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The '''Arab Winter'''<ref name=telegraph>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/9753123/Middle-East-review-of-2012-the-Arab-Winter.html |title=Middle East review of 2012: the Arab Winter |work=The Telegraph |accessdate=July 19, 2014|date=2012-12-31 |last1=Spencer |first1=Richard }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=The Jerusalem Post |url=http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Analysis-Arab-Winter-is-coming-to-Baghdad-359348 |title=Analysis: Arab Winter is coming to Baghdad |work=The Telegraph |accessdate=October 8, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/us/2014/April/Expert-Warns-of-Americas-Coming-Arab-Winter/ |title=Expert Warns of America's Coming 'Arab Winter' |publisher=CBN |accessdate=October 8, 2014|date=2014-09-08 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-arab-winter |title=The Arab Winter|journal=The New Yorker |accessdate=October 8, 2014|date=2011-12-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spu.edu/about-spu/news/articles/2014/may/arab-spring |title=Arab Spring or Arab Winter?|work=The New Yorker |accessdate=October 8, 2014}}</ref> is a term for the resurgence of [[authoritarianism]],
According to scholars of the [[University of Warsaw]], the Arab Spring fully devolved into the Arab Winter four years after its onset, in 2014.<ref name="auto">Radoslaw Fiedler, Przemyslaw Osiewicz. ''Transformation processes in Egypt after 2011''. 2015. p182.</ref> The Arab Winter is characterized by the emergence of multiple regional [[civil war]]s, mounting regional instability,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/from-egypt-to-syria-this-could-be-the-start-of-the-arab-winter-17335 |title=From Egypt to Syria, this could be the start of the Arab Winter|date=April 17, 2014|work=The Conversation |accessdate=October 23, 2014}}</ref> economic and demographic decline of [[Arab world|Arab countries]],<ref name=rivlin /> and ethno-religious sectarian strife.<ref>{{Citation |last=Malmvig |first=Lassen |title=Arab uprisings: regional implication |publisher=IEMED |year=2013 |url=http://www.iemed.org/observatori/arees-danalisi/arxius-adjunts/anuari/iemed-2013/Malmvig%20Lassen%20Arab%20Uprisings%20Regional%20Implications%20EN.pdf}}</ref> According to a study by the [[American University of Beirut]], by the summer of 2014, the Arab Winter had resulted in nearly a quarter of a million deaths and millions of refugees.<ref name="auto1">{{Citation |title=Displacement in the Middle East and North Africa – between the Arab Winter and the Arab Spring |journal=International Affairs |date=August 28, 2013 |place=LB |url=http://www.aub.edu.lb/ifi/international_affairs/Documents/working_paper_series/20130828_IA_WP_AUB_Paper_on_Displacement_in_Arab_Spring.pdf |access-date=October 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018201147/http://www.aub.edu.lb/ifi/international_affairs/Documents/working_paper_series/20130828_IA_WP_AUB_Paper_on_Displacement_in_Arab_Spring.pdf |archive-date=October 18, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Perhaps the most significant event in the Arab Winter was the rise of the extremist group [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]], which controlled large swathes of land in the region from 2014<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Analysis-Arab-Winter-is-coming-to-Baghdad-359348 | title=Analysis: Arab Winter is coming to Baghdad - Middle East - Jerusalem Post}}</ref> to 2019.
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