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{{Use American English|date=January 2014}}
{{Political corruption sidebar}}
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===Environmental and social effects===
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[[File:Corrupt-Legislation-Vedder-Highsmith-detail-1.jpeg|thumb|upright=1.35|Detail from ''Corrupt Legislation'' (1896) by [[Elihu Vedder]]. Library of Congress [[Thomas Jefferson Building]], Washington, D.C.]]
Corruption is often most evident in countries with the smallest per capita incomes, relying on foreign aid for health services. Local political interception of donated money from overseas is especially prevalent in [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]n nations, where it was reported in the 2006 [[World Bank|World Bank Report]] that about half of the funds that were donated for health usages were never invested into the health sectors or given to those needing medical attention.<ref name="jstor.org">{{cite journal|jstor=20032209|journal=Foreign Affairs|volume=86|issue=1|pages=14–38|last1=Garrett|first1=Laurie|title=The Challenge of Global Health|year=2007}}</ref>
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===Nepotism and cronyism===
{{Main|Nepotism|Cronyism}}
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Favoring relatives ([[nepotism]]) or personal friends ([[cronyism]]) of an official is a form of illegitimate private gain. This may be combined with [[bribery]], for example demanding that a business should employ a [[kinship|relative]] of an official controlling regulations affecting the business. The most extreme example is when the entire state is inherited, as in [[North Korea]] or [[Syria]]. A lesser form might be in the Southern United States with [[Good ol' boy]]s, where women and minorities are excluded. A milder form of cronyism is an "[[old boy network]]", in which appointees to official positions are selected only from a closed and exclusive social network – such as the alumni of particular universities – instead of appointing the most competent candidate.
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===Kickbacks===
{{main|Kickback (bribery)}}
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A [[Money trail|kickback]] is an official's share of misappropriated funds allocated from his or her organization to an organization involved in corrupt [[bidding]]. For example, suppose that a politician is in charge of choosing how to spend some public funds. He can give a [[contract]] to a [[General contractor|company]] that is not the best bidder, or allocate more than they deserve. In this case, the company benefits, and in exchange for betraying the public, the official receives a kickback payment, which is a portion of the sum the company received. This sum itself may be all or a portion of the difference between the actual (inflated) payment to the company and the (lower) market-based price that would have been paid had the bidding been competitive.
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==Opposition to corruption==
{{Expand section|date=July 2017}}
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[[Mobile telecommunications]] and [[radio broadcasting]] help to fight corruption, especially in developing regions like [[Africa]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://voicesfromemergingmarkets.com/?p=19 |title=Mobile Phones and Radios Combat Corruption in Burundi – Voices from Emerging Markets |publisher=Voicesfromemergingmarkets.com |date=2009-03-12 |access-date=2009-11-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630142547/http://voicesfromemergingmarkets.com/?p=19 |archive-date=2009-06-30 }}</ref> where other forms of [[communication]]s are limited.
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==In fiction==
The following are examples of works of fiction that portray political corruption in various forms.
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* ''[[The Government Inspector]]'' – 1836 play by [[Nikolai Gogol]]<ref name="Gallaher City Arts">{{cite news |last1=Gallaher|first1=Rachel|title=Just Let Me Laugh at 'The Government Inspector' |url=https://www.cityartsmagazine.com/just-let-laugh-government-inspector/ |access-date=March 3, 2019 |work=City Arts Magazine |date=October 31, 2017}}</ref>
* ''[[Democracy: An American Novel|Democracy]]'' – 1880 novel by [[Henry Adams]]<ref name="Meacham NYT">{{cite news |last1=Meacham |first1=Jon |author-link = Jon Meacham |title=Henry Adams's 1880 Novel, 'Democracy,' Resonates Now More Than Ever |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/11/books/review/henry-adams-democracy-.html |access-date=March 3, 2019 |work=New York Times |date=September 11, 2018 |quote=It is a reflection on corruption within the political class, but, read carefully, it also reinforces an ancient view that those who are disgusted with republican government need to remember that the fault, as Cassius in Shakespeare’s “Julius Caesar” remarked, lies not in the stars, but in ourselves.}}</ref>
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* ''[[American Gangster (film)|American Gangster]]'' – 2007 film directed by [[Ridley Scott]]{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}
* ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]'' – 2007 film directed by [[Mani Ratnam]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/15/movies/15guru.html|title=Polyester and Power at Play for a Mogul and His India|last=Webster|first=Andy|date=January 15, 2007|work=New York Times|access-date=September 11, 2018}}</ref>
* ''[[House of Cards (U.S. TV series)|House of Cards]]'' – 2013-18 web television series created by [[Beau Willimon]]<ref name="New Statesman House of Cards">{{cite news |last1=Staples |first1=Louis |title=The House of Cards ending summed up everything abhorrent about 2018 |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/world/2018/11/Netflix-house-cards-ending-review |access-date=March 3, 2019 |work=New Statesman |date=7 November 2018 |quote=House of Cards displayed the corruption of America’s institutions and the elites who manipulate them as they become intoxicated by the pursuit of power, money and status. But amongst the backstabbing and political games, the cleverest thing about the show was the fact that its main characters – Francis and Claire Underwood – were merciless and evil, but also likeable.}}</ref><nowiki>}}</nowiki>
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==See also==
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* [[List of anti-corruption agencies]]
* [[Baksheesh]]
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==Further reading==
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* Peter Bratsis. (2003) [https://www.academia.edu/555426/The_construction_of_corruption_or_rules_of_separation_and_illusions_of_purity_in_bourgeois_societies "The Construction of Corruption; or, Rules of Separation and Illusions of Purity in Bourgeois Societies"], ''Social Text''.
* Peter Bratsis. (2014) [https://www.academia.edu/5949120/Political_Corruption_in_the_Age_of_Transnational_Capitalism_From_the_Relative_Autonomy_of_the_State_to_the_White_Mans_Burden "Political Corruption in the Age of Transnational Capitalism: From the Relative Autonomy of the State to the White Man's Burden"], ''Historical Materialism''.
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* Woodward, C. Vann, ed. ''Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct'' (1975), American presidents from Washington to Lyndon Johnson
* Alexandra Wrage (2007) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0275996492 Bribery and Extortion: Undermining Business, Governments and Security]
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* Kim Hyoung-Kook (2012) : The Pre-conditions for entrenching transparency in local governance, a policy report of master's course in Public Administration from the University of York
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{{Corruption}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Political Corruption}}
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