An aracari or araçari (US: /ˌɑːrəˈsɑːri/ AR-ə-SAR-ee,[1] UK: /ˌærəˈsɑːri/ ARR-ə-SAR-ee, /-ˈkɑːri/ -KAR-ee)[2] is any of the medium-sized toucans that, together with the saffron toucanet, make up the genus Pteroglossus.
| Aracaris | |
|---|---|
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| Pale-mandibled aracari Pteroglossus erythropygius | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Piciformes |
| Family: | Ramphastidae |
| Genus: | Pteroglossus Illiger, 1811 |
| Type species | |
| Ramphastos aracari (black-necked aracari) Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| Species | |
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14 (incl. the saffron toucanet), see text. | |
| Synonyms | |
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List
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They are brightly plumaged and have enormous, contrastingly patterned bills. These birds are residents in forests and woodlands in the Neotropics.
Taxonomy edit
The genus Pteroglossus was introduced in 1811 by the German zoologist Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger.[3] The name combines the Ancient Greek pteron meaning "feather" with glōssa meaning "tongue".[4] George Robert Gray designated the black-necked aracari as the type species of the genus in 1840.[5][6]
The name "Aracari" was used in 1648 by the German naturalist Georg Marcgrave for the black-necked aracari in his book Historia Naturalis Brasiliae.[7] The name comes from the word Arassari, the name of the bird in the Tupi language.[8]
One species, the distinctive saffron toucanet, was formerly placed in the monotypic genus Baillonius, but Renato Kimura and collaborators showed in 2004 that it belongs in the genus Pteroglossus.[9][10]
A 2010 molecular phylogenetic study by Swati Patel and collaborators found that the brown-mandibled aracari was nested with the subspecies of the ivory-billed aracari:[11]
| Pteroglossus |
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Extant species edit
Fourteen species are considered to belong to the genus Pteroglossus:[12]
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Green aracari
|
Pteroglossus viridis (Linnaeus, 1766) |
lowland forests of northeastern South America (the Guiana Shield), in the northeast Amazon Basin, the Guianas and the eastern Orinoco River drainage of Venezuela
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Size: Habitat: Diet: |
LC
|
| Lettered aracari
|
Pteroglossus inscriptus Swainson, 1822 |
Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru
|
Size: Habitat: Diet: |
LC
|
| Red-necked aracari
|
Pteroglossus bitorquatus Vigors, 1826 |
Bolivia and Brazil
|
Size: Habitat: Diet: |
EN
|
| Ivory-billed aracari
|
Pteroglossus azara (Vieillot, 1819) |
Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela
|
Size: Habitat: Diet: |
LC
|
| Brown-mandibled aracari
|
Pteroglossus mariae Gould, 1854 |
Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru | Size: Habitat: Diet: |
|
| Black-necked aracari
|
Pteroglossus aracari (Linnaeus, 1758) Three subspecies[13]
|
Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela
|
Size: Habitat: Diet: |
LC
|
| Chestnut-eared aracari
|
Pteroglossus castanotis (Gould, 1834) |
Amazon Basin, Paraguay, Bolivia, southeastern Brazil and the extreme northeast of Argentina
|
Size: Habitat: Diet: |
LC
|
| Many-banded aracari
|
Pteroglossus pluricinctus (Gould, 1835) |
Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela
|
Size: Habitat: Diet: |
LC
|
| Collared aracari
|
Pteroglossus torquatus (Gmelin, JF, 1788) |
southern Mexico to Panama; also Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela and Costa Rica
|
Size: Habitat: Diet: |
LC
|
| Stripe-billed aracari
|
Pteroglossus sanguineus Gould, 1854 |
Colombia and Ecuador | Size: Habitat: Diet: |
LC
|
| Pale-mandibled aracari
|
Pteroglossus erythropygius Gould, 1843 |
Ecuador and Peru | Size: Habitat: Diet: |
LC
|
| Fiery-billed aracari
|
Pteroglossus frantzii (Cabanis, 1861) |
southern Costa Rica and western Panama
|
Size: Habitat: Diet: |
LC
|
| Curl-crested aracari
|
Pteroglossus beauharnaisii (Wagler, 1831) |
Amazon Basin
|
Size: Habitat: Diet: |
LC
|
| Saffron toucanet
|
Pteroglossus bailloni (Vieillot, 1819) |
Brazil
|
Size: Habitat: Diet: |
LC
|
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Former species edit
Some authorities, either presently or formerly, recognize additional species or subspecies as species belonging to the genus Pteroglossus including:
- Wagler's toucanet (as Pteroglossus wagleri)[15]
- Emerald toucanet (as Pteroglossus prasinus)[16]
- White-throated toucanet (as Pteroglossus albivitta)[17]
- Black-throated toucanet (as Pteroglossus atrogularis)[18]
- Groove-billed toucanet (as Pteroglossus sulcatus)[19]
- Crimson-rumped toucanet (as Pteroglossus haematopygus)[20]
- Guianan toucanet (as Pteroglossus Culik)[21]
- Golden-collared toucanet (as Pteroglossus reinwardtii)[22]
- Langsdorff's toucanet (as Pteroglossus langsdorffii)[23]
- Tawny-tufted toucanet (as Pteroglossus nattereri)[24]
- Gould's toucanet (as Pteroglossus gouldii)[25]
- Spot-billed toucanet (as Pteroglossus maculirostris)[26]
- Gray-breasted mountain toucan (as Pteroglossus hypoglaucus)[27]
- Hooded mountain toucan (as Pteroglossus cucullatus)[28]
- Black-billed mountain toucan (as Pteroglossus nigrirostris)[29]
Behaviour and ecology edit
Some species of aracaris are unusual for toucans in that they roost socially throughout the year, up to six adults and fledged young sleeping in the same hole with tails folded over their backs.
Breeding edit
They are arboreal and nest in tree holes laying 2–4 white eggs.
Food and feeding edit
All the species are basically fruit-eating, but will take insects and other small prey.
Threats edit
The ischnoceran louse Austrophilopterus flavirostris is suspected to parasitize most if not all species of aracaris, with the possible exception of the green aracari (Price & Weckstein 2005).
References edit
- ^ "Aracari". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc.). Retrieved 2012-04-20.
- ^ "Definition for aracari". Oxford Dictionaries Online. Archived from the original on 2012-07-23. Retrieved 2012-04-20.
- ^ Illiger, Johann Karl Wilhelm (1811). Prodromus systematis mammalium et avium (in Latin). Berolini [Berlin]: Sumptibus C. Salfeld. p. 202.
- ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 322. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- ^ Gray, George Robert (1840). A List of the Genera of Birds : with an Indication of the Typical Species of Each Genus. London: R. and J.E. Taylor. p. 50.
- ^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1948). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 6. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 74.
- ^ Marcgrave, Georg (1648). Historia Naturalis Brasiliae: Liber Quintus: Qui agit de Avibus (in Latin). Lugdun and Batavorum (London and Leiden): Franciscum Hackium and Elzevirium. p. 217.
- ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- ^ Kimura, R.K.; Pereira, S.L.; Grau, E.T.; Höfling, E.; Wajntal, A. (2004). "Genetic distances and phylogenetic analysis suggest that Baillonius Cassin, 1867 is a Pteroglossus Illiger, 1811 (Piciformes: Ramphastidae)". Ornitologia Neotropical. 15: 527–537.
- ^ Remsen, J.V. Jr (2004). "Proposal 151: Merge Baillonius into Pteroglossus". South American Classification Committee, American Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
- ^ Patel, S.; Weckstein, J.D.; Patané, J.S.L.; Bates, J.M.; Aleixo, A. (2011). "Temporal and spatial diversification of Pteroglossus araçaris (AVES: Ramphastidae) in the neotropics: Constant rate of diversification does not support an increase in radiation during the Pleistocene". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 58 (1): 105–115. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.10.016.
- ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2022). "Jacamars, puffbirds, barbets, toucans, honeyguides". IOC World Bird List Version 12.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
- ^ a b c d e Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (August 2022). "Jacamars, puffbirds, barbets, toucans, honeyguides". IOC World Bird List. v 12.2. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
- ^ Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 July 2022. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved July 24, 2022
- ^ "Aulacorhynchus wagleri - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-24.
- ^ "Aulacorhynchus prasinus - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-24.
- ^ "Aulacorhynchus albivitta - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-24.
- ^ "Aulacorhynchus atrogularis - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-25.
- ^ "Aulacorhynchus sulcatus - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-25.
- ^ "Aulacorhynchus haematopygus - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-25.
- ^ "Selenidera piperivora - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
- ^ "Selenidera reinwardtii - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
- ^ "Selenidera reinwardtii langsdorffii - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
- ^ "Selenidera nattereri - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
- ^ "Selenidera gouldii - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
- ^ "Selenidera maculirostris - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
- ^ "Andigena hypoglauca - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
- ^ "Andigena cucullata - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-29.
- ^ "Andigena nigrirostris - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-29.
- Price, Roger D. & Weckstein, Jason D. (2005): The genus Austrophilopterus Ewing (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) from toucans, toucanets, and araçaris (Piciformes: Ramphastidae). Zootaxa 918: 1–18. PDF fulltext
