The National Security Language Initiative (NSLI) is a program introduced by United States President George W. Bush on January 5, 2006 at the U.S. University President's Summit to develop the foreign language skills of American high school students, especially in "critical-need" foreign languages such as Arabic, Mandarin Chinese, Russian, Hindi, and Persian. The initiative was given $114 million in fiscal year 2007 and $26.6 million in 2008 to expand programs from kindergarten level to universities. Schools were additionally awarded $750 million for critical language education.[4][5][6][7]
The National Security Language Initiative | |
  Seal of the U.S. Department of State | |
 Logo of the NSLI | |
| Founded | 2006 |
|---|---|
| Founder | • U.S. Department of State •American Councils for International Education |
| Type | Government initiative |
| Focus | Language education, intercultural dialogue, promote international diplomacy |
| Location |
|
Region |  United States
Partner/host countries:  Turkey |
Members | 6,500 (2020)[3] |
Employees | 300+ |
| Website | https://www.nsliforyouth.org/ |
The program is a part of multiple programs promoted by the Department of State's Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs (ECA), such as the Fulbright Program, the Gilman Program, and the Critical Language Scholarship Program. The White House has noted in 2011 that ECA alumni number over one million globally, including over 50 Nobel laureates and over 300 current or former heads of state.[8]
History edit
NSLI was launched in 2006 by United States President George W. Bush as a means to strengthen national security and expand intercultural dialogue. The languages sponsored by NSLI were described as "critical need" languages for international diplomacy. The program was awarded $114 million in 2007.[9][10]
From 2006 to 2008, NSLI's first three years in operation, the program offered study abroad opportunities in only Arabic and Mandarin Chinese. Around 1000 scholarships were awarded in total in those three years solely in a short-term summer program. Since then, NSLI has included 6 new languages as a part of its program: Hindi, Indonesian, Korean, Tajiki Persian, Russian, and Turkish. It has since expanded its programs from only summer programs to academic year programs, as well, and in 2019 a 10 week virtual program was launched, V-NSLI. As of 2020, NSLI-Y has accumulated a student network of over 6,500 individuals.[11]
Scope of the program edit
The initiative is coordinated by the State Department, Education Department, Defense Department and the Director of National Intelligence.[12]
The National Security Language Initiative has three broad goals: expand the number of Americans mastering critical need languages and start at a younger age, increase the number of advanced-level speakers of foreign languages, increase the number of foreign language teachers and the resources for them.[4] NSLI for Youth's summer and academic year study abroad programs are open exclusively to American high school students.
Reception edit
Alumni edit
In an Alumni Report conducted by NSLI-Y, 94% of alumni respondents reported the program as a positive experience in their educational careers and 99% labeled it as "the most or one of the most influential educational experiences in their lifetime." Additionally NSLI-Y reports a significant number of alumni attending or have attended prestigious universities in the United States and abroad, in addition of over 100 alumni having careers and internships in agencies of the United States federal government, particularly in the field of diplomacy and national intelligence.[13]
Criticism edit
Several college leaders have expressed concern about how large of a role the Pentagon is playing in the initiative and, after the program was announced, the lack of details.[14]
Additionally, criticism was drawn when the program was first announced in a speech by Bush at the United States University Presidents Summit in 2007 when he described foreign language education as a means to "defeat [terrorists] in foreign battlefields so they don't strike us here at home." Bush's intentions were initially viewed as an offense strategy rather than to promote international diplomacy through intercultural dialogue.[15]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ "汉语夏令营中的歌曲教学研究--《西北大学》2017年硕士论文". cdmd.cnki.com.cn. Retrieved 2020-07-06.
- ^ 조영미 (2012). "미 국무성 주관 National Security Language Initiative for Youth 프로그램 연구 -한국어 몰입교육 프로그램 방향 모색-". 이중언어학 (in Korean). Retrieved 2020-07-06.
- ^ "History of NSLI-Y". NSLI. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
- ^ a b Powell, Dina (2006), National Security Language Initiative, retrieved 2008-03-06
- ^ Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs (2008), National Security Language Initiative (NSLI), archived from the original on September 29, 2008, retrieved 2008-09-29
- ^ Bishnoi, Rati (2006). "DOD BOOSTS LANGUAGE TRAINING FUNDS FOR NEW ADMINISTRATION INITIATIVE". Inside the Pentagon. 22 (2): 11–12. ISSN 2164-814X.
- ^ Cherry, Maurice C.; Wilkerson, Carol (2008). "Dimension 2008: Languages for the Nation" (PDF). Southern Conference on Language Teaching: 91 – via Database.
- ^ "First Lady Michelle Obama Urges American Youth to Strengthen U.S. – China Ties". whitehouse.gov. 2011-01-19. Retrieved 2020-06-17.
- ^ Lewis, Anne C. (2007). "Language Learning and National Security". The Phi Delta Kappan. 89 (2): 84–85. doi:10.1177/003172170708900202. ISSN 0031-7217. JSTOR 20442423. S2CID 145540740.
- ^ U.S. Department of Education, Office of Postsecondary Education, Enhancing Foreign Language Proficiency in the United States: Preliminary Results of the National Security Language Initiative, Washington, D.C., 2008.
- ^ Wible, Scott (2009). "Composing Alternatives to a National Security Language Policy". College English. 71 (5): 460–485. ISSN 0010-0994. JSTOR 25652986.
- ^ United States Department of Education (2008), National Security Language Initiative (NSLI) - About, retrieved 2011-06-23
- ^ "NSLI for Youth Alumni Survey 2018" (PDF). NSLIY Surveys. 2018 – via NSLIY.
- ^ Capriccioso, Rob; Epstein, David (2006), "Bush Push on 'Critical' Foreign Languages", Inside Higher Ed, retrieved 2011-06-23
- ^ Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs. "Remarks by President Bush to the U.S. University Presidents Summit on International Education". 2001-2009.state.gov. Retrieved 2020-06-14.