The 2008 Summer Olympics were held in Beijing, People's Republic of China, from 8 August to 24 August 2008.[Note 1] A total of 10,942 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees (NOC) participated. Overall, 302 events in 28 sports were held; 165 events were opened to men, 127 were opened to women and 10 were mixed events.[1] In total there was one more event than in the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece.[2]
Nine new events were held, including two from the new cycling discipline of BMX. Women competed in the 3000 metre steeplechase for the first time. Marathon open water swimming events for men and women, over the distance of 10 kilometres, were added to the swimming discipline. Team events (men and women) in table tennis replaced the doubles events.[3] In fencing, women's team foil and women's team sabre replaced men's team foil and women's team épée.[Note 2] Two sports were open only to men, baseball and boxing, while one sport and one discipline were open only to women, softball and synchronized swimming. Equestrian is the only sport in which men and women compete together in the same events.[4][5] Baseball and softball may have made their last appearances in Olympics history during these Games, as the International Olympic Committee voted to remove them from the programme of the 2012 Olympics.[6] A total of 958 medals for events (302 gold, 303 silver and 353 bronze) were awarded. In boxing, judo, taekwondo and wrestling, two bronze medals are awarded in each weight class.[7] Therefore, the total number of bronze medals is greater than the total number of gold or silver medals. Additionally there were ties for a silver medal and two bronze medals.[8][9]
A total of 1,881 individual athletes won medals. Chinese athletes won the most gold medals with 48 (100 total), and the United States won the most total medals with 112 (including 36 gold).[10] Athletes from 87 countries won medals, while 55 nations won at least one gold medal, both setting new records for Olympic Games.[11] Athletes from Afghanistan (Rohullah Nikpai – Taekwondo, men's 58 kg),[12] Mauritius (Bruno Julie – boxing, bantamweight),[13] Sudan (Ismail Ahmed Ismail – athletics, men's 800 m),[14] Tajikistan (Rasul Boqiev – judo, men's 73 kg),[15] and Togo (Benjamin Boukpeti – canoeing, men's K-1 slalom)[16] won their NOCs' first Olympic medal. Athletes from Mongolia (Naidangiin Tüvshinbayar – judo, men's 100 kg),[17] and Panama (Irving Saladino – athletics, men's long jump)[18] won their nations' first gold medal.
American swimmer Michael Phelps was the most successful athlete, winning eight gold medals and setting a new record for most golds won in a single edition of the Olympics (the previous record, seven, had been set in 1972 by Mark Spitz).[19] Phelps also set a new record for most career gold medals (14), and his 16 total medals were ranked second all-time behind Soviet gymnast Larisa Latynina (18) at the time. In 2012 Phelps set a record for most total medals.[20] Several records for career medals in a sport were tied or surpassed, including cycling (Bradley Wiggins of the United Kingdom won two gold, tied for record with six career medals); judo (Ryoko Tani of Japan won a bronze, five career medals); softball (Laura Berg of the United States won a gold and Natalie Ward, Melanie Roche and Tanya Harding of Australia won a bronze; all have four career medals); swimming (Michael Phelps, 16 career medals); taekwondo (Steven López of the United States won a bronze and Hadi Saei of Iran won a gold, both three career medals); and table tennis (Wang Nan of China won a gold and silver medal, five career medals).[20]
2008 Olympics has the most medals stripped for doping violations (50). The leading country is Russia with 14 medals stripped.
| Contents | ||
| Statistics References | ||
Archery edit
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's individual |
Viktor Ruban Ukraine
|
Park Kyung-Mo South Korea
|
Bair Badënov Russia
|
| Women's individual |
Zhang Juanjuan China
|
Park Sung-hyun South Korea
|
Yun Ok-hee South Korea
|
| Men's team |
 South Korea (KOR)Im Dong-Hyun Lee Chang-hwan Park Kyung-Mo |
 Italy (ITA)Ilario Di Buò Marco Galiazzo Mauro Nespoli |
 China (CHN)Jiang Lin Li Wenquan Xue Haifeng |
| Women's team |
South Korea (KOR) Joo Hyun-Jung Park Sung-hyun Yun Ok-hee |
China (CHN) Chen Ling Guo Dan Zhang Juanjuan |
 France (FRA)Virginie Arnold Sophie Dodemont Bérengère Schuh |
Athletics edit
Badminton edit
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's singles |
Lin Dan China
|
Lee Chong Wei Malaysia
|
Chen Jin China
|
| Women's singles |
Zhang Ning China
|
Xie Xingfang China
|
Maria Kristin Yulianti Indonesia
|
| Men's doubles |
 Indonesia (INA)Markis Kido Hendra Setiawan |
China (CHN) Cai Yun Fu Haifeng |
South Korea (KOR) Hwang Ji-man Lee Jae-jin |
| Women's doubles |
China (CHN) Du Jing Yu Yang |
South Korea (KOR) Lee Hyo-jung Lee Kyung-won |
China (CHN) Wei Yili Zhang Yawen |
| Mixed doubles |
South Korea (KOR) Lee Yong-dae Lee Hyo-jung |
Indonesia (INA) Nova Widianto Liliyana Natsir |
China (CHN) He Hanbin Yu Yang |
Baseball edit
Basketball edit
Boxing edit
Canoeing edit
Flatwater edit
Slalom edit
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's slalom C-1 |
Michal Martikán Slovakia
|
David Florence Great Britain
|
Robin Bell Australia
|
| Men's slalom C-2 |
 Slovakia (SVK)Peter Hochschorner Pavol Hochschorner |
 Czech Republic (CZE)Jaroslav Volf Ondřej Štěpánek |
 Russia (RUS)Mikhail Kuznetsov Dmitry Larionov |
| Men's slalom K-1 |
Alexander Grimm Germany
|
Fabien Lefèvre France
|
Benjamin Boukpeti Togo
|
| Women's slalom K-1 |
Elena Kaliská Slovakia
|
Jacqueline Lawrence Australia
|
Violetta Oblinger-Peters Austria
|
Cycling edit
Road edit
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's road race |
Samuel Sánchez Spain
|
Fabian Cancellara [G] Switzerland
|
Alexandr Kolobnev [G] Russia
|
| Men's time trial |
Fabian Cancellara Switzerland
|
Gustav Larsson Sweden
|
Levi Leipheimer United States
|
| Women's road race |
Nicole Cooke Great Britain
|
Emma Johansson Sweden
|
Tatiana Guderzo Italy
|
| Women's time trial |
Kristin Armstrong United States
|
Emma Pooley Great Britain
|
Karin Thürig Switzerland
|
Track edit
Mountain bike edit
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's cross-country |
Julien Absalon France
|
Jean-Christophe Péraud France
|
Nino Schurter Switzerland
|
| Women's cross-country |
Sabine Spitz Germany
|
Maja Włoszczowska Poland
|
Irina Kalentieva Russia
|
BMX edit
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's BMX |
Māris Štrombergs Latvia
|
Mike Day United States
|
Donny Robinson United States
|
| Women's BMX |
Anne-Caroline Chausson France
|
Laëtitia Le Corguillé France
|
Jill Kintner United States
|
Diving edit
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's 3 m springboard |
He Chong China
|
Alexandre Despatie Canada
|
Qin Kai China
|
| Women's 3 m springboard |
Guo Jingjing China
|
Yuliya Pakhalina Russia
|
Wu Minxia China
|
| Men's 10 m platform |
Matthew Mitcham Australia
|
Zhou Lüxin China
|
Gleb Galperin Russia
|
| Women's 10 m platform |
Chen Ruolin China
|
Émilie Heymans Canada
|
Wang Xin China
|
| Men's synchronized 3 m springboard |
China (CHN) Qin Kai Wang Feng |
Russia (RUS) Dmitri Sautin Yuriy Kunakov |
 Ukraine (UKR)Illya Kvasha Oleksiy Prygorov |
| Women's synchronized 3 m springboard |
China (CHN) Guo Jingjing Wu Minxia |
Russia (RUS) Yuliya Pakhalina Anastasia Pozdniakova |
 Germany (GER)Ditte Kotzian Heike Fischer |
| Men's synchronized 10 m platform |
China (CHN) Lin Yue Huo Liang |
Germany (GER) Patrick Hausding Sascha Klein |
Russia (RUS) Gleb Galperin Dmitriy Dobroskok |
| Women's synchronized 10 m platform |
China (CHN) Wang Xin Chen Ruolin |
 Australia (AUS)Briony Cole Melissa Wu |
 Mexico (MEX)Paola Espinosa Tatiana Ortiz |
Equestrian edit
Fencing edit
Field hockey edit
Football edit
Gymnastics edit
Artistic edit
Rhythmic edit
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| individual all-around |
Yevgeniya Kanayeva Russia
|
Inna Zhukova Belarus
|
Anna Bessonova Ukraine
|
| team all-around |
Russia (RUS) Margarita Aliychuk Anna Gavrilenko Tatiana Gorbunova Yelena Posevina Daria Shkurikhina Natalia Zuyeva |
China (CHN) Cai Tongtong Chou Tao Lü Yuanyang Sui Jian-Shuang Sun Dan Zhang Shuo |
 Belarus (BLR)Olesya Babushkina Anastasia Ivankova Ksenia Sankovich Zinaida Lunina Glafira Martinovich Alina Tumilovich |
Trampoline edit
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's |
Lu Chunlong China
|
Jason Burnett Canada
|
Dong Dong China
|
| Women's |
He Wenna China
|
Karen Cockburn Canada
|
Ekaterina Khilko Uzbekistan
|
Handball edit
Judo edit
Modern pentathlon edit
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's |
Andrey Moiseyev Russia
|
Edvinas Krungolcas Lithuania
|
Andrejus Zadneprovskis Lithuania
|
| Women's |
Lena Schöneborn Germany
|
Heather Fell Great Britain
|
Not Awarded |
Rowing edit
Sailing edit
Shooting edit
Softball edit
Swimming edit
Synchronized swimming edit
Table tennis edit
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's singles |
Ma Lin China
|
Wang Hao China
|
Wang Liqin China
|
| Women's singles |
Zhang Yining China
|
Wang Nan China
|
Guo Yue China
|
| Men's team |
China (CHN) Ma Lin Wang Hao Wang Liqin |
Germany (GER) Timo Boll Dimitrij Ovtcharov Christian Süß |
South Korea (KOR) Oh Sang-Eun Ryu Seung-Min Yoon Jae-Young |
| Women's team |
China (CHN) Guo Yue Wang Nan Zhang Yining |
 Singapore (SIN)Feng Tianwei Li Jiawei Wang Yuegu |
South Korea (KOR) Dang Ye-Seo Kim Kyung-Ah Park Mi-Young |
Taekwondo edit
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's 58 kg |
Guillermo Pérez Mexico
|
Gabriel Mercedes Dominican Republic
|
Chu Mu-yen Chinese Taipei
|
Rohullah Nikpai Afghanistan
| |||
| Men's 68 kg |
Son Tae-Jin South Korea
|
Mark López United States
|
Servet Tazegül Turkey
|
| Sung Yu-Chi Chinese Taipei
| |||
| Men's 80 kg |
Hadi Saei Iran
|
Mauro Sarmiento Italy
|
Zhu Guo China
|
| Steven López United States
| |||
| Men's +80 kg |
Cha Dong-Min South Korea
|
Alexandros Nikolaidis Greece
|
Chika Chukwumerije Nigeria
|
Arman Chilmanov Kazakhstan
| |||
| Women's 49 kg |
Wu Jingyu China
|
Buttree Puedpong Thailand
|
Daynellis Montejo Cuba
|
Dalia Contreras Venezuela
| |||
| Women's 57 kg |
Lim Su-Jeong South Korea
|
Azize Tanrıkulu Turkey
|
Diana López United States
|
Martina Zubčić Croatia
| |||
| Women's 67 kg |
Hwang Kyung-Seon South Korea
|
Karine Sergerie Canada
|
Gwladys Épangue France
|
| Sandra Šarić Croatia
| |||
| Women's +67 kg |
María del Rosario Espinoza Mexico
|
Nina Solheim Norway
|
Sarah Stevenson Great Britain
|
Natália Falavigna Brazil
|
Tennis edit
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's singles |
Rafael Nadal Spain
|
Fernando González Chile
|
Novak Djokovic Serbia
|
| Women's singles |
Elena Dementieva Russia
|
Dinara Safina Russia
|
Vera Zvonareva Russia
|
| Men's doubles |
 Switzerland (SUI)Roger Federer Stanislas Wawrinka |
 Sweden (SWE)Simon Aspelin Thomas Johansson |
 United States (USA)Bob Bryan Mike Bryan |
| Women's doubles |
United States (USA) Serena Williams Venus Williams |
 Spain (ESP)Anabel Medina Garrigues Virginia Ruano Pascual |
China (CHN) Yan Zi Zheng Jie |
Triathlon edit
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's |
Jan Frodeno Germany
|
Simon Whitfield Canada
|
Bevan Docherty New Zealand
|
| Women's |
Emma Snowsill Australia
|
Vanessa Fernandes Portugal
|
Emma Moffatt Australia
|
Volleyball edit
Beach edit
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's |
United States (USA) Phil Dalhausser Todd Rogers |
Brazil (BRA) Márcio Araújo Fabio Magalhães |
Brazil (BRA) Ricardo Santos Emanuel Rego |
| Women's |
United States (USA) Misty May-Treanor Kerri Walsh |
China (CHN) Tian Jia Wang Jie |
China (CHN) Xue Chen Zhang Xi |
Indoor edit
Water polo edit
Weightlifting edit
Wrestling edit
Freestyle edit
Greco-Roman edit
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's 55 kg |
Nazyr Mankiev (RUS)
|
 Rovshan Bayramov (AZE)
|
Park Eun-Chul (KOR)
|
 Roman Amoyan (ARM)
| |||
| Men's 60 kg |
Islambek Albiev (RUS)
|
 Nurbakyt Tengizbayev (KAZ)
|
 Ruslan Tyumenbayev (KGZ)
|
| Sheng Jiang (CHN)
| |||
| Men's 66 kg |
Steeve Guenot (FRA)
|
Kanatbek Begaliev (KGZ)
|
Armen Vardanyan (UKR)
|
| Mikhail Siamionau (BLR)
| |||
| Men's 74 kg |
 Manuchar Kvirkelia (GEO)
|
Chang Yongxiang (CHN)
|
 Yavor Yanakiev (BUL)
|
| Christophe Guenot (FRA)
| |||
| Men's 84 kg |
Andrea Minguzzi (ITA)
|
 Zoltán Fodor (HUN)
|
 Nazmi Avluca (TUR)
|
| Vacant [E] | |||
| Men's 96 kg |
Aslanbek Khushtov (RUS)
|
Mirko Englich (GER)
|
Adam Wheeler (USA)
|
| Marek Švec (CZE)
| |||
| Men's 120 kg |
 Mijaín López (CUB)
|
 Mindaugas Mizgaitis (LTU)
|
Yury Patrikeyev (ARM)
|
| Yannick Szczepaniak (FRA)
|
Statistics edit
Medal leaders edit
Athletes that won at least three gold medals or at least four total medals are listed below.
| Athlete | Nation | Sport | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Michael Phelps | United States (USA)
|
Swimming | 8 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
|
Chris Hoy |  Great Britain (GBR)
|
Cycling | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
|
Zou Kai | China (CHN)
|
Gymnastics | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
|
Stephanie Rice | Australia (AUS)
|
Swimming | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
|
Libby Trickett | Australia (AUS)
|
Swimming | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
|
Ryan Lochte | United States (USA)
|
Swimming | 2 | 0 | 2 | 4 |
|
Nastia Liukin | United States (USA)
|
Gymnastics | 1 | 3 | 1 | 5 |
| Kirsty Coventry |  Zimbabwe (ZIM)
|
Swimming | 1 | 3 | 0 | 4 | |
|
Shawn Johnson | United States (USA)
|
Gymnastics | 1 | 3 | 0 | 4 |
|
Natalie Coughlin | United States (USA)
|
Swimming | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 |
Source:[21]
Medal winner changes edit
This section needs to be updated. (May 2021) |
^ A. Belarusian athletes Vadim Devyatovskiy and Ivan Tsikhan, who won silver and bronze respectively in the men's hammer throw, both tested positive for abnormal levels of testosterone. After attending a disciplinary hearing in September, they were stripped of their medals on December 11, 2008. Krisztián Pars of Hungary was given the silver medal, and Koji Murofushi of Japan was given the bronze.[22] On June 10, 2010, following a successful appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport, Devyatovskiy and Tsikhan had their medals reinstated.[23]
^ B. Ukrainian athlete Lyudmyla Blonska, who finished second in the women's heptathlon, tested positive for the steroid methyltestosterone. On August 22, 2008, the International Olympic Committee officially stripped Blonska of her medal, and as a result, the silver medal went to Hyleas Fountain of the United States, and the bronze medal to Tatyana Chernova of Russia.[24]
^ C. Norwegian equestrian athlete Tony André Hansen's horse tested positive for the pain relieving medication capsaicin, a banned substance. Hansen, who won a bronze medal in the team jumping event, was disqualified. In the team jumping system, the top three scores garnered by the four riders are counted. Hansen had the best score on his team, and it was removed from the total. Without Hansen's score, his team was below the bronze medal threshold so the medal was awarded to the team from Switzerland on December 22, 2008.[25]
^ D. On August 15, 2008, the International Olympic Committee announced North Korean shooter Kim Jong-su had tested positive for the banned substance propranolol and was stripped of his two medals. He had won a bronze medal in the 10 metre air pistol and silver in the 50 metre pistol. After Kim Jong-su was disqualified, the bronze medal in the 10 metre air pistol went to Jason Turner of the United States; in the 50 metre pistol, the silver medal went to Tan Zongliang of China, and the bronze medal to Vladimir Isakov of Russia.[26]
^ E. Swedish wrestler Ara Abrahamian was originally awarded a bronze medal in the Greco-Roman 84 kg event. However, at the medal ceremony he walked off the podium and dropped his medal on the mat in protest of the judging in his event. On August 16, 2008, the International Olympic Committee decided to strip him of his medal because they felt it amounted to a political demonstration and was disrespectful to other athletes.[27]
^ F. On November 18, 2009, the IOC announced that Rashid Ramzi of Bahrain had been stripped of the gold medal in the men's 1500 m race. Ramzi had been the first athlete from Bahrain to win an Olympic gold medal. His frozen blood sample was re-tested and found to contain traces of Continuous erythropoietin receptor activator (CERA), a stamina-building blood-booster. Kenyan Asbel Kipruto Kiprop was upgraded to gold, Nicholas Willis of New Zealand was given the silver and Mehdi Baala of France received the bronze.[28]
^ G. On November 18, 2009, the IOC announced that Italian cyclist Davide Rebellin had tested positive for Cera and had been stripped of the silver medal he earned in the men's road race. Switzerland's Fabian Cancellara was upgraded to silver and Russia's Alexandr Kolobnev was given the bronze.[28]
Notes edit
^ Note 1. Although the official opening of the Games was on 8 August 2008, football matches were held beginning on 6 August.[29]
^ Note 2. The fencing programme included six individual events and four team events, though the team events were a different set than were held in 2004. The International Fencing Federation's rules call for events not held in the previous Games to receive automatic selection and for at least one team event in each weapon to be held. Voting is conducted to determine the fourth event. In 2004, the three men's team events and the women's épée were held. Thus, in 2008, the women's foil and sabre events and men's épée were automatically selected. Men's sabre was chosen over foil by a 45–20 vote.[30]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ "Beijing 2008 Olympic Games". Swimming New Zealand. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
- ^ "Athens 2004". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2009-06-10.
- ^ "A 2008 Summer Olympics primer". New York Daily News. 2008-08-10. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
- ^ "Beijing 2008: Games Programme Finalised". International Olympic Committee. 2006-04-27. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
- ^ "Programme of the Games of the XXIX Olympiad, Beijing 2008" (PDF). International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
- ^ Michaelis, Vicki (2005-07-08). "Baseball, softball bumped from Olympics". USA Today. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
- ^ "Beijing 2008–Games of the XXVIV Olympiad". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2008-08-10.
- ^ Randy Harvey (2008-08-17). "Jamaicans 1-2-3 in women's 100". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2008-08-17.
- ^ "GOLD: x2 for U.S." The Globe and Mail. 2008-08-12. Archived from the original on 2008-08-17. Retrieved 2008-08-12.
Arkady Vyatchanin of Russia and Hayden Stoeckel of Australia tied for bronze.
- ^ "BBC Sport | Beijing 2008, Medals table". BBC. 2008-10-14. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
- ^ Crary, David (2009-08-24). "The final count: China's gold rush". NBCOlympics.com. NBC. Archived from the original on 2011-07-14. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
- ^ "Afghans win first Olympic medal". BBC Sports. 2009-06-05. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
- ^ "Mauritian delight at first ever medal". Times of India. 2008-08-22. Archived from the original on 2008-08-27. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
- ^ Osman, Mohamed (2008-08-24). "Darfur runner wins Sudan's first Olympic medal". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2011-07-14. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
- ^ Talmadge, Eric (2008-08-11). "Italy, Azerbaijan win golds". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
- ^ "Togo claims first Olympic medal". BBC News. 2008-08-12. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
- ^ "Naidan wins Mongolia's first gold". BBC News. 2008-08-14. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
- ^ "Liu out, Isinbayeva gets world record". The New York Times. 2008-08-18. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
- ^ Caple, Jim (2008-08-17). "How can one not be won over by Phelps' feat?". ESPN. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
- ^ a b "Factsheet: Records and medals Games of the Olympiad" (PDF) (Press release). International Olympic Committee. January 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-08-23. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
- ^ "Multiple-Medal Winners". The Official website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. Archived from the original on 2009-08-15. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
- ^ The Canadian Press (2008-12-11). "Belarusian hammer throwers stripped of medals". The Sports Network. Archived from the original on 2009-02-12. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
- ^ Ford, Bonnie D. (June 10, 2010). "CAS: Belarusians' doping tests invalid". ESPN.com. Associated Press. Retrieved August 8, 2010.
- ^ "Ukrainian Blonska stripped of silver medal in heptathlon". ESPN. 2008-08-22. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
- ^ The Canadian Press (2008-12-22). "Norwegian rider stripped of Olympic medal". The Sports Network. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
- ^ "2 more athletes fail doping tests". CBC Sports. 2008-08-15. Archived from the original on 2009-02-12. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
- ^ Jere Longman (2008-08-16). "Swede Stripped of His Medal After His Angry Reaction". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
- ^ a b Young, Chris (2009-11-19). "Young: Olympians lose medals after retroactive doping test". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2009-11-19.
- ^ Marcus, Jeffrey (2008-08-07). "U.S. Opens With Win Over Japan". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-01-18.
- ^ "List of decisions of the 2006 General Assembly" (PDF). Fédération Internationale d'Escrime. 2006-04-08. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-12-10. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
External links edit
- "Beijing 2008". Olympics.com. International Olympic Committee.
- "Schedules & results". The Official website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-08-07. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
- "Total Medals By Nation". Sports Illustrated. 2008. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
- Official website of the 2008 Summer Olympics