The Saudi Arabian–Iraqi neutral zone was an area of 7,044 km2 (2,720 sq mi; 704,400 ha; 1,741,000 acres) on the border between Saudi Arabia and Iraq within which the border between the two countries had not been settled. The neutral zone came into existence following the Uqair Protocol of 1922 that defined the border between Iraq and the Sultanate of Nejd (Saudi Arabia's predecessor state). An agreement to partition the neutral zone was reached by Iraqi and Saudi representatives on 26 December 1981, and approved by the Iraqi National Assembly on 28 January 1982. The territory was divided on an unknown date between 28 January and 30 July 1982.[1] Notice was given to the United Nations in June 1991.[1][2]
History edit
The Treaty of Muhammarah (Khorramshahr), 5 May 1922,[3] forestalled the imminent conflict between the United Kingdom, which held the mandate for Iraq, and the Kingdom of Nejd, which later became Saudi Arabia after it unified with the Kingdom of Hejaz. It was signed by Prince Ahmed bin Abdullah on behalf of Abdulaziz Ibn Saud, King of Najd, who did not ratify the treaty.[4] The treaty specifically avoided defining boundaries. Following further negotiations, the Protocol of Uqair (Uqayr), 2 December 1922, defined most of the borders between them and created the neutral zone.[3] The protocol was ratified by Abdulaziz.[4]
No military or permanent buildings were to be built in or near the neutral zone and the nomads of both countries were to have unimpeded access to its pastures and wells.[citation needed]
Administrative division of the zone was achieved in 1975,[5][2] and a border treaty[clarification needed] concluded in 1981.[2][6] For unknown reasons, the treaty was not filed with the United Nations and nobody outside Iraq and Saudi Arabia was notified of the change or shown maps with details of the new boundary.[citation needed] As the Gulf War approached in early 1991, Iraq cancelled all international agreements with Saudi Arabia since 1968. Saudi Arabia responded by registering all previous boundary agreements negotiated with Iraq at the United Nations in June 1991.[2] Most official maps no longer show the diamond-shaped neutral zone but rather draw the border line approximately through the centre of the territory. For example, the United States Office of the Geographer regarded the area as having only an approximate boundary rather than a precise one.[citation needed]
The Saudi Arabian–Iraqi neutral zone formerly had the ISO 3166-1 codes NT and NTZ. The codes were discontinued in 1993.[7] The FIPS 10-4 code for the Saudi Arabian–Iraqi neutral zone was IY;[8] that code was deleted in 1992.[8]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b "Saudi Arabia/Iraq: Neutral Zone Partitioned" (PDF). CIA Directorate of Intelligence. 1986-02-28. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-01-20. Retrieved 2020-10-22.
- ^ a b c d Schofield, Richard. "Arabian Boundary disputes, Archive Editions". Archive Editions. Archived from the original on 2008-04-23. Retrieved 29 January 2007.
- ^ a b Office of the Geographer (1 June 1971). "International Boundary Study: Iraq – Saudi Arabia Boundary" (PDF). US Department of State. pp. 11–12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 September 2006. Retrieved 29 January 2007.
- ^ a b Gamal Hagar (1981). Britain, Her Middle East Mandates and the Emergence of Saudi Arabia, 1926-1932: A Study in the Process of British Policy-making and in the Conduct and Development of Britain's Relations with Ibn Saud (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Keele. p. 72. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
- ^ Directorate of Intelligence (1990). "The World Factbook 1990 - Iraq - Saudi Arabia Neutral Zone (mirror)". Archived from the original on 22 May 1998. Retrieved 29 January 2007.
- ^ Directorate of Intelligence (1991). "The World Factbook 1991 - Iraq - Saudi Arabia Neutral Zone (mirror)". Archived from the original on 22 May 1998. Retrieved 29 January 2007.
- ^ Law, Gwillim. "ISO 3166-1 Change History". Statoids. Archived from the original on 6 February 2007. Retrieved 29 January 2007.
- ^ a b Gwillim Law. "FIPS PUB 10 Change History". Statoids. Archived from the original on 9 February 2007. Retrieved 29 January 2007.
Bibliography edit
- "International Frontier Treaty Between Saudi Arabia and Iraq splitting the Neutral Zone" (PDF). UN. 1975-07-02.