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Reichskommissariat Turkestan (also spelled as Turkistan, abbreviated as RKT) was a projected Reichskommissariat that Germany proposed to create in Russia and the Central Asian republics of the Soviet Union in its military conflict with that country during World War II.[1] Soviet historian Lev Bezymenski claimed that names Panturkestan, Großturkestan ("Greater Turkestan") and Mohammed-Reich ("Mohammedan Empire") were also considered for the territory.[2]
Reichskommissariat Turkestan | |
|---|---|
.svg) Emblem
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 | |
| Status | Projected Reichskommissariat of Germany |
| Capital | Tashkent or Kazan |
| Government | Civil administration |
| Reichskommissar | |
| Historical era | World War II |
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The proposal for a Reichskomissariat in this region was made by Nazi ideologist Alfred Rosenberg; however, it was rejected by Adolf Hitler who told Rosenberg that Nazi plans ought to be restricted to Europe for the time being.[3]
Background edit
Prior to the start of Operation Barbarossa, Rosenberg included the ethnically mainly Turkic and Muslim areas of the USSR in Central Asia in his plans for the future establishment of German supremacy in the remnants of the Soviet Union due to the local population's historical antagonism to the extension of Russian control over the area, in spite of his doubts that German conquests would reach that far east.[4] His original proposal entailed the creation of a string of "de-Russified" and German-friendly suzerainties—likely to be someday linked to the Third Reich by either or both the planned Breitspurbahn three-meter rail gauge Nazi heavy rail network and the easternmost extensions of the Reichsautobahn divided highway system—around the Russian "core area" of Muscovy, which was to be deprived of its access to the Baltic and Black Seas. These entities were Greater Finland, the Baltic region, White Ruthenia (Belarus), Greater Ukraine, Greater Caucasia, Turkestan, Idel-Ural, and Siberia, while a stretch of territory on the western frontier with Germany was to become either part of it or otherwise be under its direct control.[4]
This suggestion was rejected by Adolf Hitler due to not meeting his stated objective of acquiring sufficient Lebensraum in the east for Germany. On Hitler's orders, the proposal for a German civil administration in Central Asia was also shelved by Rosenberg at least for the immediate future, who was instead directed to focus his work on the European parts of the USSR for the time-being.[1]
Rosenberg received advisories on the Turkestan question from Uzbek emigrant Veli Kayyun Han,[2] who from August 1942 headed the Berlin-based collaborating Turkestan National Committee under the auspices of the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories.
Territorial extent edit
Rosenberg's plan projected the inclusion of the five Central Asian Soviet Republics into the Reichskommissariat: Kazak SSR, Uzbek SSR, Turkmen SSR, Tajik SSR and Kyrgyz SSR.[5] The population of these republics was not homogeneously of Turkic ethnicity (particularly Tajikistan which is predominantly Iranian origin, and whose inhabitants speak the Persian language), but overall shared the Muslim religion, some of whose adherents—most specifically in the Middle East—attracted a limited degree of respect from members of the Nazi Party's leadership personnel. The German plans also included the territories of Altai, Tatarstan and Bashkortostan to the Reichskommissariat on the basis of common religion and ethnicity.[2][6] Some sources even mention the possible inclusion of the Mari El and Udmurtia, regardless of the Finnic origin of the indigenous peoples of these lands.[6]
The eastern limit of the entire territory was never definitively settled during the Second World War. In the event that the Axis forces would have occupied the remainder of the unconquered Soviet Union, a delimitation of the region along the 70° east longitude line was proposed by the Empire of Japan in late 1941, which would have marked the western limit of its own holdings in the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.[7] An amended version of this suggestion moved the frontier further eastwards, to the eastern border of the Central Asian republics with China, and along the Yenisei river in Siberia.[8]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b Dallin, Alexander (1958). German rule in Russia 1941–1945: A Study of Occupation Policies, p. 65 (see note 1). Westview press.
- ^ a b c Bezymenskiĭ, Lev (1968). Sonderakte "Barbarossa". Deutsche Verlag-Anstalt. p. 225.
- ^ Alexander Dallin. German rule in Russia, 1941-1945: a study of occupation policies. Westview Press, 1981. P. 53.
- ^ a b Berkhoff, Karel Cornelis (2004). Harvest of despair: life and death in Ukraine under Nazi rule, p. 47. Copyright by the President and Fellows of Harvard College.
- ^ Безыменский А. А. Генеральный план «Ост»: замыслы, цели, реальность // Вопросы истории. – 1978. – № 5. – С. 78 (in Russian)
- ^ a b План раздела мира между странами Оси Archived 2012-02-08 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
- ^ Weinberg, Gerhard L (2005). Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders, p. 13. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Rich, Norman (1973). Hitler's War Aims: Ideology, the Nazi State, and the Course of Expansion, p. 235. W.W. Norton & Company Inc.