Needwood Forest was a large area of ancient woodland in Staffordshire, England, which was largely lost at the end of the 18th century.
| Needwood Forest | |
|---|---|
 A Cottage in Needwood Forest by Joseph Wright 1790 | |
 | |
| Type | Woodland |
| Location | Staffordshire |
| Coordinates | 52°49′N 1°46′W / 52.81°N 1.76°W |
| Area | 9,437 acres (38.19 km2)[1] |
| Created | 1266 |
| Status | Some parts remain |
History edit
The forest was on extensive lands owned by the Berkeley family of Berkeley Castle in Gloucestershire. The forest was home to extensive stocks of wild boar and fallow deer.[2]
In the 13th century, Thomas de Berkeley was assigned to be the keeper of the Tutbury ward, and while resident at Tutbury Castle liked to hunt the forest. He had a hunting lodge built, Byrkley Lodge. In 1267, Thomas married the daughter of William de Ferrers, the Earl of Derby.[2]
During the rebellion of Simon de Montford against King Henry III, the de Ferrers family allied themselves with the rebellion. After the rebellion was put down, the de Ferrers were forced to forfeit their estates to the crown. Henry III gave the forest to his son Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Lancaster, in 1266.[3] His son Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster died childless in 1322, and thus the wood passed to the King. Renamed Needwood Chase or royal forest, it was subsequently owned by the Duchy of Lancaster until it passed into the possession of Henry IV in 1399.[2]
By this time the lodge had become the residence of the local keeper (judge). The lodge was redeveloped by King Edward IV, and used extensively for hunting by both himself and King James I.[2] It was during this period that the forest became commonly associated with Sir Gawain's Green Knight.[citation needed]
Enclosure and deforestation edit
In 1776, Francis Noel Clarke Mundy privately published a book of poetry called Needwood Forest which contained his own poem of the same name and supportive contributions from Sir Brooke Boothby Bt., Erasmus Darwin and Anna Seward. The purpose of Mundy's poems was to resist calls for the enclosure of the forest. Seward wrote a poem called "The fall of Needwood Forest",[4] which she regarded as "one of the most beautiful local poems".[5] Seward's parents adopted Honora Sneyd Edgeworth, who was probably related to the engraver, Mary Emma Sneyd.[6][7][8][9] By the early 1790s, Thomas Gisborne held the perpetual curacy of Barton-under-Needwood. Gisborne regarded Needwood much as Gilbert White did Selborne, and wrote of his walks in the forest to resist enclosure.
| Needwood Forest or Chase Inclosure Act 1801 | |
|---|---|
| Act of Parliament | |
 | |
| Long title | An act for dividing; allotting and inclosing the forest or chase of Needwood, in the county of Stafford. |
| Citation | 41 Geo. 3. (U.K.) c. lvi |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 20 June 1801 |
However, in 1803 an act of Parliament was passed, allowing the forestry commissioners to enclose the lands and deforest it. By 1811 the land had been divided amongst a number of claimants. By 1851 Needwood Forest was described as forming "one of the most beautiful and highly cultivated territories in the honour of Tutbury, which contains 9,437 acres (38.19 km2) of land, in the five parishes of Hanbury, Tutbury, Tatenhill, Yoxall, and Rolleston, and subdivided into the four wards of Tutbury, Barton, Marchington, and Yoxall, which together form a district of over seven miles (11 km) in length and three in breadth, extending northwards from Wichnor to Marchington Woodlands."
Present edit
The name lives on in the village and civil parish of Barton-under-Needwood, south of the former forest; and the hamlet of Needwood, in Anslow and Tatenhill parishes.[10]
The former forest area now encloses some twenty farms, on which dairy farming is the principal enterprise. Byrkley Lodge was demolished in 1953, and today its former grounds are the site of the English National Football Centre, St George's Park.
490 acres (2.0 km2) of woodland remain,[3] with some parts still open to the public. Jackson Bank at Hoar Cross is a mature, mixed 80-acre (320,000 m2) woodland still owned by the Duchy of Lancaster, which is open to the public.[11] Bagot's Wood near Abbots Bromley claims to be the largest remaining part of the forest.
The National Forest is an environmental project planned to link the ancient forests of Needwood and Charnwood. Portions of Leicestershire, Derbyshire and Staffordshire are being planted, in an attempt to create a 200 square miles (520 km2) area blending ancient woodland with new plantings to create a new national forest.
References edit
- ^ White, William (1851). History, Gazetteer and Directory of Staffordshire. Sheffield. Retrieved 30 May 2008.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b c d "Byrkley Park – Early History". Burton on Trent Local History Archive. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
- ^ a b "The Needwood Survey". Duchy of Lancaster. Archived from the original on 19 October 2007. Retrieved 30 May 2008.
- ^ "Needwood Forest. Mundy, Francis Noel Clarke". Maggs Rare Books. Archived from the original on 6 December 2010.
- ^ Bowerbank, Sylvia (24 May 2004). Speaking for Nature: Women and Ecologies of Early Modern England. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-7872-5.
- ^ "Letters from Miss M.E. Sneyd to Robert Hand relating to Byrkley Lodge". The National Archives. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
- ^ "Byrkley Lodge – History". Burton on Trent Local History Archive. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
- ^ "Legge family, Earls of Dartmouth: family papers". The National Archives. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
- ^ Watt, Sarah (April 2010). "Statement of Significance in Respect of St. George's Park, National Football Centre on Behalf of The Football Association" (PDF). East Staffordshire Borough Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
- ^ "Map of Needwood, Staffordshire". Streetmap.co.uk. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
- ^ "Jackson's Bank". The National Forest. Archived from the original on 1 March 2010. Retrieved 30 May 2008.
- Mundy, Francis (1776). Needwood Forest. Lichfield: John Jackson – via Google Books.