The list of kings of Ebla includes the known monarchs of Ebla who ruled three consecutive kingdoms. For the first kingdom's monarchs, tablets listing offerings to kings mention ten names,[1] and another list mentions 33 kings.[note 1][3][2] No kings are known from the second kingdom and all dates are estimates according to the Middle chronology.[4][5]

The list edit

 
Ibbit-Lim statue, dated to the third kingdom c. 2000 BC
 
Seated ruler, dated to the third kingdom, exhibited at the Cleveland Museum of Art
 
Prince Maratewari (left), crown prince of king Indilimma

Notes edit

  1. ^ Tablet TM.74.G.120 discovered by Alfonso Archi.[2]

References edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ Bryce 2014, p. 16.
  2. ^ a b Stieglitz 2002, p. 218.
  3. ^ a b c d Stieglitz 2002, p. 219.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Hamblin 2006, p. 241.
  5. ^ Frayne 2008, p. 44.
  6. ^ a b Stieglitz 2002, p. 222.
  7. ^ Stieglitz 2002, p. 221.
  8. ^ Archi 2002, p. 25.
  9. ^ Dolce 2008, p. 68.
  10. ^ Frayne 2008, p. 3-16.
  11. ^ a b Archi 2011, p. 5.
  12. ^ Archi, Alfonso., "The Wars of Ebla at the Time of Minister Ibrium" Altorientalische Forschungen, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 189-220, 2021
  13. ^ Biga, Maria Giovanna., "The Reconstruction of a Relative Chronology for the Ebla Texts.", Orientalia, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 345–67, 2003
  14. ^ a b c Archi 2015, p. 24.
  15. ^ Pettinato 1981, p. 27.
  16. ^ Aruz, Graff & Rakic 2013, p. 10.
  17. ^ Matthiae 2008, p. 35.
  18. ^ Matthiae 2010, p. 218.
  19. ^ Archi 2015, p. 20.
  20. ^ Matthiae 2006, p. 86.

Sources edit

  • Archi, Alfonso (2015). "A Royal Seal from Ebla (17th cent. B.C.) with Hittite Hieroglyphic Symbols". Orientalia. 84 (1). Gregorian Biblical Press: 18–28. JSTOR 26153279.
  • Alfonso Archi and Maria Giovanna Biga, "A Victory over Mari and the Fall of Ebla", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 55, pp. 1–44, 2003
  • Bryce, Trevor (2014). Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-100292-2.
  • Hamblin, William J. (2006). Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-52062-6.
  • Pettinato, Giovanni (1981). The archives of Ebla: an empire inscribed in clay. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-13152-0.
  • Aruz, Joan; Graff, Sarah B.; Rakic, Yelena, eds. (2013). Cultures in Contact: From Mesopotamia to the Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-1-58839-475-0.
  • Matthiae, Paolo (2006). "The Archaic Palace at Ebla: A Royal Building between Early Bronze Age IVB and Middle Bronze Age I". In Gitin, Seymour; Wright, J. Edward; Dessel, J. P. (eds.). Confronting the Past: Archaeological and Historical Essays on Ancient Israel in Honor of William G. Dever. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-117-7.
  • Matthiae, Paolo (2010). Ebla: la città del trono : archeologia e storia. Piccola biblioteca Einaudi: Arte, architettura, teatro, cinema, música (in Italian). Vol. 492. Einaudi. ISBN 978-88-06-20258-3.
  • Matthiae, Paolo (2008). "Ebla". In Aruz, Joan; Benzel, Kim; Evans, Jean M. (eds.). Beyond Babylon: Art, Trade, and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium B.C.. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-1-58839-295-4.
  • Archi, Alfonso (2011). "In Search of Armi". Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 63. The American Schools of Oriental Research: 5–34. doi:10.5615/jcunestud.63.0005. ISSN 2325-6737. S2CID 163552750.
  • Frayne, Douglas (2008). Pre-Sargonic Period: Early Periods (2700–2350 BC). The Royal inscriptions of Mesopotamia Early Periods. Vol. 1. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-9047-9.
  • Stieglitz, Robert R. (2002). "The Deified Kings of Ebla". In Gordon, Cyrus Herzl; Rendsburg, Gary (eds.). Eblaitica: Essays on the Ebla Archives and Eblaite Language. Vol. 4. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-060-6.
  • Archi, Alfonso (2002). "Formation of the West Hurrian Pantheon: The Case Of Ishara". In Yener, K. Aslihan; Hoffner, Harry A.; Dhesi, Simrit (eds.). Recent Developments in Hittite Archaeology and History. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-053-8.
  • Dolce, Rita (2008). "Ebla before the Achievement of Palace G Culture: An Evaluation of the Early Syrian Archaic Period". In Kühne, Hartmut; Czichon, Rainer Maria; Kreppner, Florian Janoscha (eds.). Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, 29 March - 3 April 2004, Freie Universität Berlin. Vol. 2. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-05757-8.