The Reformed Government of the Republic of China (simplified Chinese: 中华民国维新政府; traditional Chinese: 中華民國維新政府; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó Wéixīn Zhèngfǔ; Japanese: Chūka minkoku Ishin Seifu) was a Chinese puppet state created by Japan that existed from 1938 to 1940 during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The regime had little authority or popular support, nor did it receive international recognition even from Japan itself, lasting only two years before it was merged with the Provisional Government into the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China under Wang Jingwei. Due to the extensive powers of the Japanese advisors within the government and its own limited powers, the Reformed Government was not much more than an arm of the Japanese military administration.
Reformed Government of the Republic of China 中華民國維新政府 Zhōnghuá Mínguó Wéixīn Zhèngfǔ Chūka minkoku Ishin Seifu | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1938–1940 | |||||||||||
 | |||||||||||
| Anthem: Song to the Auspicious Cloud (1938–1940)[a] | |||||||||||
_-_en.svg) Territory of the Reformed Government in central China | |||||||||||
| Status | Unrecognized State Puppet regime of the Empire of Japan | ||||||||||
| Capital | Nanking | ||||||||||
| Largest city | Shanghai | ||||||||||
| Common languages | Chinese | ||||||||||
| Government | Dictatorship | ||||||||||
| President of the Executive Yuan | |||||||||||
• 1938–1940 | Liang Hongzhi | ||||||||||
| Historical era | Second Sino-Japanese War | ||||||||||
• Established | 28 March 1938 | ||||||||||
• Merged into Reorganized National Government | 30 March 1940 | ||||||||||
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History edit
After the retreat of KMT forces from Nanjing in 1938, and from their defeat in the Battle of Nanjing, the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters authorized the creation of a collaborationist regime to give the semblance of at least nominal local control over Japanese-occupied central and south China. Northern China was already under a separate administration, the Provisional Government of the Republic of China, from December 1937. The Japanese Central China Area Army drafted plans that month to set up its own puppet government in the Lower Yangtze region. Several documents were made that laid out the details of providing it with financial support as well as the economic and political goals for forming the regime. The documents also acknowledged the eventual merger of the Provisional Government with the one in Central China. The task they focused on was recruiting political and military leaders to head the government.[1]
The first candidate to lead the government was Tang Shaoyi, a former Kuomintang leader who was in opposition to Chiang Kai-shek. He was willing to do it but the Japanese were not able to grant his demand to unite the Provisional Government under his leadership, and thus they decided to save him for a later date. However, Tang was assassinated not too long after that. They ended up finding and negotiating with Liang Hongzhi, a former Anhui clique politician of the early Republican era who had ties to Japan. He and several other recruited candidates met in Tokyo and it was later decided at a meeting on 19 February 1938 that the regime would use the old flag and anthem of the Chinese Republic (Beiyang Government).[2]
The Reformed Government of the Republic of China was established by Liang Hongzhi and others on 28 March 1938, and was assigned control of the provinces of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui as well as the two municipalities of Nanjing and Shanghai.[3] The regime's manifesto pointed out the consequences of the Kuomintang government and thanked their Japanese allies for "rescuing" China, claiming that the Reformed Government was the solution.[4] Its activities were carefully prescribed and overseen by “advisors” provided by the Japanese China Expeditionary Army. The failure of the Japanese to give any real authority to the Reformed Government discredited it in the eyes of the local inhabitants, and made its existence of only limited propaganda utility to the Japanese authorities.[5]
The Reformed Government was, along with the Provisional Government of the Republic of China, merged into Wang Jingwei's Nanjing-based reorganized national government on 30 March 1940.[6]
Armed forces edit
The Reformed Government army was led by Pacification Minister (绥靖部部长) Ren Yuandao and initially consisted of about 10,000 men at its creation, and later rose to 30,000 by 1939. The army's troops were considered to be unreliable by the Japanese due to their poor training and lack of equipment. A military academy was set up with an initial class of a few hundred cadets, in order to provide a reliable officer corps that was "untainted" by previous service in the National Revolutionary Army. However, the Reformed Government Army remained largely incompetent and was reported to have fled from the insurgents they encountered. A small navy was also established to patrol the rivers and coastline with some small vessels, led by a defected admiral of the Nationalist navy. In addition, an air force was planned to be established and some training gliders were purchased from Japan, but it was not formed by the time the government was merged.[7]
Notes edit
- ^ Modified version used in 1921–1928.
References edit
Citations edit
- ^ Barret (2002), pp. 86-87
- ^ Barret (2002), pp. 89-91
- ^ Honda (1999), p. 283
- ^ Barret (2002), p. 85
- ^ Black (2002), p. 34
- ^ Barret (2002), p. 100
- ^ Jowett (2004), pp. 44-49
Sources edit
- Books
- Barett, David (2002). Chinese Collaboration with Japan, 1932–1945: The Limits of Accommodation. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804737681.
- Black, Jeremy (2002). World War Two: A Military History. Routeledge. ISBN 0-415-30535-7.
- Brune, Lester H. (2002). Chronological History of US Foreign Relations. Routeledge. ISBN 0-415-93916-X.
- Honda, Katsuichi (1999). The Nanjing Massacre: A Japanese Journalist Confronts Japan's National Shame. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 0-7656-0334-9.
- Jowett, Phillip S. (2004). Rays of The Rising Sun, Armed Forces of Japan's Asian Allies 1931–45, Volume I: China & Manchuria. Solihull, England: Helion & Co. Ltd. ISBN 1874622213.
Further reading edit
- Wasserman, Bernard (1999). Secret War in Shanghai: An Untold Story of Espionage, Intrigue, and Treason in World War II. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-98537-4.