Moses Elias Levy: Difference between revisions

In 1790 widespread atrocities directed against the Jewish community forced the family to flee to Gibraltar, where Moses Levy grew to young adulthood. At eighteen Levy—having dropped the Yuli surname—left the region for the [[Danish Virgin Islands]], where he established himself as a leading merchant and shipper in [[Charlotte Amalie]], St Thomas. In 1803 he married Hannah Abendanone (1786–1872), the daughter of a local merchant, David Abendanone, and his wife, Rachel. They had four children. The youngest, [[David Levy Yulee]], became a United Stated Senator from Florida. Moses Levy's firm of Levy and Benjamin pursued an extensive trade throughout the Caribbean, the Americas, and Europe. Philip Benjamin, one of his partners, was the father of [[Judah P. Benjamin]], later a highcabinet rankingmember official inof the Confederate States of AmericanAmerica. Levy eventually left this firm and ran his own business centered in San Juan, Puerto Rico and then Havana, Cuba. His friendship with [[Alejandro Ramirez]], the superintendent of Cuba and the Floridas, was influential in expanding Levy's business horizons. At one time Levy supplied General Pablo Morillo's massive expeditionary forces in Venezuela with food and munitions.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/799705796|title=Moses Levy of Florida Jewish Utopian and antebellum reformer|last=Auteur.|first=Monaco, C. S. (1950- ).,|date=cop. 2005|publisher=Louisiana State University Press|isbn=0807130958|oclc=799705796}}</ref>

Influenced by evangelical culture, in 1816 Levy underwent a spiritual epiphany, an event that was at least partially attributable to a rancorous and long-failing marriage. After a rare, formal divorce granted by the Danish king (1818) Levy abandoned a flourishing business in favor of a life devoted to what he called the 'sacred cause' of reform. His plans included an 'asylum' for Jews who were then suffering extensive abuse in post-Napoleonic Europe.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/799705796|title=Moses Levy of Florida Jewish Utopian and antebellum reformer|last=Auteur.|first=Monaco, C. S. (1950- ).,|date=cop. 2005|publisher=Louisiana State University Press|isbn=0807130958|oclc=799705796}}</ref>

In London, Levy took on an activist role during 1827–8 and his writing and oratory became well known in the metropolis. His initial celebrity can be largely attributed to the enthusiastic backing of influential Christians—particularly the editors of the evangelical newspaper ''The World'' as well as the leadership of the Philo-Judaean Society. Philo-Judaeans were ostensibly devoted to the material and educational welfare of London's impoverished Jews but nevertheless harbouredharbored conversionist goals. In contrast Levy sought tangible relief for his co-religionists, most of whom dwelt in the East End slums, but steadfastly rejected the tactics of conversion. Striking an unprecedented diplomatic balance, Levy was able to rise within the reform ranks and still retain a staunchly Jewish persona. His prominent Philo-Judaean supporters included the radical evangelical and former toryTory MP Henry Drummond; the decorative glass manufacturer [[Apsley Pellatt]]; and the Anglican clergyman Hugh McNeile, whom(also Drummond had presented to the rectory of Albury[[M'Neile]]. Levy's first major address before the organization, held at Freemasons' Hall in May 1827, stressed the commonality of the Judaeo-Christian tradition, condemned antisemitism, and challenged Christians to end 'the persecution of contempt' (''The World'', 20 June 1827). Positive press coverage presented Levy as an admired orator, philanthropist, and promoter of inter-faith relations. Millennialist zeal contributed to Levy's notoriety and some viewed his actions as 'extraordinary signs of the times' and proof that 'something most singular is approaching' (ibid., 9 January 1828). Previously any public notice among Anglo-Jewry was purposely avoided and debates with gentiles were considered anathema—a passive strategy that emerged after centuries of Old World oppression.

Levy's agenda for reform also included the gradual abolition of slavery and he frequently expounded the subject in England. His pamphlet ''A Plan for the Abolition of Slavery, Consistently with the Interests of All Parties Concerned'' (1828) was praised for addressing pragmatic issues that other abolitionists avoided. Despite the publication's anonymity Levy's authorship was well known in reform circles. His anti-slavery philosophy evolved from his background as a sugar planter in the New World—practical experience that few abolitionists could equal. From his perspective immediate emancipation would be calamitous since blacks were not only psychologically injured by slavery but were also hampered by illiteracy. Consequently Levy—an actual slave-owner in Florida—advocated universal education for slave children, a system that would stress reading, writing, and science fundamentals as well as farming skills. Freedom would be awarded at the age of twenty-one and each family would be given land for cultivation. Levy envisaged a 'united association' of philanthropic businesses that would put his tenets into practice.

Despite Levy's rather utopian outlook his ideas received wide recognition. The London ''Literary Chronicle'' recommended the pamphlet 'to the serious attention of the legislature and the public' (cited in ''The World'', 20 August 1828); ''The World'' devoted a lengthy column to the treatise, in which the author's 'great benevolence of soul, and deep and enlightened piety' (ibid., 9 July 1828) were particularly stressed; and a new anti-slavery society, organized at Salvador House, [[Bishopsgate]], London, took up Levy's far-ranging abolitionist creed.

Levy chaired a series of impassioned and much publicized '"public meetings of the Jews'" held at the City of London tavernTavern. These meetings condemned Jewish persecution in Russia—then one of Britain's prime military allies. He was a prolific writer, contributing articles and letters to the newspapers almost daily. His Letters Concerning the Present Condition of the Jews, being a Correspondence between Mr. Forster and Mr. Levy(1829) was published in London with an evangelical co-author, John Forster of Southend. Levy can be seen as a Jewish social activist without parallel in early nineteenth-century Britain. His outsider status allowed for a certain freedom of action, but his transnational standing also marginalized his contributions after he returned to the United States in the summer of 1828. Full recognition has only been recently accorded to him by historians.