Peter the Iberian (Georgian: პეტრე იბერი, romanized: p'et're iberi) (c. 417-491) was a Georgian royal prince, theologian and philosopher who was a prominent figure in early Christianity and one of the founders of Christian Neoplatonism. Some have claimed that he is the author known conventionally as Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite.[3]
Peter the Iberian | |
|---|---|
 Fresco of Peter the Iberian at the Monastery of the Cross in Jerusalem | |
| Bishop of Maiuma | |
| Born | c. 417 Kingdom of Iberia |
| Died | 2 December,[1] 491 Yavne-Yam, Palaestina Prima |
| Venerated in | Eastern Christianity |
| Feast | 2 December (Georgian Church)[1] 27 November & 1 December (Syriac Christianity)[2] 1 Kiahk (Oriental Orthodoxy) |
| Controversy | Christology |
| Influences | Zeno the Prophet, John the Laz |
| Influenced | Severus of Antioch, John Rufus |
Tradition or genre | Desert Fathers |
His accomplishments include founding the first Georgian monastery in Bethlehem and becoming the bishop of Maiuma near Gaza. The oldest Georgian Bir el Qutt inscriptions mention Peter with his father.
Life edit
Early life in Constantinople and Jerusalem edit
Peter was born into the royal Chosroid dynasty of the Kings of Iberia (Eastern Georgia)[4] and was initially named Murvan (alternatively, Nabarnugios), Prince of Iberia (Kartli). His father, King Bosmarios of Iberia, invited noted philosopher Mithradates from Lazica (also called John the Eunuch) to take part in Murvan's education. For a time, the child was kept hidden so as not to be delivered as a hostage to the Persians.[5]
In 423, at the age of about five, the prince was sent as a political hostage to Constantinople to ensure the loyalty of Iberia to the Byzantines rather than to the Persians.[6] Here he received a brilliant education under a personal patronage of the Roman empress Aelia Eudocia, wife of Theodosius II. When he was about twenty, the young prince, together with his mentor Mithradates, left the palace and made a pilgrimage to Palestine. It remains uncertain whether they had planned to return to Constantinople or if this was an escape, nevertheless there presence in Jerusalem was commonly known and they were not forced to return.
In Jerusalem, they were received by Melania the Younger, a famous ascetic whom Peter had met earlier in Constantinople and who might have inspired him to follow her. Melania bestowed upon them the monastic garb in a ceremony in the Anastasis and they became monks at her monastery on the Mount of Olives under their new names Peter and John.[7] Peter brought with him also relics of Persian martyrs, which were interred in a martyrion build by Melania on the mountain with patriarch Cyril of Alexandria conducting the ceremony, as well money which they used to build their own monastery (later called the monastery of the Iberians) and which they converted into a hostel for pilgrims after some time.[8]
Life in Gaza edit
It was the monk Zeno, called the Prophet, who recalled them to their monastic life and upon whose advice they departed to a monastery between Gaza and Maiuma. There, Zeno became Peter's spiritual guide and Peter became acquainted with the monastic circles in the region. According to his biographer, John Rufus, Peter refused to write to or receive letters from home lest it undermine his ascetic discipline.[4] At some point around 445, the bishop of Maiuma ordained Peter though Peter attempted to avoid serving as a priest in favour of monastic life.[9]
In 452, he was consecrated bishop of Maiuma by Patriarch Theodosius. He only served for six months before some Christians were banished by the decree of the local ruler. Peter escaped to Egypt, where he found refuge in the Enaton.
In the early 470s, Peter moved to Peleia near Ascalon where he continued ascetic activities, visiting various towns and villages of Palestine. Here he acquired great fame as a holy Father. He was called "pillar of Orthodoxy", "Great Peter", "the second Apostle Paul", "the second Moses" and "an exceedingly wonderful person".[10] He gained numerous followers and disciples. According to the medieval sources, he was an author of several famous religious works. However, none of them survived to be written under the name of Peter. For three years he lived at the hermitage of Hilarion, then for some time in a shack on the seashore near Azotus before moving on estate at Yavneh-Yam, port of ancient Iamnia, formerly belonging to Eudocia and now managed by a follower of his. He died there in 491 and was buried in his monastery near Gaza.[4]
Position vs. Chalcedonian creed edit
Various eastern Churches think that he may have deviated from the Chalcedonian doctrine. These Churches (Armenian, Coptic, etc) believe that Peter the Iberian was a Miaphysite and an anti-Chalcedonian, whereas this view is not shared by the Georgian Orthodox Church. Although his biographies do not discuss this issue, some of the scholars who side with the Armenian sources accept the idea that he was an anti-Chaldeonian, while others do not. For example, David Marshall Lang believes in the possibility that he was a Monophysite,[11] while Shalva Nutsubidze and Ernest Honingmann believe that he was a Neoplatonic philosopher.[12]
Biographies edit
Peter's Vita was written by his disciple, John Rufus (John of Beth Rufina), later his successor as bishop of Maiuma.[6]
- The so-called Syriac version of John Rufus' in Greek original, dates back to the 8th century
- The so-called Georgian version originally written by Peter's contemporary, Zacharias Rhetor, bishop of Mytilene, in Greek has been preserved as a manuscript of c. 13th century.
See also edit
Notes edit
- ^ a b Bishop Anania Saint Petre Iberi 2015, Tbilisi
- ^ Peter the Iberian The Syriac Biographical Dictionary
- ^ Sh. Nutsubidze. "Mystery of Pseudo-Dionys Areopagit (a monograph), Tbilisi, 1942; E. Honigmann, Pierre l'Iberian et les ecrits du Pseudo-Denys l'Areopagita. Bruxelles, 1952.
- ^ a b c Horn, Cornelia B. and Phenix, Robert R., The Lives of Peter the Iberian, Theodosius of Jerusalem, and the Monk Romanus, Society of Biblical Lit, 2008 ISBN 9781589832008
- ^ Lives and Legends of the Georgian Saints, (David Marshall Lang, trans.)
- ^ a b ""Peter the Iberian", Kofsky, Aryeh" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2013-01-17.
- ^ Bitton-Ashkelony & Kofsky 2006, p. 49.
- ^ Bitton-Ashkelony & Kofsky 2006, p. 51.
- ^ Bitton-Ashkelony & Kofsky 2006, p. 52.
- ^ Ernst Kirsten (1990) Die Insel Kreta in vier Jahrtausenden, gesammelte Aufsätze, Hakkert, ISBN 9789025609436, p. 148
- ^ Lang, D M. "Peter the Iberian and his biographers." Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 1951: 158-168
- ^ Horn (2006), p. 167
References edit
- Horn, Cornelia B. (2006), Asceticism And Christological Controversy in Fifth-century Palestine: The Career of Peter The Iberian. Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-927753-2.
- The Life of Peter the Iberian from Lives and Legends of the Georgian Saints by David Marshall Lang
- A. Kofsky. Peter the Iberian. Pilgrimage, Monasticism and Ecclesiastical Politics in Byzantine Palestine
- A Repertoire of Byzantine "Beneficial Tales"
- The Byzantine Fathers by Georges Florovsky
- Zachariah of Mitylene, Syriac Chronicle (1899). Book 6
Further reading edit
- David Marshall Lang, "Peter the Iberian and His Biographers". Journal of Ecclesiastical History, vol. 2 (1951), pp 156–168
- Jan-Eric Steppa, John Rufus and the World Vision of Anti-Chalcedonian Culture, (Gorgias Press, 2002), xxvii + 199 pp. ISBN 1-931956-09-X
- Ernest Honigmann, Pierre l'iberian et les ecrits du Pseudo-Denys l'Aréopagite, Bruxelles, 1952 (French)
- Petre Iberi. Works, Tbilisi, 1961 (Georgian)
- Shalva Nutsubidze. Mystery of Pseudo-Dionys Areopagit, Tbilisi, 1942 (Georgian, English summary)
- Shalva Nutsubidze. Peter the Iberian and problems of Areopagitics. - Proceedings of the Tbilisi State University, vol. 65, Tbilisi, 1957 (Russian)
- A. Kofsky. "Peter the Iberian and the Question of the Holy Places," Cathedra 91 (1999), pp. 79–96 (Hebrew).
- Bitton-Ashkelony, Brouria; Kofsky, Aryeh (February 2006). The Monastic School of Gaza. Brill. pp. 36–42. ISBN 9789047408444. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- Besik Khurtsilava. The inscriptions of the Georgian Monastery in B'ir el-Qutt and their chronology,"Christianity in the Middle East", No 1, Moscow, 2017, pp. 129–151
- ქართული ლიტერატურის ქრესტომათია. ტ. I შედგ. ს. ყუბანეიშვილის მიერ. ტ. I. თბ. 1944.
- ძველი ქართული აგიოგრაფიული ლიტერატურის ძეგლები, ი. აბულაძის რედაქციით, II ტ. თბ. 1967.
- ძველი ქართული აგიოგრაფიული ლიტერატურის ძეგლები, IV, ე. გაბიძაშვილის და მ. ქავთარიას რედაქციით, ტ. თბ. 1968 .
- ცხოვრება პერტე იბერისა, ასურული რედაქცია გერმანულიდან თარგმნა, გამოკვლევა, კომემტარები და განმარტებითი საძიებლები დაურთო ი. ლოლაშვილმა, თბილისი, 1988.
- პეტრე იბერიელი (ფსევდო-დიონისე არეოპაგელი). შრომები. თარგმ. ეფრემ მცირისა. ს. ენუქაშვილის გამოც. თბ. 1961.
- შ. ნუცუბიძე. პეტრე იბერი და ანტიკური ფილოსოფიური მემკვიდრეობა. შრომები. ტ. V. თბ. 1975.
- ს. ყაუხჩიშვილი. ბერძნული ლიტერატურის ისტორია. ტ. III. თბ. 1973.
- Н. Марр. Житие Петра Ивера, царевича—подвижника и епископа Мойюмского V века. Православный палестинский сборник. 1896 г. т. 16.
- მ. თარხნიშვილი, ახლად აღმოჩენილი ქართული მონასტერი ბეთლემში, ბედი ქართლისა, 16, 1954.
- გ. წერეთელი, უძველესი ქართული წარწერები პალესტინიდან, თბილისი, 1960.