Re Drummond Wren [1945] O.R. 778 (Ont. H.C.) is a decision by the Ontario High Court, presided by Justice Mackay, regarding the validity of a racially motivated restrictive covenant. The Workers' Educational Association purchased the lot in East York. The covenant prohibited the land to be sold to "Jews, or persons of objectionable nationality". Drummond Wren brought forward an action to have the restrictive covenant declared invalid. Wren was the general secretary of the Workers' Educational Association.[1] He was represented by John Cartwright and Irving Himel. J. M. Bennett appeared as legal counsel for the Canadian Jewish Congress, assisted by Bora Laskin, Jacob Finkelman, and Charles Dubin.[2]
Ruling edit
Justice Mackay found the covenant to be invalid as a violation of public policy. He cited the recent signing of the United Nations Charter by the United Nations, to which Canada was a signatory, as a determining factor for public policy. He went on to state:
"...It appears to me to be a moral duty, at least, to lend aid to all forces of cohesion, and similarly to repel all fissiparous tendencies which would imperil national unity..."[3]
Justice Mackay further stated: "...nothing could be more calculated to create or deepen divisions between existing religious and ethnic groups in the Province, or in this Country, than the sanction of a method of land transfer which would permit the segregation areas, or conversely, would exclude particular groups from particular business or residential areas."
Justice Mackay confirmed that the covenant was an improper restraint on alienation. Moreover, the wording in the covenant was uncertain, as the phrase "persons of objectionable nationality" lacked legal meaning.
Aftermath edit
The Michigan Supreme Court in 1947 cited Drummond Wren in a decision finding that a property covenant against African Americans was invalid.[4]
Shortly after the case was considered, but not followed, by Justice Schroeder in Noble v. Alley.
In 1979, Justice Bertha Wilson, then at the Ontario Court of Appeal, cited Drummond Wren in the Bhadauria case.[5] Justice Wilson recognized a tort of discrimination. In 1981, the Supreme Court of Canada overturned Justice Wilson's ruling, finding instead no tort of discrimination in Canadian law.[6]
References edit
- ^ "How restrictive contracts and bigotry lingered in Toronto real estate". The Toronto Star. December 28, 2017.
- ^ Walker, James W. St G.; Walker, James William St G. (1997). "Race", rights and the law in the Supreme Court of Canada: historical case studies. Publications of the Osgoode Society for Canadian Legal History. Waterloo, Ontario: Osgoode Society for Canadian Legal History [u.a.] ISBN 978-0-88920-306-8.
- ^ Rotman, Elman & Gall (2008). Constitutional Law Cases, Commentary and Principles. Thomson Carswell. p. 738. ISBN 9780779816804. OCLC 236549569.
- ^ Walker, James W. St G.; Walker, James William St G. (1997). "Sipes v. McGhee, 316 Mich 614 (1947)". "Race", rights and the law in the Supreme Court of Canada: historical case studies. Publications of the Osgoode Society for Canadian Legal History. Waterloo, Ontario: Osgoode Society for Canadian Legal History [u.a.] ISBN 978-0-88920-306-8.
- ^ Seneca College v. Bhadauria, 1979 CanLII 71, 27 O.R. (2d) 142 (12 December 1979), Court of Appeal (Ontario, Canada)
- ^ Seneca College v. Bhadauria, 1981 CanLII 29, 2 S.C.R. 181 (22 June 1981), Supreme Court (Canada)
External links edit
- Re Drummond Wren, 1945 CanLII 80, [1945] OR 778, [1945] 4 DLR 674 (31 October 1945), Ont. H.C.J.