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The Party of the Hutu Emancipation Movement (French: Parti du Mouvement de l'Emancipation Hutu, Parmehutu), also known as the Republican Democratic Movement – Parmehutu (Mouvement démocratique républicain – Parmehutu, MDR-Parmehutu), was a political party in Rwanda. The movement emphasised the right of the majority ethnicity to rule and asserted the supremacy of Hutus over Tutsis. It was the most important party of the "Hutu Revolution" of 1959–61 that led to Rwanda becoming an independent republic and Hutus superseding Tutsis as the ruling group.[1]
Party of the Hutu Emancipation Movement Parti du Mouvement de l'Emancipation Hutu | |
|---|---|
| Abbreviation | Parmehutu |
| Founder | Grégoire Kayibanda |
| Founded | June 1957 |
| Dissolved | July 1973 |
| Succeeded by | National Revolutionary Movement for Development (1975) |
| Headquarters | Kigali, Rwanda |
| Ideology | Anti-monarchism Anti-communism Hutu Power[1] |
| Political position | Far-right[2] |
| Party flag | |
.png) | |
History edit
The party was founded by Grégoire Kayibanda in June 1957 as the Hutu Social Movement, a party of Hutu nationalists who fought for the emancipation of the "oppressed" Hutu majority.[3] It was renamed on 25 September 1959, and dominated the local elections in 1960, winning 2,390 of 3,125 elected communal council seats and 160 of 229 burgomasters.[4]
In 1961, parliamentary elections were held alongside a referendum on the Tutsi monarchy of Mwami Kigeri V. MDR-Parmehutu won 35 of the 44 seats in the Legislative Assembly, whilst the referendum saw the end of the monarchy. Kayibanda appointed a government of Hutus, and became president after independence in July 1962. By 1965, it was the only legal party in the country, and the 1965 elections saw Kayibanda run unopposed for the presidency and the party win all 47 National Assembly seats.
Under the Parmehutu rule, Tutsis were severely discriminated against, persecuted, and repeatedly massacred,[5] leading to hundreds of thousands of Tutsi fleeing the country. The 1963 Tutsi massacres were described by Bertrand Russell as "the worst since the Holocaust"; in 1967 another 20,000 Tutsi were killed.[6]
In the July 1973 coup, Kayibanda was ousted by his cousin Major-General Juvénal Habyarimana who, like other leaders from Rwanda's north (abakonde) felt marginalised by the Southern-dominated Parmehutu regime.[7] The Parmehutu party was suspended and was officially banned two years later when Rwanda became a one-party state under Habyarimana's new National Revolutionary Movement for Development (MRND), which was dominated by Hutu from the northern and northwestern parts of the country.[1]
Electoral history edit
Presidential Elections edit
| Election | Party candidate | Votes | % | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1965 | Grégoire Kayibanda | 1,236,654 | 100% | Elected 
|
| 1969 | 1,426,159 | 100% | Elected
|
Chamber of Deputies elections edit
| Election | Party leader | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Position | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1961 | Grégoire Kayibanda | 974,329 | 77.6% | 35 / 44
|
 35
|
1st
|
Supermajority government |
| 1965 | 1,231,788 | 100% | 47 / 47
|
12
|
 1st
|
Sole legal party | |
| 1969 | 1,426,701 | 100% | 47 / 47
|
|
1st
|
Sole legal party |
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b c Niesen, Peter (2013). Political party bans in Rwanda 1994–2003: three narratives of justification. Routledge. p. 113.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ http://tesi.luiss.it/24464/1/081612_ZANETTA%20BRANDONI_VERONI.pdf
- ^ "Rwanda - Rwanda under German and Belgian control | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-03-31.
- ^ Somerville, Keith (2012). Radio Propaganda and the Broadcasting of Hatred: Historical Development and Definitions. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 164.
- ^ Mckinney, Stephanie L. (2012). Narrating genocide on the streets of Kigali. Routledge. pp. 160–161.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Aspegren, Lennart (2006). Never again?: Rwanda and the World. The Raoul Wallenberg Institute human rights library. Vol. 26. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 172–173. ISBN 9004151818.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Somerville, p.167
Further reading edit
- Saur, Léon (2009). "La frontière ethnique comme outil de conquête du pouvoir: le cas du Parmehutu". Journal of Eastern African Studies. 3 (2): 303–316. doi:10.1080/17531050902972956. S2CID 144820711.