Principense Creole, also called lunguyê creole ("creole of the island") by its native speakers, is a Portuguese creole language spoken by a community of some four thousand people in São Tomé and Príncipe, specifically on the island of Príncipe. There are two Portuguese creoles on the island of São Tomé, Angolar and Forro.[2] Today, younger generations of São Toméans are not likely to speak Principense, which has led to its fast decline and moribund status.[3] It is mostly spoken by the elderly (Ethnologue gives a figure of approximately 200 native speakers in total), while most of the island's community speaks noncreole Portuguese; some also speak another, closely related creole, Forro.
| Principense Creole | |
|---|---|
| lunguyê | |
| Native to | São Tomé and Príncipe |
| Ethnicity | Unreliable estimates due to high degree of mixed marriage (2020)[1] |
Native speakers | 200 (2021)[1] |
Portuguese-based creole
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | pre |
| Glottolog | prin1242 |
| Linguasphere | 51-AAC-acb |
 Location of São Tomé and Príncipe | |
Principense presents many similarities with the Forro on São Tomé and may be regarded as a Forro dialect. Like Forro, it is a creole language heavily lexified by Portuguese with substrates of Bantu and Kwa.
References edit
- ^ a b Principense Creole at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ Holm, John A. (1989). Pidgins and Creoles: Reference Survey. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. p. 277. ISBN 978-0-521-35940-5.
- ^ Estudo do Léxico do São-Tomense com Dicionário, Carlos Fontes - Universidade de Coimbra.
Further reading edit
- Schuchardt, Hugo (1889). "Beiträge zur Kenntnis des kreolischen Romanisch IV. Zum Negerportugiesischen der Ilha do Principe" [Contributions to the knowledge of Romance Creoles IV. On the Negro Portuguese of Ilha do Principe]. Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie (in German). 13: 464–475.
- Günther, Wilfried (1973). Das portugiesische Kreolisch der Ilha do Príncipe [The Portuguese Creole of Ilha do Príncipe]. Marburg an der Lahn.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Maurer, Philippe (2009). Principense (Lung'Ie): Grammar, Texts, and Vocabulary of the Afro-Portuguese Creole of the island of Príncipe, Gulf of Guinea. London: Battlebridge.
- Araujo, Vanessa Pinheiro de (2012). Um dicionário principense-português [A Principe-Portuguese dictionary] (Master's thesis) (in Portuguese). Universidade de São Paulo. doi:10.11606/d.8.2013.tde-11062013-101052.
- Agostinho, Ana Lívia (2015). Fonologia e método pedagógico do lung'le [Phonology and pedagogical method of Lung'le] (Doctor's thesis) (in Portuguese). Universidade de São Paulo. doi:10.11606/t.8.2014.tde-22062015-141126.
External links edit
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