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In 2008, the [[United States National Research Council]] recommended that the cumulative effects of phthalates and other [[antiandrogens]] be investigated. It criticized US EPA guidances, which stipulate that, when examining cumulative effects, the chemicals examined should have similar mechanisms of action or similar structures, as too restrictive. It recommended instead that the effects of chemicals that cause similar adverse outcomes should be examined cumulatively.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Phthalates and Cumulative Risk Assessment: The Tasks Ahead|publisher=National Research Council|date=2008-12-18|isbn=9780309128414|location=|pages=|language=en|doi=10.17226/12528|pmid=25009926|doi-access=free|author1=National Research Council (US) Committee on the Health Risks of Phthalates}}</ref> Thus, the effect of phthalates should be examined together with other antiandrogens, which otherwise may have been excluded because their mechanisms or structure are different.
==Health effects==
{{medical citations needed|section|date=July 2017}}
[[File:CBP Seizes Hazardous Toy Dolls (10928300625).jpg|thumb|Toy dolls manufactured in China and seized by [[U.S. Customs and Border Protection]] in 2013 due to high phthalate levels.]]
===Endocrine disruption===
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