Mohammed obtained a [[bachelor's degree]] in economics and business administration from [[Qatar University]] in 2003.<ref name="ajf">{{cite news|title=The 10th Al Jazeera Forum » Speakers » Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani|url=http://forum.aljazeera.net/speakers/sheikh-mohammed-bin-abdulrahman-bin-jassim-al-thani-0|accessdate=28 November 2016|work=Al Jazeera Forum|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129025234/http://forum.aljazeera.net/speakers/sheikh-mohammed-bin-abdulrahman-bin-jassim-al-thani-0|archive-date=29 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The same year he began to serve at the Supreme Council for Family Affairs as an economic researcher.<ref name="ajf"/> From 2005 to 2009 he was the director of economic affairaffairs.<ref name="ajf"/> He was named manager for the project on supporting and developing small and medium scale state enterprises at the ministry of business and trade in March 2009.<ref name=for/> He was named secretary of the personal representative of the [[Emir of Qatar]] for follow-up affairs at the [[Amiri Diwan of the State of Qatar|Amiri Diwan]] in June 2010.<ref name=for/> He was appointed the assistant foreign minister for international cooperation affairs in January 2014.<ref name=for>{{cite news|title=The 9th Al Jazeera forum » Speakers » Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani|url=http://forum.aljazeera.net/speakers/sheikh-mohammed-bin-abdulrahman-bin-jassim-al-thani|accessdate=28 November 2016|work=Al Jazeera Forum|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702220854/http://forum.aljazeera.net/speakers/sheikh-mohammed-bin-abdulrahman-bin-jassim-al-thani|archive-date=2 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Cinzia Bianco|author2=Giorgio Cafiero|title=Qatar’s Cabinet Reshuffle and a New Regional Approach|url=http://www.mei.edu/content/article/qatar%E2%80%99s-cabinet-reshuffle-and-new-regional-approach|accessdate=28 November 2016|work=Middle East Institute|date=8 March 2016}}</ref> He was made minister of foreign affairs on 27 January 2016.<ref name="dip">{{cite news|title=New Qatari Foreign Minister|url=http://www.diplomatmagazine.nl/2016/02/01/25701/|accessdate=28 November 2016|work=Diplomat Magazine|date=1 February 2016}}</ref> He replaced [[Khalid bin Mohammad Al Attiyah]] in the post.<ref name="dip"/>
