7.2
Whig George Robinson 2,242 28.3 −36.2
Conservative John Bramley-Moore 1,815 22.9 New
Conservative Charles Lennox Butler[30] 1,626 20.5 New
Turnout 3,965 (est) 75.9 (est) +10.9
Registered electors 5,221
Majority 4 0.0 −7.1
Radical hold Swing +5.5
Majority 427 5.4 +4.8
Whig hold Swing −5.5

After an election petition committee found evidence of bribery and treating, both members were unseated and the writ was suspended in March 1853.[31] A by-election was then held in August 1854.

By-election, 18 August 1854: Kingston upon Hull[29]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Radical William Digby Seymour 1,820 34.8 +6.5
Whig William Henry Watson 1,806 34.6 +6.3
Conservative Samuel Auchmuty Dickson[32] 1,600 30.6 −12.8
Turnout 3,413 (est) 74.7 (est) −1.2
Registered electors 4,572
Majority 14 0.2 +0.2
Radical hold Swing +6.5
Majority 206 4.0 −1.4
Whig hold Swing +6.4

Watson resigned after being appointed a Baron of the Exchequer, causing a by-election.

By-election, 11 February 1857: Kingston upon Hull[29]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Radical James Clay Unopposed
Radical gain from Whig
General election 1857: Kingston upon Hull[29]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Radical James Clay 2,365 36.4 +6.1
Peelite Anthony Ashley-Cooper 2,303 35.5 N/A
Radical William Compton[33][34] 1,392 21.4 N/A
Radical William Digby Seymour[34] 434 6.7 N/A
Turnout 3,247 (est) 59.1 (est) −16.8
Registered electors 5,494
Majority 62 0.9 +0.9
Radical hold Swing N/A
Majority 911 14.1 N/A
Peelite gain from Whig Swing N/A
General election 1859: Kingston upon Hull[29]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal James Clay 2,445 36.6 +0.2
Conservative Joseph Hoare 2,269 34.0 −1.5
Liberal Harvey Lewis 1,959 29.4 N/A
Turnout 3,337 (est) 60.4 (est) +1.3
Registered electors 5,526
Majority 176 2.6 +1.7
Liberal hold Swing +0.5
Majority 310 4.6 N/A
Conservative gain from Peelite Swing −0.5

Hoare was unseated after an election petition committee found evidence of corruption, causing a by-election.[35]

By-election, 20 August 1859: Kingston upon Hull[29]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Joseph Somes 2,068 56.7 +22.7
Liberal Harvey Lewis 1,579 43.3 −22.7
Majority 489 13.4 +8.8
Turnout 3,647 66.0 +5.6
Registered electors 5,526
Conservative hold Swing +22.7

Elections in the 1860s edit

General election 1865: Kingston upon Hull[29]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal James Clay 2,583 30.7 −5.9
Liberal Charles Morgan Norwood 2,547 30.3 +0.9
Conservative John Somes 1,910 22.8 +5.8
Conservative Joseph Hoare 1,374 16.3 −0.7
Majority 637 7.5 +4.9
Turnout 4,207 (est) 75.6 (est) +15.2
Registered electors 5,566
Liberal hold Swing −4.2
Liberal gain from Conservative Swing −0.8
General election 1868: Kingston upon Hull[29][36]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Charles Morgan Norwood 7,282 28.0 −2.3
Liberal James Clay 6,874 26.5 −4.2
Conservative Henry Atkinson 6,383 24.6 +1.8
Conservative Robert Baxter 5,444 21.0 +4.7
Majority 491 1.9 −5.6
Turnout 12,992 (est) 75.8 (est) +0.2
Registered electors 17,146
Liberal hold Swing −2.1
Liberal hold Swing −4.5

Elections in the 1870s edit

Clay's death caused a by-election.

By-election, 24 Oct 1873: Kingston upon Hull[29]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Joseph Walker Pease 6,873 51.0 +5.4
Liberal Edward Reed 6,594 49.0 −5.5
Majority 279 2.0 N/A
Turnout 13,467 64.3 −11.5
Registered electors 20,947
Conservative gain from Liberal Swing +5.5
General election 1874: Kingston upon Hull[29]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Charles Wilson 8,886 35.3 +8.8
Liberal Charles Morgan Norwood 8,549 34.0 +6.0
Conservative Joseph Walker Pease 7,706 30.7 −14.9
Majority 843 3.3 +1.4
Turnout 16,424 (est) 74.6 (est) −1.2
Registered electors 22,026
Liberal hold Swing +8.1
Liberal hold Swing +6.7

Elections in the 1880s edit

General election 1880: Kingston upon Hull[29][37]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Charles Morgan Norwood 12,071 32.9 −1.1
Liberal Charles Wilson 11,837 32.2 −3.1
Conservative John Buckingham Pope 6,767 18.4 +3.0
Conservative Henry Atkinson 6,067 16.5 +1.2
Majority 5,070 13.8 +10.5
Turnout 18,371 (est) 70.1 (est) −4.5
Registered electors 26,193
Liberal hold Swing −2.1
Liberal hold Swing −2.2

Notes edit

  1. ^ Wilberforce was re-elected at the general election of 1784, but was also elected for Yorkshire, which he chose to represent, and did not sit for Hull in this parliament
  2. ^ George William Denys was created a baronet as Sir George Denys in 1813
  3. ^ a b A petition was lodged after the 1837 election, and Wilberforce's qualification as a candidate was declared defective and his election voided. After scrutiny of the votes, Hutt (who had originally been placed third) was declared elected in his stead 7 May 1838
  4. ^ a b The 1852 election was declared void on petition. Hull's right to representation was suspended and a Royal Commission appointed to investigate. Once it had reported, a new election was held, which none of the four original candidates contested.
  5. ^ a b After the 1859 election, the election of Hoare was declared void on petition, and a by-election held in August 1859

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "History of Parliament". History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  2. ^ Cavill, P. R. (13 August 2009). The English Parliaments of Henry VII. ISBN 9780191610264. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "History of Parliament". History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "History of Parliament". History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Stooks Smith, Henry (1845). The Parliaments of England, from 1st George I., to the Present Time. Vol II: Oxfordshire to Wales Inclusive. London: Simpkin, Marshall, & Co. pp. 147–150.
  6. ^ a b Quinault, Roland; Swift, Roger; Windscheffel, Ruth Clayton, eds. (2016). "Gladstone and the Suppression of the Slave Trade". William Gladstone: New Studies and Perspectives. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 255. ISBN 9781315547152. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
  7. ^ a b Steele, E. D. (1991). "Party: Whigs and Liberals". Palmerston and Liberalism: 1855-1865. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 84–85. ISBN 978-0-521-40045-9. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
  8. ^ a b "The Elections". The Examiner. 30 July 1837. pp. 5–8. Retrieved 11 November 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  9. ^ a b Warwick, William Atkinson (1841). The House of Commons: As Elected to the Fourteenth Parliament of the United Kingdom, Being the Second of Victoria. London: Saunders and Otley. p. 34.
  10. ^ a b c "Hull". Yorkshire Gazette. 31 July 1847. p. 5. Retrieved 14 May 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  11. ^ a b c "The Hull Advertiser". Hull Advertiser and Exchange Gazette. 23 July 1847. p. 6. Retrieved 14 May 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  12. ^ a b c Hawkins, Angus (1987). Parliament, Party and the Art of Politics in Britain, 1855-59. Basingstoke: Macmillan Press. pp. 31, 161. ISBN 978-1-349-08925-3. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
  13. ^ Brown, David (2010). Palmerston: A Biography. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 774. ISBN 978-0-300-11898-8. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
  14. ^ a b Cowling, Maurice (1967). "The Destruction of Liberal Unity". 1867: Disraeli, Gladstone and Revolution: The Passing of the Second Reform Bill. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-521-01958-3. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
  15. ^ a b Smith, Francis Barrymore (1966). "Second Reform Period, 1851-1865". The Making of the Second Reform Bill. London: The Syndics of the Cambridge University Press. p. 30. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
  16. ^ "The Late Lord Ripon". The Spectator. 3 December 1921. p. 18. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
  17. ^ "Huddersfield Election". Dublin Evening Post. 23 April 1853. p. 3. Retrieved 14 May 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  18. ^ "Local & General Intelligence". Newcastle Journal. 23 April 1853. p. 5. Retrieved 14 May 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  19. ^ Rajan, Vithal (2011). Holmes of the Raj. Random House India. p. 119. ISBN 978-8-184-00250-8. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
  20. ^ Dod, Charles Roger; Dod, Robert Phipps (1855). The Parliamentary Companion, 1855. London: Whittaker & Co. p. 271. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
  21. ^ "Latest Intelligence". Gloucester Journal. 19 August 1854. p. 3. Retrieved 14 May 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  22. ^ a b "Election Intelligence". Essex Standard. 25 August 1854. p. 4. Retrieved 14 May 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  23. ^ "Election Intelligence". Hertford Mercury and Reformer. 26 August 1854. p. 2. Retrieved 14 May 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  24. ^ "The Elections". Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard. 4 April 1857. p. 2. Retrieved 14 May 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  25. ^ "Lord Ashley". Hull Packet. 20 March 1857. p. 8. Retrieved 14 May 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  26. ^ "Preparations for the General Election". Worcestershire Chronicle. 25 March 1857. p. 4. Retrieved 14 May 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  27. ^ "General Election Intelligence". Staffordshire Advertiser. 4 April 1857. p. 3. Retrieved 14 May 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  28. ^ a b Casey, Martin. "Kingston-upon-Hull". The History of Parliament. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Craig, F. W. S., ed. (1977). British Parliamentary Election Results 1832-1885 (e-book) (1st ed.). London: Macmillan Press. pp. 169–170. ISBN 978-1-349-02349-3.
  30. ^ "Hull Election". Hull Packet. 9 July 1852. pp. 6–7. Retrieved 15 May 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  31. ^ "Election Committees". Hertford Mercury and Reformer. 12 March 1853. p. 1. Retrieved 15 May 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  32. ^ "Hull Election". Hull Packet. 4 August 1854. p. 4. Retrieved 15 May 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  33. ^ "Hull Advertiser and Exchange Gazette". 28 March 1857. p. 5. Retrieved 15 May 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  34. ^ a b "General Election". Stamford Mercury. 3 April 1857. p. 6. Retrieved 15 May 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  35. ^ "Election Committees". The Atlas. 13 August 1859. pp. 4–5. Retrieved 20 February 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  36. ^ "Election". Hull and Eastern Counties Herald. 19 November 1868. p. 5. Retrieved 20 February 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  37. ^ "Hull". Norfolk News. 3 April 1880. p. 4. Retrieved 20 December 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive.

External links edit

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