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Louis-Joseph Papineau

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For the 20th-century Canadian parliamentarian, see Louis-Joseph Papineau (Canadian parliamentarian).

Louis-Joseph Papineau (October 7, 1786 – September 23, 1871), born in Montreal, Quebec, was a politician, lawyer, and the landlord of the seigneurie de la Petite-Nation. He was the leader of the reformist Patriote movement before the Lower Canada Rebellion of 1837–1838. His father was Joseph Papineau, also a politician in Quebec. Papineau was the eldest of eight children[1] and was the grandfather of the journalist Henri Bourassa, founder of the newspaper Le Devoir.

Louis Joseph Papineau
Photo of fair-skinned man with white hair, tuft in front, wearing mid-Victorian business suit, sitting at a table
Born(1787 -10-07)October 7, 1787
Montreal, Province of Quebec
Died September 23, 1871(1871-09-23) (aged 84)
Montebello, Quebec, Canada
NationalityLower Canadian
Occupation(s)Lawyer, Member of Provincial Parliament, Speaker of the House of Assembly
Signature
L. J. Papineau

Childhood and education edit

 
The young Louis-Joseph, 10 years old

Papineau was described as an energetic child. He first studied in Montreal, at the Collège Saint-Raphaël from 1796 onwards, then at the Petit Séminaire de Québec, from 1802 to 1804.[2] His arrival at the Petit Séminaire de Québec was highly anticipated, and his reputation preceding him. Upon graduation, he began an apprenticeship under his father with the goal of becoming a blacksmith, but this was quickly abandoned when the young Papineau turned to law, joining his cousin Denis-Benjamin Viger.[1] Viger "was for a time the assembly's agent in London and became one of Papineau's prominent supporters and close friends, but after the rebellion, he was to follow Lafontaine."[3]

Papineau's later childhood was mainly spent on the seigniory of la Petite Nation, located on the Ottawa river, which was purchased by his father in 1801 from the Quebec Seminary.[3] During his time spent at the seigniory of La Petite-Nation, Papineau was sent to study at the College Saint-Raphaël in Montreal, where he rebelled and was forced to leave college. He was then sent to study at the Petit Seminaire de Québec, where he completed his secondary studies.[3]

In 1808 Papineau was elected member of parliament for Kent (now Chambly, Quebec) before being admitted to the Bar of Lower Canada in 1810. Later, he served as a militia officer in the War of 1812.[4]

In 1822, he was sent to London with John Neilson to present a petition of 60,000 signatures against the Union project. While in the United Kingdom, he was replaced by Joseph-Rémi Vallières de Saint-Réal as Speaker.

In 1826, he was chosen leader of the Patriotes, a reformed and more radical Parti Canadien. In 1831, he sponsored a law which granted full equivalent political rights to Jews, 27 years before anywhere else in the British Empire. The events that led to Jews receiving full citizenship rights in Lower Canada in advance of other nations or territories in the British Dominion were due to the involvement of one Ezekiel Hart, a Jew who had proved his dedication to the burgeoning Canadian identity by raising money to support troops in Lower Canada to help in defence against United States invasion from the south.

Papineau was part of the committee that wrote the Ninety-Two Resolutions passed by the Legislative Assembly on February 21, 1834. The resolutions called for an elected Legislative Council and an Executive Council responsible before the house of the people's representatives.

Speaker of the Legislative Assembly edit

Papineau was elected Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada on January 21, 1815. The same year, he replaced Pierre-Stanislas Bédard as leader of the Parti Canadien. Under his leadership, the party worked for the reform of Lower Canada's political institutions and strongly opposed the abuses of the appointed Legislative Council.

In 1820, he refused a position on the Legislative Council offered by governor Dalhousie.

Leader of the Patriotes edit

 
Papineau giving a political speech for the "Assemblée des six-comtés".

The British government eventually responded to the 92 Resolutions by issuing ten resolutions of their own, the Russell Resolutions (named after the Home Secretary, Lord John Russell). The British government rejected all of the 92 Resolutions. After the arrival of the Russell Resolutions in Lower Canada on March 6, 1837, Papineau led the movement of protest and participated in numerous popular assemblies. He led the committee that organized the boycott of essentially all British imports to Lower Canada. On November 15, he created the Conseil des Patriotes with Edmund Bailey O'Callaghan. He and O'Callaghan fled Montreal for Saint-Denis-sur-Richelieu on November 16, after governor Lord Gosford ordered their arrest and that of 25 other Patriot leaders. Papineau and O'Callaghan went to the home of Wolfred Nelson. He crossed the United States border on November 25.

In exile edit

 
Louis-Joseph Papineau, 1840

On February 8, 1839, he departed to leave New York City for Paris where he hoped to get France involved. In May, he published the Histoire de l'insurrection du Canada (History of the insurrection in Canada) in the magazine Progrès. Despite meeting with influential politicians such as Lamartine and Lamennais, the France of Louis-Philippe also remained neutral. After his wife left in 1843 "he spent a large part of his leisure in the main archival repositories in Paris, where he copied documents relating to French rule in Canada".[5]

His role in the 1837 rebellions against British rule forced him into a period of exile, during which he visited Italy and Switzerland. In 1845, three years after he was granted amnesty by the colonial government, he returned to Montreal in what was now the united Province of Canada.[3]

Return to politics edit

 
Portrait of Louis-Joseph Papineau, by Théophile Hamel.

In 1848, he was elected member of the new united Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada in the riding of Saint-Maurice. In severe disagreement with the emerging French Canadian Liberal Party, he sat as an independent member. A convinced republican after a long exile in the United States and France, Papineau supported the Montreal Annexation Manifesto that called for Canada to join the United States of America.[6][7]

Papineau, along with John Molson Jr., the son of John Molson, and Horatio Gates, served as the first Vice-Presidents of the Montreal Mechanics' Institute. He participated in the creation of the Parti rouge. He was defeated in 1851 but elected in a by-election in 1852. He did not present himself again in the elections of 1854. He retired from public life and reappeared only once to hold a conference at the Institut Canadien de Montréal in December 1867. He died at his manor in Montebello, Quebec near the modern Château Montebello on September 23, 1871.

Memorials edit

Both Papineau's manor house in Montebello and his house in Montreal are National Historic Sites,[8][9] and both are units of the national park system. The one in Montreal, designated in 1968, is closed to the public, but the Montebello property, designated in 1986, is open seasonally, from May to October. Papineau, himself, was named a National Historic Person in 1937. A federal plaque reflecting that status was finally unveiled in 2022, with plans to install it at Montebello.

On October 21, 2012, a monument to his memory was unveiled at Saint-Denis-sur-Richelieu by Quebec Premier Pauline Marois.

Papineau is commemorated by a public artwork installed in the metro station, Papineau that serves the street named for his father Joseph Papineau.[10] L'École Secondaire Louis-Joseph Papineau in Montreal was named after him.[11][12]

Family edit

 
Julie and Ézilda Papineau

Papineau married Julie Bruneau in Quebec City on April 29, 1818. Together, they had nine children .[13][14]

  • Amédée Papineau (1819–1903) – heir of Louis-Joseph;[clarification needed]
  • Didier Papineau (1820–1821);
  • Lachance Papineau (1822–1862) – died in a mental institution;
  • Arthur Papineau (1824–1825);
  • Aurelie Papineau (1826–1830);
  • Ézilda Papineau (1828–1894) – had dwarfism, did not have any children and stayed all her life in Montebello, Quebec;
  • Gustave Papineau (1830–1851);
  • Charles Papineau (1833–1834);
  • Azélie Papineau (1834–1869) – married the painter and architect Napoléon Bourassa (1827–1916), mother of Henri Bourassa, a famous journalist.[14]

Bibliography edit

Main article: Bibliography of Louis-Joseph Papineau
  • "A Chronology of the Life of Louis-Joseph Papineau", Manoir-Papineau National Historic site of Canada, Parks Canada
  • Ouellet, Fernand (1972). "Papineau, Louis-Joseph". In Hayne, David (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. X (1871–1880) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  • Fernand Ouellet. "Louis-Joseph Papineau: A Divided Soul", in Canadian Historical Association, 11, Ottawa, 1960
  • James Marsh. Papineau, Louis-Joseph, in the Canadian Encyclopedia Archived 2008-08-27 at the Wayback Machine
  • Edmund Bailey O'Callaghan. "A Biographical Sketch of the Hon. Louis Joseph Papineau, Speaker of the House of Assembly of Lower Canada", in Sentinel, Saratoga Springs, 1838
  • Gustave Proulx. Le Combat Magnifique: Louis-Joseph Papineau. Montréal: Les Presses de "La Presse", 1973. 124 p. Without ISBN
  • Thomas Storrow Brown. "Brief sketch of the life and times of the late Hon. Louis-Joseph Papineau", in New Dominion Monthly, 1872, January 1872, 20 pages
  • Johnny-Normand Pickering [-LeBlanc]: Le Mémorial Papineau, Éditions du Fleuve, Montréal, 1989[15]

Art Works edit

Paintings edit

Napoléon Bourassa, Louis-Joseph Papineau, beau-père de l'artiste, 1858, 152 x 114,9 cm, Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Québec.[16]

Alfred Boisseau, Louis-Joseph Papineau, 1871, Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Québec.[17]

Charles Alexander Smith, L'Assemblée des six comtés à Saint-Charles-sur-Richelieu en 1837, 1891, Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Québec.[17]

Lithography edit

Gerome Fassio, adapted from Antoine Maurin, Louis-Joseph Papineau, 1844, lithography, 37,8 x 30,7 cm, Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Québec.[18]

Sculptures edit

Louis-Philippe Hébert, adapted from Napoléon Bourassa, Louis-Joseph Papineau, 1874,  28,8 x 14 x 11,5 cm, Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Québec.[19]

Louis-Philippe Hébert, Louis-Joseph Papineau, 1887,  75 x 28 x 24 cm, Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Québec.[20]

Napoléon Bourassa, Louis-Joseph Papineau, 1900,  72 x 60,4 x 13,1 cm, Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Québec.[21]

Napoléon Bourassa, Louis-Joseph Papineau, 1900, 48 x 37 x 10 cm, Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Québec.[22]

Napoléon Bourassa, Louis-Joseph Papineau, 1900, 48 x 37 x 10 cm, Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Québec.[23]

Napoléon Bourassa, Louis-Joseph Papineau, 1900, 58 x 45,5 x 10 cm, Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Québec.[24]

Napoléon Bourassa, Louis-Joseph Papineau, 1900, 58 x 45,5 x 10 cm, Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Québec.[25]

Napoléon Bourassa, Louis-Joseph Papineau, 1900, 48 x 37 x 10 cm, Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Québec.[26]

Napoléon Bourassa, Louis-Joseph Papineau, 1900, 47 x 36 x 10 cm, Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Québec.[27]

Photography edit

Thomas Coffin Doane, Louis-Joseph Papineau, Daguerréotype, c. 1852, Library and Archives Canada, reference #3195235

Jules-Isaïe Benoît, dit Livernois, Louis-Joseph Papineau. Photographie d'un tableau de Théophile Hamel, 1863, Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Québec.[28]

Unknown, Louis-Joseph Papineau, de l'album Eugène-Hamel, circa 1865, 9,8 x 5,1 cm and; 7,8 x 4,6 cm, Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Québec.[29]

Henri-Napoléon Grenier, Louis-Joseph Papineau, de l'album de collection dit de Napoléon Garneau, 1870-1871, 10,2 x 6,3 cm; and 9,5 x 5,9 cm , Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Québec.[30]

Unknown, Le Musée du manoir Papineau, à Montebello, circa 1895, , 25,3 x 30,3 cm and 16,3 x 21,3 cm, Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Québec.[31]

Photo-engraving edit

Napoléon Bourassa, Louis-Joseph Papineau, circa 1900, 13,5 x 9 cm and 38,1 x 29,2 cm, Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Québec.[32]

Drawing edit

Jobson Paradis, La Chapelle funéraire Papineau, Montebello, circa 1900-1915, 23,4 x 28,6 cm, Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Québec.[33]

Note edit

The Art works section was copied and adapted from the French Wikipedia page of Louis-Joseph Papineau . See that page's history for attribution.

Archives edit

There is a Papineau family collection at Library and Archives Canada.[34] There is also a Papineau family fonds at Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec.[35]

See also edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Louis-Joseph Papineau.
 
Wikisource has original text related to this article:

References edit

  1. ^ a b Ouellet, Fernand (1972). Louis-Joseph Papineau: A Divided Soul. Canadian Historical Association. p. 6.
  2. ^ "Louis-Joseph Papineau", "Biography". Dictionnaire des parlementaires du Québec de 1792 à nos jours (in French). National Assembly of Quebec.
  3. ^ a b c d Ouellet, Fernand (1972). Louis-Joseph Papineau: A Divided Soul. Canadian Historical Association.
  4. ^ Bothwell, Bob (2007). Penguin History of Canada. Penguin Canada. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-14-318126-2.
  5. ^ Ouellet, Fernand (1972). Louis-Joseph Papineau: A Divided Soul. Canadian Historical Association. p. 17.
  6. ^ Gough, Barry M. (28 October 2010). Historical Dictionary of Canada. Scarecrow Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-8108-7504-3. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
  7. ^ Ouellet, Fernand (1972). "Papineau, Louis-Joseph". In Hayne, David (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. X (1871–1880) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  8. ^ Louis-Joseph Papineau. Canadian Register of Historic Places. Retrieved August 1, 2011.
  9. ^ Manoir Papineau. Canadian Register of Historic Places. Retrieved August 1, 2011.
  10. ^ "Station Papineau". Metro Montreal. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  11. ^ Soucy, Yves (4 June 2008). "L'école Louis-Joseph-Papineau fête ses 100 ans". LeDroit. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  12. ^ "Famille de Louis-Joseph Papineau". Bibliothèque nationale du Québec. Government of Quebec. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
  13. ^ Parks Canada Agency, Government of Canada (2017-06-21). "The Papineau family – Manoir Papineau National Historic Site". www.pc.gc.ca. Retrieved 2020-03-23.
  14. ^ a b "-1.13972 French website on M Papineau's family". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-12-06.
  15. ^ Pickering Leblanc, J.-Normand (1989). Le mémorial Papineau (in French). Montréal: Éditions du Fleuve. ISBN 978-2-89372-028-9. OCLC 21447143.
  16. ^ "Louis-Joseph Papineau, beau-père de l'artiste - Bourassa, Napoléon". Collections | MNBAQ. Retrieved 2021-06-04.
  17. ^ a b "Louis-Joseph Papineau. D'après une photographie - Boisseau, Alfred". Collections | MNBAQ. Retrieved 2021-06-04.
  18. ^ "Louis-Joseph Papineau - Fassio, Gerome, d'après Antoine Maurin". Collections | MNBAQ. Retrieved 2021-06-04.
  19. ^ "Louis-Joseph Papineau - Hébert, Louis-Philippe, d'après Napoléon Bourassa". Collections | MNBAQ. Retrieved 2021-06-04.
  20. ^ "Louis-Joseph Papineau - Hébert, Louis-Philippe". Collections | MNBAQ. Retrieved 2021-06-04.
  21. ^ "Louis-Joseph Papineau - Bourassa, Napoléon". Collections | MNBAQ. Retrieved 2021-06-04.
  22. ^ "Louis-Joseph Papineau - Bourassa, Napoléon". Collections | MNBAQ. Retrieved 2021-06-04.
  23. ^ "Louis-Joseph Papineau - Bourassa, Napoléon". Collections | MNBAQ. Retrieved 2021-06-04.
  24. ^ "Louis-Joseph Papineau - Bourassa, Napoléon". Collections | MNBAQ. Retrieved 2021-06-04.
  25. ^ "Louis-Joseph Papineau - Bourassa, Napoléon". Collections | MNBAQ. Retrieved 2021-06-04.
  26. ^ "Louis-Joseph Papineau - Bourassa, Napoléon". Collections | MNBAQ. Retrieved 2021-06-04.
  27. ^ "Louis-Joseph Papineau - Bourassa, Napoléon". Collections | MNBAQ. Retrieved 2021-06-04.
  28. ^ "Louis-Joseph Papineau. Photographie d'un tableau de Théophile Hamel - Livernois, Jules-Isaïe Benoît, dit". Collections | MNBAQ. Retrieved 2021-06-04.
  29. ^ "Louis-Joseph Papineau, de l'album Eugène-Hamel - Inconnu". Collections | MNBAQ. Retrieved 2021-06-04.
  30. ^ "Louis-Joseph Papineau, de l'album de collection dit de Napoléon Garneau - Grenier, Henri-Napoléon". Collections | MNBAQ. Retrieved 2021-06-04.
  31. ^ "Le Musée du manoir Papineau, à Montebello - Inconnu". Collections | MNBAQ. Retrieved 2021-06-04.
  32. ^ "Louis-Joseph Papineau - Bourassa, Napoléon". Collections | MNBAQ. Retrieved 2021-06-04.
  33. ^ "La Chapelle funéraire Papineau, Montebello - Paradis, Jobson". Collections | MNBAQ. Retrieved 2021-06-04.
  34. ^ "Papineau family collection, Library and Archives Canada". 25 November 2016. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  35. ^ "Papineau family fonds, Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec". Retrieved September 17, 2020.

External links edit

Political offices
Preceded by MPP, District of Kent
1809–1814 		Succeeded by
Preceded by MPP, District of Montreal West
1814–1837 		Succeeded by
none
Preceded by MLA, District of Saint-Maurice
1848–1851 		Succeeded by
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