The Madīd (مَدِيد, "protracted") metre is one of the metres used in classical Arabic poetry. The theoretical pattern of the metre is as follows, where u = a short syllable, – a long syllable, and x = anceps (either long or short):
- فَاعِلَاتُنْ فَاعِلُنْ فَاعِلَاتُنْ فَاعِلُنْ
- Fāʿilātun Fāʿilun Fāʿilātun Fāʿilun
- | x u – x | x u – | x u – – | x u – |
However, more usually the metre is found in a trimeter version. The full version of the trimeter is as follows:
- فَاعِلَاتُنْ فَاعِلُنْ فَاعِلَاتُنْ
- Fāʿilātun Fāʿilun Fāʿilātun
- | x u – x | x u – | x u – – |
In two of the examples below, the metre is used in a catalectic trimeter version (i.e. shortened by one syllable), as follows:
- فَاعِلَاتُنْ فَاعِلُنْ فَاعِلُنْ
- Fāʿilātun Fāʿilun Fāʿilun
- | x u – x | x u – | x u – |
In the above catalectic trimeter version, the 2nd and 3rd anceps syllables (x) are usually long (never both short),[1] and the 3rd is almost always short.[2] The final foot | u u – | may become | – – |.
The Madīd metre is only rarely used. Only 0.43% of Vadet's corpus of 1st–3rd century AD poetry are in this metre.[3] It does not occur at all in Stoetzer's corpus of 8th-century poems[3] or in the 10th-century poet al-Mutanabbi.[4] The tetrameter version is rarely found in practice except in prosodists' examples.[5]
Examples edit
Tetrameter edit
The longer tetrameter version of this metre is rare. The following line, a mother's lament for her son, is found in the Ḥamāsa, an anthology of poems compiled in the 9th century by Abū Tammām:[6]
- ليت قلبي ساعةً صبرهُ عنكَ مَلَك * ليت نفسي قُدِّمت للمنايا بدلك
- layta qalb-ī sāʿatan * ṣabra-hū ʿanka malak
- layta nafs-ī quddimat * li-l-manāyā badalak
- | – u – – | – u – || – u – – | u u – |
- "Would that my heart for an hour * could control its grief for you;
- Would that my soul could be sacrificed * to Fate instead of you."
In this version, there is a clear break between the two halves of the hemistich.
Trimeter edit
The trimeter is more common than the tetrameter. The following line is by the 8th-century Iraqi poet Abu-l-ʿAtahiya:[7]
- إنّما أنتَ بوادي ٱلمنايا * إن رماكَ ٱلموت فيه أصابا
- ʼinnamā ʼanta bi-wādi l-manāyā
- ʼin ramāka l-mawtu fīhi ʼaṣābā
- | – u – – | u u – | – u – – |
- | – u – – | – u – | u u – – |
- "Lo, you are dwelling in Fate's vale;
- when Death strikes you, it will not fail."
Trimeter catalectic edit
More often the trimeter is used in a catalectic version, that is, with the final syllable missing. A well known poem in this catalectic version is the following by the Baghdadi Sufi poet Sumnūn al-Muḥibb (also known as Samnūn, died c. 910 AD):[8]
- كان لى قلب أعيش به * ضــــــاع منى فى تقلبه
- رب فاردده عليّ فقد * ضاق صدري في تطلبه
- وأغث ما دام بي رمقٌ * يا غياثَ المستغيثِ به
- kāna lī qalbun ’aʿīšu bihī
- ḍāʿa minnī fī taqallubihī
- rabbi fardudhu ʿalayya fa-qad
- ḍāqa ṣadrī fī taṭallubihī
- wa-ʼaḡiṯ mā dāma bī ramaqun
- yā ḡiyāṯa l-mustaḡīṯi bihī
- – u – – | – u – | u u –
- – u – – | – u – | u u –
- – u – – | u u – | u u –
- – u – – | – u – | u u –
- – u – – | – u – | u u –
- – u – – | – u – | u u –
- "I had a heart which I lived with;
- I lost it in its turning.
- Lord, return it to me, since
- my breast has become narrow in searching for it.
- And succour me as long as life remains,
- O succour of him who seeks assistance."
Another version of the metre is used by the Arabian poet Baha' al-din Zuhair (1186–1258) in the love ode which begins:[9]
- کل شیء منک مقبول * وعلی العینین محمول
- والاذی یرضیک من تلفی * هین عندی ومبذول
- kullu šayʼin minka maqbūlū
- wa ʿala l-ʿaynayni maḥmūlū
- wa-l-laḏī yurḍīka min talafī
- hayyinun ʿindī wa mabḏūlū
- – u – – | – u – | – –
- u u – – | – u – | – –
- – u – – | – u – | u u –
- – u – – | – u – | – –
- "Everything from you is acceptable
- and bearable in my eyes;
- And what pleases you of my destruction
- is easy for me and (readily) bestowed."
In this version of the metre, the final u u – is optionally changed to – –. This variation, affecting the last three syllables of the line, is also found in the Basīṭ metre, and is also common in Persian poetry.[10]
Medieval Hebrew poetry edit
This metre is almost never used in medieval Hebrew poetry. However, Halper quotes a piyyut written by the 12th-century Spanish scholar Abraham ibn Ezra in the trimeter version of the metre, which runs as follows:[11]
- אֶשְׂמְחָה כִּי אֶפְתְּחָה פִּי לְהוֹדוֹת
- אֶעֱנֶה טוּב מַעֲנֶה שִׁיר יְדִידוֹת
- ’esmĕchah ki ’eftĕchah pi lĕhodot
- ’e‘ĕneh tuv ma‘ăneh shir yĕdidot
- | – u – – | – u – | – u – – |
Because of the rarity of short syllables in Hebrew, Ibn Izra chooses the long alternative of each anceps.
See also edit
References edit
- ^ "Madīd", Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition.
- ^ Wright, W. (1896), A Grammar of the Arabic Language, vol. 2, p. 367.
- ^ a b Golston, Chris & Riad, Tomas (1997). "The Phonology of classical Arabic meter". Linguistics 35 (1997), 111-132.
- ^ Frolov, Dmitry (1996). "The Circles of al-Khalil and the structure of Luzumiyyat of Abu 'l-'Ala' al-Ma'arri". Studies in Near Eastern Languages and Literatures. Memorial Volume of Karel Petraček, Praha, 1996, 223-236.), p. 3.
- ^ "Madīd", Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition.
- ^ Quoted by Halper, B . "The Scansion of Mediaeval Hebrew Poetry". The Jewish Quarterly Review vol. IV, (1913–14), p. 215.
- ^ Quoted by Halper, B . "The Scansion of Mediaeval Hebrew Poetry". The Jewish Quarterly Review vol. IV, (1913–14), p. 216.
- ^ Sumnūn. Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition.
- ^ Quoted in A.J. Arberry, Arabic Poetry: A Primer for Students no. 24.
- ^ L.P. Elwell-Sutton (1976), The Persian Metres, pp. 128–135.
- ^ Halper, B . "The Scansion of Mediaeval Hebrew Poetry". The Jewish Quarterly Review vol. IV, (1913–14), p. 216.
External links edit
- A recitation of Sumnūn's kāna lī qalbun.
- A traditional lesson on the Madid metre by Muhammad Hasan Uthman (in Arabic)