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{{About|the insurgency in Iraq after the withdrawal of US troops|the insurgency in Iraq after the US-led invasion in 2003|Iraqi insurgency (2003–112003–2011)|the insurgency in Iraq after the defeat of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Iraqi insurgency (2017-present)}}
The '''Iraqi insurgency''', later referred to as the '''Iraq Crisis''', escalated<ref name="ctc.usma.edu">{{cite web |url=https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq%E2%80%99s-next-insurgency |title=The JRTN Movement and Iraq’s Next Insurgency &#124; Combating Terrorism Center at West Point |publisher=Ctc.usma.edu |date= |accessdate=2014-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826043422/http://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq%E2%80%99s-next-insurgency |archive-date=2011-08-26 |dead-url=yes |df= }}</ref> after the [[Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq|withdrawal of U.S. troops]] in 2011, resulting in violent conflict with the central government, as well as sectarian violence among [[Iraq]]'s religious groups.▼
{{Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) infobox}}
▲The '''Iraqi insurgency''', later referred to as the '''Iraq Crisis''', escalated<ref name="ctc.usma.edu">{{cite web |url=https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq%E2%80%99s-next-insurgency |title=The JRTN Movement and Iraq’s Next Insurgency &#124; Combating Terrorism Center at West Point |publisher=Ctc.usma.edu |date= |accessdate=2014-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826043422/http://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq%E2%80%99s-next-insurgency |archive-date=2011-08-26 |dead-url=yes |df= }}</ref> after the [[Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq|withdrawal of U.S. troops]] in 2011, resulting in violent conflict with the central government, as well as sectarian violence among [[Iraq]]'s religious groups.
 
The insurgency was a direct continuation of events following the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|U.S.-led invasion of Iraq]] in 2003. After the U.S. military's withdrawal, the level of violence rose<ref name=alarabiya2902>{{cite web|title=As bombs hit Baghdad, Iraq says about 69, 263 people killed between 2004 and 2011|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/02/29/197696.html|publisher=Al Arabiya News|access-date=2012-02-29|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6Hr0JfWR6?url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/02/29/197696.html|archive-date=2013-07-04|dead-url=yes|df=}}</ref> as [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] militant groups stepped up attacks targeting the country's majority [[Shia Islam in Iraq|Shia]] population to undermine confidence in the Shia-led government and its efforts to protect people without Americancoalition backupassistance.<ref name=latimes2701 /> Armed groups inside Iraq were increasingly galvanized by the [[Syrian Civil War]], with which it merged in 2014.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}} Many Sunni factions stood against the Syrian government, which Shia groups moved to support, and numerous members of both sects also crossed the border to fight in Syria.<ref name=Kurd-Shiite-Sunni-Split>{{cite web|last=Salem|first=Paul|title=INSIGHT: Iraq’s Tensions Heightened by Syria Conflict|url=http://middleeastvoices.voanews.com/2012/11/insight-iraqs-tensions-heightened-by-syria-conflict-96791/|publisher=Middle East Voices ([[Voice of America]])|accessdate=3 November 2012|date=29 November 2012|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6Hr0Nex2P?url=http://middleeastvoices.voanews.com/2012/11/insight-iraqs-tensions-heightened-by-syria-conflict-96791/|archive-date=4 July 2013|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
 
In 2014, the insurgency [[Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)|escalated dramatically]] following the conquest of [[Mosul]] and major areas in [[Disputed territories of Northern Iraq|northern Iraq]] by the [[Islamic State in Iraq and Syria]] (ISIS), a [[Salafi jihadism|Salafi jihadist]] militant group and [[diplomatic recognition|unrecognised]] [[proto-state]] that follows a [[Islamic fundamentalism|fundamentalist]], [[Wahhabism|Wahhabi]] doctrine of [[Sunni Islam]].<ref name=Wahhabism>{{cite news |author=Fouad al-Ibrahim |title=Why ISIS is a threat to Saudi Arabia: Wahhabism's deferred promise |work=Al Akhbar English |url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/21234 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824121659/http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/21234 |date=22 August 2014 |archive-date=24 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://orientalreview.org/2014/09/23/islamic-state-and-the-policy-of-the-west/|title=Islamic State and the policy of the West|last1=Dolgov|first1=Boris|work=Oriental Review|date=23 September 2014|access-date=22 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009215113/http://orientalreview.org/2014/09/23/islamic-state-and-the-policy-of-the-west/|archive-date=9 October 2017|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}<p>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ejgkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA178&lpg=PA178&dq=islamic%20unrecognised%20state%20isis&source=bl&ots=FxgFQd586j&sig=fnjh0lbWavoYJVIhGsD_L_XQ6E0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi2gsC11q3QAhXHCMAKHSzHD1cQ6AEITTAJ#v=onepage&q=islamic%20unrecognised%20state%20isis&f=false|title=Islam and Economic Policy|first=Rodney|last=Wilson|date=15 May 2015|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|via=Google Books|access-date=22 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010042035/https://books.google.com/books?id=ejgkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA178&lpg=PA178&dq=islamic%20unrecognised%20state%20isis&source=bl&ots=FxgFQd586j&sig=fnjh0lbWavoYJVIhGsD_L_XQ6E0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi2gsC11q3QAhXHCMAKHSzHD1cQ6AEITTAJ#v=onepage&q=islamic%20unrecognised%20state%20isis&f=false|archive-date=10 October 2017|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}<p>{{cite web|url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v38/n05/patrick-cockburn/end-times-for-the-caliphate|title=End Times for the Caliphate?|first=Patrick|last=Cockburn|date=3 March 2016|publisher=|pages=29–30|via=London Review of Books|access-date=22 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009214728/https://www.lrb.co.uk/v38/n05/patrick-cockburn/end-times-for-the-caliphate|archive-date=9 October 2017|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}<p>{{cite web |title=Does Islamic State have the economic and political institutions for future development? |first1=Dmitry |last1=Pastukhov |first2=Nathaniel |last2=Greenwold |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/economics/non-seminar/explore-econ16/accordian/greenwold_pastukhov-poster.pdf |access-date=2017-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009215047/https://www.ucl.ac.uk/economics/non-seminar/explore-econ16/accordian/greenwold_pastukhov-poster.pdf |archive-date=2017-10-09 |dead-url=yes |df= }}<p>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8nuBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA99&lpg=PA99&dq=islamic%20unrecognised%20state%20isis&source=bl&ots=JPF8tvGE6Z&sig=hCainZZmFnQfVW2i1fR75C1RtxY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj8gurD1q3QAhXCFsAKHXtiCOg4ChDoAQg4MAY#v=onepage&q=islamic%20unrecognised%20state%20isis&f=false|title=A Word Before Leaving: A Former Diplomat's Weltanschauung|first=John|last=Pedler|date=28 April 2015|publisher=Troubador Publishing Ltd|via=Google Books|access-date=22 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010042045/https://books.google.com/books?id=A8nuBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA99&lpg=PA99&dq=islamic%20unrecognised%20state%20isis&source=bl&ots=JPF8tvGE6Z&sig=hCainZZmFnQfVW2i1fR75C1RtxY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj8gurD1q3QAhXCFsAKHXtiCOg4ChDoAQg4MAY#v=onepage&q=islamic%20unrecognised%20state%20isis&f=false|archive-date=10 October 2017|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}<p>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koeMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21&dq=islamic%20unrecognised%20state%20isis&source=bl&ots=RWKFjmQmIR&sig=07zTECZTRiIOfWKFrVdTBdi5GcU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj8gurD1q3QAhXCFsAKHXtiCOg4ChDoAQg7MAc#v=onepage&q=islamic%20unrecognised%20state%20isis&f=false|title=The Alawis of Syria: War, Faith and Politics in the Levant|first1=Michael|last1=Kerr|first2=Craig|last2=Larkin|date=1 January 2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|via=Google Books|access-date=22 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010042100/https://books.google.com/books?id=koeMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21&dq=islamic%20unrecognised%20state%20isis&source=bl&ots=RWKFjmQmIR&sig=07zTECZTRiIOfWKFrVdTBdi5GcU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj8gurD1q3QAhXCFsAKHXtiCOg4ChDoAQg7MAc#v=onepage&q=islamic%20unrecognised%20state%20isis&f=false|archive-date=10 October 2017|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ISIL gained global prominence in early 2014 when it drove [[Iraqi security forces|Iraqi government forces]] out of key cities in its [[Anbar campaign (2013–14)|Western Iraq offensive]],<ref name=CNNanbar>{{cite news |title=John Kerry holds talks in Iraq as more cities fall to ISIS militants |url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/06/23/world/meast/iraq-crisis/ |publisher=CNN |date=23 June 2014 |accessdate=10 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119055306/http://www.cnn.com/2014/06/23/world/meast/iraq-crisis/ |archive-date=19 January 2016 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> followed by its [[Fall of Mosul|capture of Mosul]]<ref name=NYTmosul>{{cite news |author1=Suadad Al-Salhy |author2=Tim Arango |title=Sunni Militants Drive Iraqi Army Out of Mosul |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/11/world/middleeast/militants-in-mosul.html |date=10 June 2014 |accessdate=10 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217114732/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/11/world/middleeast/militants-in-mosul.html |archive-date=17 December 2015 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and the [[Sinjar massacre]].<ref name=CapturedSinjar>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/04/world/middleeast/iraq.html |title=Sunni Extremists in Iraq Seize 3 Towns From Kurds and Threaten Major Dam |work=The New York Times |last1=Arango |first1=Tim |date=3 August 2014 |accessdate=20 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015200018/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/04/world/middleeast/iraq.html |archive-date=15 October 2014 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> thereby merging the new conflict with the Syrian Civil War, into a new, far deadlier conflict.
 
==Background==
{{main article|Iraq War}}
The Iraq War<ref group="nb">The conflict is also known as the ''War in Iraq'', the ''Occupation of Iraq'', the ''Second Gulf War'', ''Gulf War II'', and ''Gulf War 2''. The period of the war lasting from 2003 to 2010 was referred to as '''Operation Iraqi Freedom''' by the United States military.</ref> was a protracted armed conflict that began with the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|U.S.-led invasion of Iraq]] in 2003, which toppled the government of [[Saddam Hussein]]. However, the war continued for much of the next decade as an insurgency emerged to oppose [[Multi-National Force&nbsp;– Iraq|the occupying forces]] and the post-invasion Iraqi government.<ref name=Britannica>{{cite web|title=Iraq War|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/870845/Iraq-War|work=Britannica|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=27 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016074755/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/870845/Iraq-War|archive-date=16 October 2012|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The United States officially [[Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq|withdrew its troops from Iraq]] in 2011, but the insurgency and various dimensions of the civil armed conflict have continued.
 
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The [[Presidency of George W. Bush|Bush administration]] based its [[Rationale for the Iraq War|rationale for war]] principally on the assertion that [[Iraq and weapons of mass destruction|Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction]] (WMDs) and that Saddam's government posed an immediate threat to the United States and its coalition allies.<ref>Center for American Progress (29 January 2004) [http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/kfiles/b24970.html "In Their Own Words: Iraq's 'Imminent' Threat"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625071155/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/kfiles/b24970.html |date=2012-06-25 }} ''americanprogress.org''</ref><ref name=nelson>Senator [[Bill Nelson (politician)|Bill Nelson]] (28 January 2004) [https://fas.org/irp/congress/2004_cr/s012804b.html "New Information on Iraq's Possession of Weapons of Mass Destruction",] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420112938/https://fas.org/irp/congress/2004_cr/s012804b.html |date=2016-04-20 }} ''Congressional Record''</ref> Some U.S.&nbsp;officials accused Saddam of harboring and supporting [[al-Qaeda]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/003/033jgqyi.asp|title=The Weekly Standard, Saddam's al Qaeda Connection|access-date=2015-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223072010/http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/003/033jgqyi.asp|archive-date=2014-12-23|dead-url=no|df=}}</ref> while others cited the desire to end a repressive dictatorship and bring democracy to the people of Iraq.<ref>[https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/02/20030226-11.html "President Discusses the Future of Iraq"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801014545/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/02/20030226-11.html |date=2016-08-01 }} The White House, 26 February 2003</ref><ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/01/09/60minutes/main592330.shtml "Bush Sought ‘Way’ To Invade Iraq?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008111954/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/01/09/60minutes/main592330.shtml |date=2013-10-08 }} ''60 Minutes''</ref> After the invasion, however, no substantial evidence was found to verify the initial claims about WMDs. The rationale and misrepresentation of pre-war intelligence faced heavy [[Criticism of the Iraq War|criticism]] within the U.S. and internationally.
 
As a result of the war, Iraq held its [[January 2005 Iraqi parliamentary election, January 2005|multi-party elections]] in 2005, and [[Nouri al-Maliki]] later became [[Prime Minister of Iraq|Prime Minister]] the following year. The Maliki government enacted policies that were widely seen as having the effect of alienating the country's Sunni minority, which worsened sectarian tensions. In 2014, ISIS launched a [[Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)|military offensive in Northern Iraq]] and later declared a worldwide Islamic caliphate, eliciting another [[Military intervention against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|military response from the United States and its allies]]. The Iraq War caused hundreds of thousands of civilian and military casualties (see [[Iraq War#Casualty estimates|estimates]]). The majority of the casualties occurred as a result of the insurgency and civil conflicts between 2004 and 2007.
 
==Timeline==
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====Sunni protests (2012)====
{{Further information|2012–14 Iraqi protests}}
After a period of calm, renewed political tension within Iraq led to renewed protests, this time mostly centered around the country's Sunni minority. The main cause for upheaval was the ongoing standoff between Vice President [[Tareq al-Hashemi]] and Prime Minister al-Maliki, but strained relationships with the Kurdish autonomous regions added to the scene. On December 23, 2012, several thousand Iraqis marched against al-Maliki, responding to his moves against al-Hashemi and other influential Sunni leaders.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?ID=250700 | title = Iraq crisis stirs protests in Sunni strongholds | author = Reuters | date = 23 December 2011 | work = The Jerusalem Post | access-date = 26 January 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120227190948/http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=250700 | archive-date = 27 February 2012 | dead-url = no | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
 
===2013===
{{main article|Timeline of the Iraqi insurgency (2013)}}
On 4 January, a car bombing in [[Musayyib]] killed 28 Shi'ite pilgrims and injured 60 others as they were returning from [[Karbala]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Reuters |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/04/world/middleeast/attacks-in-iraq-kill-at-least-32-pilgrims.html?_r=0 |title=Attacks in Iraq Kill at Least 32 Pilgrims |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2013-01-03 |accessdate=2013-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128071345/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/04/world/middleeast/attacks-in-iraq-kill-at-least-32-pilgrims.html?_r=0 |archive-date=2015-01-28 |dead-url=no |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Reuters |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/01/201313151824519508.html |title=Deadly car blast shatters Iraqi town |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=2013-01-03 |accessdate=2013-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103191655/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/01/201313151824519508.html |archive-date=2013-01-03 |dead-url=no |df= }}</ref> In mid-January, a suicide bomber killed a prominent Sunni MP and six others in Fallujah, two days after [[Ministry of Finance (Iraq)|Finance Minister]] [[Rafi al-Issawi]] survived an assassination attempt in the same city. The parliamentarian, Ayfan Sadoun al-Essawi, was an important member of the [[Sons of Iraq]] committee in Fallujah and part of the opposition to Prime Minister [[Nouri al-Maliki]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Reuters |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/01/2013115115748381903.html |title=Iraqi MP killed in suicide attack |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=2013-01-15 |accessdate=2013-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117173714/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/01/2013115115748381903.html |archive-date=2013-01-17 |dead-url=no |df= }}</ref> A suicide truck-bomber also attacked the headquarters of the [[Kurdistan Democratic Party]] in [[Kirkuk]], killing 26 and leaving 204 injured. A similar attack against another Kurdish office in [[Tuz Khormato]] killed 5 and wounded 40.<ref>{{cite web|author=Reuters |url= http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/bombers-kill-more-than-35-across-iraq/|archive-url= https://archive.is/20130416024333/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/bombers-kill-more-than-35-across-iraq/|dead-url= yes|archive-date= 2013-04-16|title=Bombers kill more than 35 across Iraq |publisher=Trust.org |date=2013-01-15 |accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Margaret Griffis |url=http://original.antiwar.com/updates/2013/01/16/iraq-slaughter-55-killed-288-wounded/ |title=Iraq Slaughter: 55 Killed, 288 Wounded |publisher=Antiwar.com |date=2013-01-16 |accessdate=2013-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121023625/http://original.antiwar.com/updates/2013/01/16/iraq-slaughter-55-killed-288-wounded/ |archive-date=2013-01-21 |dead-url=no |df= }}</ref> Later that month, a suicide bomber blew himself up during a funeral for a politician's relative in the city of Tuz Khormato, killing 42 and leaving 75 others wounded.<ref>{{cite web|author=Marwan Ibrahim |url= https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jQy57ea_bmclo1OnOLDPWxnw_3vg?docId=CNG.c8e0480540a829085a3a9eee42c89e47.361|archive-url= https://archive.is/20130216041843/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jQy57ea_bmclo1OnOLDPWxnw_3vg?docId=CNG.c8e0480540a829085a3a9eee42c89e47.361|dead-url= yes|archive-date= 2013-02-16|title=Iraq suicide bomb at Shiite mosque kills 42 |publisher=Google News |date=2013-01-23 |accessdate=2013-01-24}}</ref> In addition, protests by [[Sunni Muslims]] in Iraq against the government of Prime Minister [[Nouri al-Maliki]] turned deadly in Fallujah, as soldiers opened fire on a crowd of rock-throwing demonstrators, killing 7 and injuring more than 70 others. Three soldiers were later shot to death in retaliation for the incident, and clashes erupted in Askari, on the eastern outskirts of Fallujah. Security forces were placed on high alert as a curfew and vehicle ban were brought into effect. In a statement, Maliki urged both sides to show restraint and blamed the incident on unruly protesters. He also warned that it could lead to a "rise in tension that al-Qaida and terrorist groups are trying to take advantage of".<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.tampabay.com/news/9-killed-as-protesters-army-clash-in-iraq/1272380 | work = Tampa Bay Times | title = 9 killed as protesters, army clash in Iraq | date = 25 January 2013 | access-date = 26 January 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130130085954/http://www.tampabay.com/news/9-killed-as-protesters-army-clash-in-iraq/1272380 | archive-date = 30 January 2013 | dead-url = no | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://original.antiwar.com/updates/2013/01/25/iraqi-troops-fire-on-protesters-14-killed-72-wounded-across-country/ | title = Iraqi Troops Fire on Protesters; 14 Killed, 72 Wounded Across Country | first = Margaret | last = Griffis | date = 25 January 2013 | publisher = Antiwar.com | access-date = 26 January 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130127033919/http://original.antiwar.com/updates/2013/01/25/iraqi-troops-fire-on-protesters-14-killed-72-wounded-across-country/ | archive-date = 27 January 2013 | dead-url = no | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
 
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==Casualties==
{{further information|Casualties of the Iraqi insurgency (2011–present)}}
 
==Humanitarian aid==
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011–2013)"