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'''Participatory design''' (originally '''co-operative design''', now often '''co-design''') is an approach to design attempting to actively involve all stakeholders (e.g. employees, partners, customers, citizens, end users) in the design process to help ensure the result meets their needs and is [[usability|usable]]. Participatory design is an approach which is focused on processes and procedures of design and is not a design style. The term is used in a variety of fields e.g. [[software design]], [[urban design]], [[architecture]], [[landscape architecture]], [[product design]], [[sustainability]], [[graphic design]], planning, and even medicine as a way of creating environments that are more responsive and appropriate to their inhabitants' and users' cultural, emotional, spiritual and practical needs. It is one approach to [[placemaking]].
Recent research suggests that designers create more innovative concepts and ideas when working within a co-design environment with others than they do when creating ideas on their own.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mitchell|first1=Val|last2=Ross|first2=Tracy|last3=Sims|first3=Ruth|last4=Parker|first4=Christopher J.|title=Empirical investigation of the impact of using co-design methods when generating proposals for sustainable travel solutions|journal=CoDesign|date=2015|volume=12|issue=4|pages=205–220|doi=10.1080/15710882.2015.1091894|url=https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/18877|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1177/1094670517714060|title = The Value of Codesign|year = 2018|last1 = Trischler|first1 = Jakob|last2 = Pervan|first2 = Simon J.|last3 = Kelly|first3 = Stephen J.|last4 = Scott|first4 = Don R.|journal = Journal of Service Research|volume = 21|pages = 75–100|doi-access = free}}</ref>
Participatory design has been used in many settings and at various scales. For some, this approach has a political dimension of user empowerment and democratization. For others, it is seen as a way of abrogating design responsibility and innovation by designers.
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==Definition==
In participatory design, participants (putative, potential or future) are invited to cooperate with designers, researchers and developers during an innovation process. Potentially, they participate during several stages of an innovation process: they participate during the initial exploration and problem definition both to help define the problem and to focus ideas for solution, and during development, they help evaluate proposed solutions.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1177/1094670517714060|title = The Value of Codesign|year = 2018|last1 = Trischler|first1 = Jakob|last2 = Pervan|first2 = Simon J.|last3 = Kelly|first3 = Stephen J.|last4 = Scott|first4 = Don R.|journal = Journal of Service Research|volume = 21|pages = 75–100|doi-access = free}}</ref> Maarten Pieters and Stefanie Jansen describe co-design as part of a [[complete co-creation]] process, which refers to the "transparent process of value creation in ongoing, productive collaboration with, and supported by all relevant parties, with end-users playing a central role" and covers all stages of a development process.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The 7 Principles of Complete Co-creation|last=Pieters|first=Maarten|last2=Jansen|first2=Stefanie|publisher=BIS Publishers|year=2017|isbn=978-90-6369-473-9|location=Amsterdam|pages=15}}</ref>
===Differing terms===
In "Co-designing for Society", [[Deborah Szebeko]] and Lauren Tan list various precursors of co-design, starting with the Scandinavian participatory design movement and then state "Co-design differs from some of these areas as it includes all stakeholders of an issue not just the users, throughout the entire process from research to implementation."<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.4066/AMJ.2010.378|title = Co-designing for Society|year = 2010|last1 = Szebeko|first1 = Deborah|journal = Australasian Medical Journal<!--Prior to 2016, before it got acquired by OMICS -->|pages = 580–590|doi-access = free}}</ref>
In contrast, Elizabeth Sanders and Pieter Stappers state that "the terminology used until the recent obsession with what is now called co-creation/co-design" was "participatory design".<ref>Sanders, E. and Stappers, P. J: "Co-creation and the new landscapes of design." CoDesign 2008. 4(1): 5-18.</ref>
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