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'''{{lang|vi|Hồ Chí Minh|italic=no}}''' ({{IPAc-en|h|oʊ|_|tʃ|iː|_|m|ɪ|n}};<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ho%20chi%20minh "Ho Chi Minh"]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> {{IPA-vi|hò cǐ mīŋ̟|lang|HoChiMinh.ogg}}, {{IPA-vi|hò cǐ mɨ̄n|s}}; {{lang|vi|[[Chữ Hán]]|italic=no}}: {{lang|vi-Hant|胡志明}}; 19&nbsp;May 1890 – 2&nbsp;September 1969{{efn|The North Vietnamese government initially announced his death on 3 September to avoid coinciding with [[National Day (Vietnam)|National Day]]. In 1989, the [[Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam|Politburo]] revealed the change, along with changes to his will, and revised the date to 2 September<ref name="moj">{{cite web|url=https://moj.gov.vn/qt/cacchuyenmuc/Pages/45-nam-di-chuc-hcm.aspx?ItemID=5|title=Giới thiệu những tư liệu về Di chúc của Chủ tịch Hồ Chí Minh|trans-title=Introduction to documents related to President Ho Chi Minh's will|date=2014-09-18|author=Nguyễn Xuân Tùng|publisher=[[Ministry of Justice (Vietnam)]]|language=vi|accessdateaccess-date=2021-10-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Dean|editor-first1=Kenneth|editor-last2=van der Veer|editor-first2=Peter|title=The Secular in South, East, and Southeast Asia|pages=219|chapter=The Uncle Hồ religion in Vietnam|author-last=Ngo|author-first=Tam T. T.|publisher=Springer|year=2018|isbn=9783319893693|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4-ZfDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA219}}</ref>}}), born '''{{lang|vi|Nguyễn Sinh Cung|italic=no}}''',{{efn|name="HL1"|1=His birth name appeared in a letter from the director of ''{{lang|fr|Collège|italic=unset}} {{lang|vi|Quốc học|italic=unset}}'', dated 7 August 1908.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hopluu.net/D_1-2_2-95_4-1862_5-8_6-3_17-108_14-2/ |author=Vũ Ngự Chiêu |date=23 October 2011 |title=Vài vấn nạn lịch sử thế kỷ XX: Hồ Chí Minh—Nhà ngoại giao, 1945–1946 |language=vi |work=Hợp Lưu Magazine |postscriptaccess-date=10 December 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131211065923/http://www.hopluu.net/D_1-2_2-95_4-1862_5-8_6-3_17-108_14-2/ |archive-date=11 December 2013 |url-status=dead}} Note: See the document in French, from {{lang|fr|Centre des archives d'Outre-mer [CAOM] (Aix)/Gouvernement General de l'Indochine [GGI]/Fonds Residence Superieure d'Annam [RSA]/carton R1}}, and the note in English at the end of the cited article |access-date=10 December 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131211065923/http://www.hopluu.net/D_1-2_2-95_4-1862_5-8_6-3_17-108_14-2/ |archive-date=11 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}<ref name="BBC2005">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/vietnamese/entertainment/story/2005/08/printable/050808_trongcoi.shtml |author=Trần Quốc Vượng |title=Lời truyền miệng dân gian về Hồ Chí Minh |publisher=BBC Vietnamese |access-date=10 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="HL2">{{cite web |url=http://www.hopluu.net/D_1-2_2-117_4-1513/ |author=Nguyễn Vĩnh Châu |title=Phỏng vấn sử gia Vũ Ngự Chiêu về những nghiên cứu lịch sử liên quan đến Hồ Chí Minh |work=Hợp Lưu Magazine |access-date=10 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203025311/http://www.hopluu.net/D_1-2_2-117_4-1513 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> also known as '''{{lang|vi|Nguyễn Tất Thành|italic=no}}''', '''{{lang|vi|Nguyễn Ái Quốc|italic=no}}''', '''{{lang|vi|Bác Hồ}}''', or simply '''{{lang|vi|Bác}}''' ('Uncle', {{IPA-vi|ʔɓaːk̚˦˥|pron}}), was a [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] revolutionary and politician. He served as [[Prime Minister of Vietnam|Prime Minister of Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] from 1945 to 1955 and [[President of Vietnam|President]] from 1945 until his death in 1969. Ideologically a [[Marxist–Leninist]], he served as [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam|Chairman and First Secretary]] of the [[Workers' Party of Vietnam]]. He was born in [[Nghệ An province]], in [[Central Vietnam]].
 
{{lang|vi|Hồ Chí Minh|italic=no}} led the {{lang|vi|[[Viet Minh|Việt Minh]]|italic=no}} [[independence movement]] from 1941 onward. It was supposed to be an umbrella group for all parties fighting for Vietnam's independence but was dominated by the Communist Party. {{lang|vi|Hồ Chí Minh|italic=no}} led the [[Communist state|Communist]]-ruled [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] in 1945, defeating the [[French Union]] in 1954 at the [[Battle of Điện Biên Phủ|Battle of {{lang|vi|Điện Biên Phủ|italic=no|nocat=y}}]], ending the [[First Indochina War]]. He was a key figure in the [[People's Army of Vietnam]] and the {{lang|vi|[[Viet Cong|Việt Cộng]]|italic=no}} during the [[Vietnam War]], which lasted from 1955 to 1975. [[North Vietnam]] defeated [[South Vietnam]] and the US military forces, and [[Vietnam]] was officially [[Reunification Day|unified]] in 1976. Saigon, the former capital of South Vietnam, was renamed [[Ho Chi Minh City]] in his honor. Ho officially stepped down from power in 1965 due to health problems and died in 1969.
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[[File:Giap-Ho.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Võ Nguyên Giáp]] (left) with Hồ Chí Minh (right) in Hanoi in 1945]]
The Việt Minh then collaborated with French colonial forces to massacre supporters of the Vietnamese nationalist movements in 1945–1946,{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=57–9, 67–9, 74}}<ref>{{cite book | chapter=Myths of the Vietnam War | title=Southeast Asian Perspectives | date=September 1972 | pages=14–8}}</ref>{{sfn|Dommen|2001|p=153–4}} and of the Trotskyists. [[Trotskyism in Vietnam]] did not rival the Party outside of the major cities, but particularly in the South, in Saigon-Cochinchina, they had been a challenge. From the outset, they had called for armed resistance to a French restoration and an immediate transfer of industry to workers and land to peasants.<ref>Daniel Hemery (1975) ''Revolutionnaires Vietnamiens et pouvoir colonial en Indochine''. François Maspero, Paris. 1975{{page needed|date=May 2021}}</ref><ref>Ngo Van (2000) ''Viet-nam 1920–1945: Révolution et contre-révolution sous la domination coloniale'', Paris: Nautilus Editions{{page needed|date=May 2021}}</ref> The French Socialist leader [[Daniel Guérin]] recalls that when in Paris in 1946 he asked Hồ Chí Minh about the fate of the Trotskyist leader [[Tạ Thu Thâu]], Hồ Chí Minh had replied, "with unfeigned emotion," that "Thâu was a great patriot and we mourn him, but then a moment later added in a steady voice ‘All'All those who do not follow the line which I have laid down will be broken.'"<ref>Daniel Guérin (1954) ''Aux services des colonises, 1930–1953'', Editions Minuit, Paris, p. 22</ref>
 
The Communists eventually suppressed all non-Communist parties, but they failed to secure a peace deal with France. In the final days of 1946, after a year of diplomatic failure and many concessions in agreements, such as the [[Da Lat|Dalat]] and [[Fontainebleau Agreements|Fontainebleau conferences]], the [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] government found that war was inevitable. The [[Haiphong incident|bombardment of Haiphong]] by French forces at Hanoi only strengthened the belief that France had no intention of allowing an autonomous, independent state in Vietnam. The bombardment of Haiphong reportedly killed more than 6000 Vietnamese civilians. French forces marched into Hanoi, now the capital city of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. On 19 December 1946, after the Haiphong incident, Ho Chi Minh declared war against the [[French Union]], marking the beginning of the [[Indochina War]].<ref>{{ill|A nationwide call for resistance|vi|Lời kêu gọi toàn quốc kháng chiến}}</ref> The [[Viet Minh|Vietnam National Army]], mostly armed with [[machete]]s and [[musket]]s immediately attacked. They assaulted the French positions, smoking them out with straw bundled with chili pepper, destroying armored vehicles with [[Anti-tank grenade|"lunge mines"]] (a [[Shaped charge|hollow-charge warhead]] on the end of a pole, detonated by thrusting the charge against the side of a tank; typically a [[suicide weapon]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lonesentry.com/articles/jp_tankhunters/|title=Lone Sentry: New Weapons for Jap Tank Hunters (U.S. WWII Intelligence Bulletin, March 1945)|website=lonesentry.com|access-date=27 May 2016}}</ref> and [[Molotov cocktail]]s, holding off attackers by using [[roadblock]]s, [[Land mine|landmines]] and gravel. After two months of fighting, the exhausted Việt Minh forces withdrew after [[Scorched earth|systematically destroying any valuable infrastructure]]. Ho was reported to be captured by a group of French soldiers led by [[Jean Étienne Valluy]] at [[Việt Bắc]] in [[Operation Léa]]. The person in question turned out to be a Việt Minh advisor who was killed trying to escape.
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== Personal life ==
[[File:Hochiminh and Bebet.JPG|thumb|left|Hồ Chí Minh holding his god-daughter, baby Elizabeth (Babette) Aubrac, with Elizabeth's mother, [[Lucie Aubrac|Lucie]], 1946]]
In addition to being a politician, Hồ Chí Minh was also a writer, journalist, poet<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/ho-chi-minh-prison-diary/|title=Ho Chi Minh: From 'Prison Diary'|first=Ho Chi|last=Minh|date=7 May 1968|viamagazine=www.thenation.comThe Nation}}</ref> and [[Multilingualism|polyglot]]. His father was a scholar and teacher who received a high degree in the [[Nguyễn dynasty]] [[Imperial examination]]. Hồ was taught to master [[Classical Chinese]] at a young age. Before the [[August Revolution]], he often wrote poetry in [[Chữ Hán]] (the Vietnamese name for the Chinese writing system). One of those is ''Poems from the Prison Diary'', written when he was imprisoned by the police of the [[Republic of China (1912–49)|Republic of China]]. This poetry chronicle is Vietnam National Treasure No. 10 and was translated into many languages. It is used in Vietnamese high schools.<ref>Translated version:
* French – [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194357/http://www.tienphongonline.com.vn/Tianyon/Index.aspx?ArticleID=58996&ChannelID=7 Người tình nguyện vào ngục Bastille dịch "Nhật ký trong tù"]
* [[Czech language|Czech]] – by {{ill|Ivo Vasiljev|cs}}.
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[[File:Tượng Nguyễn Sinh Sắc trong khu di tích.jpg|thumb|Temple devoted to [[Nguyễn Sinh Sắc]], Hồ Chí Minh's father]]
Yet Duiker argues many were to find the new ideology "congenial" precisely because of its similarities with the teachings of the old Master: "the belief in one truth, embodied in quasi-sacred texts"; in "an anointed elite, trained in an all-embracing doctrine and responsible for leading the broad masses and indoctrinating them in proper thought and behavior"; in "the subordination of the individual to the community"; and in the perfectibility, through corrective action, of human nature.<ref>See also R. Peerenboom (2001).‘Globalization'Globalization, path dependency and the limits of the law: administrative law reform and the rule of law in the PRC’PRC', ''Berkeley Journal of International Law'', 19(2):161–264.</ref> All of this, Duiker suggests, was in some manner present in the aura of the new Master, Chi Minh, "the bringer of light," "Uncle Ho" to whom "all the desirable qualities of Confucian ethics" are ascribed.{{sfn|Duiker|1982|p=26–28}} Under Ho Chi Minh, Vietnamese Marxism developed, in effect, as a kind of "reformed Confucianism" revised to meet "the challenges of the modern era" and, not least among these, of "total mobilization in the struggle for national independence and state power."<ref>McDowell, p. 133</ref>
 
This "congeniality" with Confucian tradition was remarked on by Nguyen Khac Vien, a leading Hanoi intellectual of the 1960s and 70s. In ''Confucianism and Marxism in Vietnam''<ref>Nguyen Khac Vien, ''''Confucianism and Marxism in Vietnam'''' in Nguyen Khac Vien, ''Tradition and Revolution in Vietnam'', Berkeley, the Indochina Resource Center, 1974</ref> Nguyen Khac Vien, saw definite parallels between Confucian and party discipline, between the traditional scholar gentry and Ho Chi Minh's party cadres.<ref>Stein Tonnesson, [http://www.cliostein.com/documents/1993/93%20from%20confucianism%20to%20communism.pdf ''From Confucianism to Communism and Back: Vietnam 1925–1995''], paper presented to the Norwegian Association of Development Studies, "State and Society in East Asia", 29 April – 2 May 1993.</ref>
 
A completely different form of the cult of Hồ Chí Minh (and one tolerated by the government with uneasiness) is his identification in Vietnamese folk religion with the [[Jade Emperor]], who supposedly incarnated again on earth as Hồ Chí Minh. Today Hồ Chí Minh as the Jade Emperor is supposed to speak from the spirit world through Spiritualist mediums. The first such medium was one Madam Lang in the 1990s, but the cult acquired a significant number of followers through another medium, Madam Xoan. She established on 1 January 2001 Đạo Ngọc Phật Hồ Chí Minh (the Way of Hồ Chí Minh as the Jade Buddha) also known as Đạo Bác Hồ (the Way of Uncle Hồ) at đền Hòa Bình (the Peace Temple) in Chí Linh-Sao Đỏ district of [[Hải Dương]] province. She then founded the Peace Society of Heavenly Mediums (Đoàn đồng thiên Hòa Bình). Reportedly, by 2014 the movement had around 24,000 followers.<ref>Chung Van Hoang, ''New Religions and State’sState's Response to Religious Diversification in Contemporary Vietnam: Tensions from the Reinvention of the Sacred'', Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2017, 87–107.</ref>
 
Yet even when the Vietnamese government's attempt to immortalize Ho Chi Minh was also met with significant controversies and opposition. The regime is sensitive to anything that might question the official hagiography. This includes references to Ho Chi Minh's personal life that might detract from the image of the dedicated "the father of the revolution",<ref name="Damau">{{cite web|last=Dinh|first=Thuy|title=The Writer's Life Stephen B. Young and Hoa Pham Young: Painting in Lacquer|url=http://gardendistrictbookshop.shelf-awareness.com/?issue=55#m985|work=The Zenith by Duong Thu Huong|publisher=Da Mau magazine|access-date=25 December 2013}}</ref> the "celibate married only to the cause of revolution".<ref name="Baker">{{cite news|last=Baker|first=Mark|title=Uncle Ho: a legend on the battlefield and in the boudoir|url=https://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/08/14/1029113957710.html|access-date=25 December 2013|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=15 August 2002}}</ref> William Duiker's ''Ho Chi Minh: A Life'' (2000) was candid on the matter of Ho Chi Minh's liaisons.<ref name=Duiker />{{rp|605, fn 58}} The government sought cuts in a Vietnamese translation<ref name="theage">{{cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/08/14/1029113955533.html|title=Great 'Uncle Ho' may have been a mere mortal|date=15 August 2002|newspaper=The Age|access-date=2 August 2009}}</ref> and banned distribution of an issue of the ''[[Far Eastern Economic Review]]'' which carried a small item about the controversy.<ref name=theage/>
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Various places, boulevards, and squares are named after him around the world, especially in [[List of socialist states|Socialist states and former Communist states]]. In Russia, there is a [[Ho Chi Minh Monument (Moscow)|Hồ Chí Minh square and monument]] in Moscow, [[:ru:Улица Хошимина|Hồ Chí Minh boulevard]] in [[Saint Petersburg]] and Hồ Chí Minh square in [[Ulyanovsk]] (the birthplace of Vladimir Lenin, a sister city of [[Vinh]], the birthplace of Hồ Chí Minh). During the [[Vietnam War]] the then [[West Bengal]] government, in the hands of [[CPI(M)]], renamed Harrington Street to [https://www.google.com/search?q=ho+chi+minh+sarani+kolkata&rlz=1C1SQJL_enIN782IN782&oq=ho+ch&aqs=chrome.0.69i59l2j0l2j69i57j69i60.958j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8# Ho Chi Minh Sarani], which is also the location of the Consulate General of the United States of America in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/layers-of-history-most-indian-street-names-honour-little-men-for-the-wrong-reasons/cid/1022991|title=LAYERS OF HISTORY – Most Indian street names honor little men for the wrong reasons|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> According to the Vietnamese [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Vietnam)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], as many as 20 countries across Asia, Europe, America and Africa have erected statues in remembrance of President Hồ Chí Minh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tuoitrenews.vn/politics/39214/remembering-vietnams-late-president-ho-chi-minh-in-foreign-countries|title=Remembering Vietnam's late President Ho Chi Minh in foreign countries – Tuoi Tre News}}</ref>
 
However, although seen as a figure central to Vietnamese reunification, there has also been criticisms about Hồ Chí Minh's actions and the legacy he left behind. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Willmott|first=W. E.|date=1971|title=Thoughts on Ho Chi Minh|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2756614|journal=Pacific Affairs|volume=44|issue=4|pages=585–590|doi=10.2307/2756614|jstor=2756614|issn=0030-851X}}</ref> Whilst Hồ Chí Minh saw the necessity of a Marxist revolution for the peasant class of Vietnam, it was widely seen that Vietnam under Communist rule was a disaster in economic management after immediate reunification,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vietnam - The Economy|url=http://countrystudies.us/vietnam/45.htm|access-date=2021-10-11|website=countrystudies.us}}</ref> whilst the so called "[[Four Asian Tigers|Asian Tiger]]" economies that were previously seen to be in a Western alliance forged ahead with a "democracy-based, multiparty system".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Four Asian Tigers Definition|url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/four-asian-tigers.asp|access-date=2021-10-11|website=Investopedia|language=en}}</ref> Questioning the legitimacy of an authoritarian centralised one-party rule has been rife, with human rights abuse and lack of press freedom a concern.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thayer|first=Carlyle A.|title=The Challenges Facing Vietnamese Communism|date=1992|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27912057|journal=Southeast Asian Affairs|volume=1992|pages=349–364|doi=10.1355/SEAA92T|jstor=27912057|issn=0377-5437}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Human Rights Watch|title=Vietnam: Events of 2018|date=2018-12-18|url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/vietnam|language=en|access-date=2021-10-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-07|title=Vietnam faces US criticism for jailing critics|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/news/vietnam-faces-us-criticism-jailing-critics.html|access-date=2021-10-11|website=The Myanmar Times}}</ref> As Vietnam gradually moves towards a middle income country from a lower income country at the turn of the 21st century, the peasantry naturally decreases, leading to less support for the perceived necessary Marxist intervention towards more “universal"universal values like democracy and human rights”rights".<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-01-21|title=Vietnam's Communist Party is in a weaker position than it seems|work=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2021/01/21/vietnams-communist-party-is-in-a-weaker-position-than-it-seems|access-date=2021-10-11|issn=0013-0613}}</ref> However, contradicting this viewpoint are conflicts between Western studies and Vietnamese perspectives, such as measures of corruption focusing on "perception of corruption" which is a rather subjective viewpoint, rather then utilizing any objective forms of measurements.
 
== International ==
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*{{cite book |last=Brocheux |first=Pierre |title=Ho Chi Minh: A Biography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fJtqjYiVbUAC&pg=PA39 |date=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-85062-9}}
*{{cite book | first=Arthur J. | last=Dommen | title=The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans | publisher=Indiana University Press | year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fGduAAAAMAAJ |isbn=9780253338549}}
*{{cite journal |first1=Dennis J |last1=Duncanson |title=Ho Chi Minh in Hong Kong 1931–1932 |publisherjournal=The China Quarterly |volume=57 |issue=Jan–Mar 1957 |page=85}}
*{{cite book |last=Duiker |first=William J. |author-link=William J. Duiker |date=1982 |title=The Communist Road to Power in Vietnam |publisher=Westview Press |location=Boulder, Colorado |isbn= |url= |oclc=864836133}}
*{{cite book |last=Duiker |first=William J. |author-mask=6 |title=Ho Chi Minh: A Life |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ztSNxW9qf7MC |publisher=Hyperion Books |year=2000 |isbn=9780786887019 |location= |pages= |access-date=2021-05-13 |archive-date=2021-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513162124/https://books.google.com.vn/books?id=ztSNxW9qf7MC}}
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*{{cite book |last=Marr |first=David G. |title=Vietnam: State, War, and Revolution (1945–1946) |date=2013 |publisher=University of California Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0TBgbhSYuEC |isbn=9780520954977}}
* {{cite book | last=Marr | first=D.G. | author-mask=6 |title=Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, 1920-1945 | publisher=University of California Press | year=1984 | isbn=978-0-520-90744-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FkcZ_nGkW-oC&pg=PA244 | access-date=2021-11-17}}
* {{cite journal |last=Moise |first=Edwin E. |year=1988 |title=Nationalism and Communism in Vietnam |volume=5 |issue=2 |journal=Journal of Third World Studies |publisher=University Press of Florida |urljstor=http://www.jstor.org/stable/45193059 |ref={{SfnRef|Moise|1988}} |pp=6-226–22}}
* {{cite book | last=Neville | first=Peter | title=Ho Chi Minh | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Routledge Historical Biographies | year=2018 | isbn=978-0-429-82822-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=009tDwAAQBAJ | chapter=Chapter 3: Survival | access-date=2021-11-17}}
*{{cite journalconference |last1=Pike |first1=Douglas |date=1976 |title=Ho Chi Minh: A Post-War Re-evaluation |publisherconference=30th Annual Congress of Orientalists |location=Mexico City |via=Vietnam Center and Sam Johnson Vietnam Archive |url=https://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/virtualarchive/items.php?item=2360513065 |access-date=21 December 2017}}
*{{cite book | title = Ho Chi Minh: The Missing Years 1919 - 1941 | last = Quinn-Judge | first = Sophie | publisher = [[University of California Press]] | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-0520235335 | location = | pages = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XPMt03ckruUC&q=ho+chi+minh&pg=PP1}}
* {{cite book |last=Shafer |first=D. Michael |year=1988 |title=Deadly Paradigms: The Failure of U.S. Counterinsurgency Policy |publisher=Princeton University Press |location= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OBMABAAAQBAJ |jstor=j.ctt7zvtwm|isbn=9781400860586 }}